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Tap dance

Tap dance (or tap) is a form of dance that uses the sounds of tap shoes striking the floor as a form of percussion; it is often accompanied by music.[1] Tap dancing can also be a cappella, with no musical accompaniment; the sound of the taps is its own music.

Tap dancing class at Iowa State College, 1942

It is an African-American artform that evolved alongside the advent of jazz music.[2][3] A type of step dance, tap began with the combination of Southern American and Irish dance traditions: Irish soft-shoe and hard-shoe step dances[4], and a variety of both slave and freeman step dances. The fusion of African rhythms and performance styles with European techniques of footwork led to the creation of tap dance.[5] This fusion began in the mid-17th century but did not become popular until the mid-19th century.[6]

There are two major versions of tap dance: rhythm (jazz) tap and Broadway tap. Broadway tap focuses on dance; it is widely performed in musical theater. Rhythm tap focuses on musicality, and practitioners consider themselves to be a part of the jazz tradition.

The sound is made by shoes that have a metal "tap" on the heel and toe. Different shoes may differ in their sound.

History edit

 
Jimmy Slyde tap dancing
 
Students performing a tap dance in Mexico City

Tap dance is an indigenous American dance form with roots that go back 300 years to Irish and West African musical and step dance traditions. These fused and evolved into a form of dance called "jigging", which was taken up by minstrel show dancers in the 1800s. Tap dance then became a popular stage entertainment.[7]

As minstrel shows began to decline in popularity, tap dance moved to the increasingly popular Vaudeville stage. Due to Vaudeville's unspoken "two-colored rule", which forbade blacks to perform solo, many Vaudeville tap acts were duets.[8] One such duo was "Buck and Bubbles," which consisted of John "Bubbles" Sublett tap dancing and Ford "Buck" Washington playing a piano. The duo performed a "Class Act", a routine in which the performers wore tuxedos, effectively distinguishing them from the older minstrel show concept of tap dancers as "grinning-and-dancing clowns."[9]

Another notable figure during this period is Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, a protégé of Alice Whitman of The Whitman Sisters around 1904 (then known as "Willie Robinson").[10] Well versed in both Buck and Wing dancing and Irish Step dancing, Robinson joined the Vaudeville circuit in 1902 in a duo with George W. Cooper. The act quickly became famous, headlining events across the country, and touring England as well. In 1908, the partnership ended and Robinson began dancing solo, which was extremely rare for a black man at that time.[11] Despite this, he had tremendous success and soon became a world-famous celebrity.[8] He went on to have a leading role in many films, notably in the Shirley Temple franchise.

Shortly thereafter, the Nicholas Brothers came on the scene. Consisting of real life brothers Fayard and Harold, this team wowed audiences with their acrobatic feats incorporated into their classy style of dancing. A notable scene in the movie "Stormy Weather" features the pair dancing up a staircase and then descending the staircase in a series of leapfrogs over each other into a full split from which they rise with no hands.[12] "Stormy Weather" was a six minute performance preformed in one go with no retakes. The Nicholas Brothers danced on pianos and many other structures during this performance.[12]

During the 1930s, tap dance mixed with Lindy Hop. "Flying swing outs" and "flying circles" are Lindy Hop moves with tap footwork. In the mid-to-late 1950s, the style of entertainment changed. Jazz music and tap dance declined, while rock and roll and the new jazz dance emerged. What is now called jazz dance evolved out of tap dance, so both dances have many moves in common. But jazz evolved separately from tap dance to become a new form in its own right. Well known dancers during the 1960s and 1970s included Arthur Duncan and Tommy Tune.[citation needed]

No Maps on My Taps, the Emmy award winning PBS documentary of 1979, helped begin the recent revival of tap dance. The outstanding success of the animated film, Happy Feet, has further reinforced the popular appeal.[13] National Tap Dance Day in the United States, now celebrated May 25, was signed into law by President George Bush on November 7, 1989. (May 25 was chosen because it is the birthday of famous tapper Bill "Bojangles" Robinson.) Prominent modern tap dancers have included Sarah Reich, Brenda Bufalino, Melinda Sullivan, The Clark Brothers, James "Buster" Brown, Savion Glover, Gregory and Maurice Hines, LaVaughn Robinson, Jason Samuels Smith, Chloe Arnold, Michelle Dorrance, Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards, and Dianne "Lady Di" Walker. Indie-pop band Tilly and the Wall also features a tap dancer, Jamie Pressnall, tapping as percussion.

Segregation's impact edit

 
A group of women are posed behind a male performer in blackface.

During the 1930s and the 1940s, Americans were able to watch tap dancers perform on film.[14] However, Black tap dancers found it extremely difficult to be a part of these White films because segregation was extremely prominent in America.[14] This led to the creation of two different styles of tap dance: White tap dancers formed a Broadway style and Black dancers continued to evolve with the traditional rhythm based style.[14] Broadway tap dance was performed in mainly Broadway musicals and film, and it did not emphasize classic jazz rhythms.[14] Rhythm tap integrated more of the classic African roots of tap dance, and it emphasized jazz rhythms, musicality, and improvisation.[14] Musicality is the dancer's understanding of the music they are performing to. Improvisation is where a dancer makes up the movement as they perform, and the choreography is not prepared beforehand.

There was also the "two-color rule," which made sure that black tap dancers were not able to perform solos onstage.[15] This led to some tap dancers performing comedic tap duets. There were stereotypes placed on black Americans such as the "Uncle Tom" stereotype, and many tap dancers were forced to wear "black-face" onstage in order to perform.[15] One of the first black tap dancers to be acknowledged by America was Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, who performed duets with Shirley Temple.[15] However, Bill Robinson's career was reduced to "minstrelsy," which can be defined as White performers using makeup to mock black culture or using black stereotypes in a performance.[16] Black Americans joined these minstrel performances, where they would be forced to act on black stereotypes in their performances.[16] James "Buster" Brown, got his start in the segregated clubs of the 1930s, but eventually earned international mainstream recognition and mentored younger more modern tap dancers in the 1990s. [17]

Characteristics edit

(video) A man practices tap dancing in front of a station in Japan.
 
A teen tap dancer is performing a tap step known as a "toe stand" onstage.

Tap dancers make frequent use of syncopation. Choreography typically starts on the eighth or first beat count. Another aspect of tap dancing is improvisation. Tap dancing can either be done with music following the beats provided, or without musical accompaniment; the latter is known as "a cappella" tap dancing.

Hoofers are tap dancers who dance primarily "closer to the floor", using mostly footwork and not showing very much arm or body movement.[18] This kind of tap dancing, also called rhythm tap, was employed by slaves in America.[19]

Steve Condos developed an innovative rhythmic tap style that influenced the work of later tap dancers such as Gregory Hines and Savion Glover. The majority of early hoofers, such as Sammy Davis Jr., Glover, Hines, and LaVaughn Robinson were African American men.[19] Savion Glover helped bring tap dance into mainstream media by choreographing Happy Feet, a film about a tap dancing penguin. Another well-known tap film is 1989's Tap, starring Gregory Hines and many old-time hoofers.

Early tappers like Fred Astaire provided a more ballroom look to tap dancing, while Gene Kelly introduced ballet elements and style into tap. This style of tap led to what is today known as Broadway style, which is popular in American culture. It often involves high heeled tap shoes and show music, and is usually the type of tap first taught to beginners. Examples of this style are found in Broadway musicals such as Anything Goes and 42nd Street.

"Soft-Shoe" is a rhythm form of tap dancing that does not require special shoes, and though rhythm is generated by tapping of the feet, it also uses sliding of the feet (even sometimes using scattered sand on the stage to enhance the sound of sliding feet) more often than modern rhythm tap. It preceded what is currently considered to be modern tap, but has since declined in popularity.[20]

Tap Steps edit

Basic tap steps are known as "one-sound steps" and are either weight shifting or non-weight-shifting steps. Common basic tap steps include heel drops, toe drops, a brush, scuff, chug, pull, hop, leap and step.[1]

In advanced tap dancing, basic steps are often combined together to create new steps. Many steps also have single, double, and triple variations, or can have a variation with a pickup, which is essentially adding an additional brush sound. Popular steps with many variations include pullbacks, timesteps, riffs,[21] and drawbacks.

Time steps is an umbrella term that is widely used in tap for any combination of steps that follows a specific rhythm or pattern. These consist of a rhythm that is changed to make new time steps by adding or removing steps. There are many variations of the basic time step, including the single, double, and triple time steps. Time steps consist of single- and multi-sound step combinations.[1]

In tap, various types of turns can be done, including step heel turns, Maxi Ford turns, cramp-roll turns, and drag turns. All tap turns can be practiced in both directions.[1]

Other common tap steps include the shuffle, shuffle ball change, double shuffle, leap shuffle, flap, flap ball change, running flaps, flap heel, cramp-roll, buffalo, Maxi Ford, Maxi Ford with a pullback, pullbacks, wings, Cincinnati, the shim sham shimmy (also called the Lindy), Irish, Waltz Clog, the paddle roll, the paradiddle, stomp, brushes, scuffs, spanks, single and double toe punches, hot steps, heel clicks toe stands, over-the-tops, military time step, New Yorkers, and Shiggy Bops.

Tap shoes edit

 
Tap shoes

In the earliest years of tap dancing, tap shoes often had wooden soles.[22] The soles of modern tap shoes are either full-sole or split-sole. A full-sole tap shoe has a continuous base material along the underside of the shoes; a split-sole tap shoe has a gap in the base material under the arch of the foot, making them more flexible. Modern tap shoes have soles with heels of varying height (one inch or more) and are commonly made of wood or stacked leather.[23] Some beginner tap shoes have heels made of plastic.[24] The toe box of the tap shoe is located on the front of the shoe for the purpose of reinforcing the shoe; however there are tap shoes that use a soft leather instead.[24] A single tap shoe has two taps: one under the heel, and another under the toes.[23]

Popular tap shoe makers include Bloch and Capezio.

Styles edit

There are several styles of tap shoes:[25]

  • Mary Jane
  • Character Heel
  • Oxford

Taps edit

Depending on manufacturer and model, tap characteristics can vary considerably. For example, some taps have relatively low weight and small footprint whereas others may be thicker and fill out the edge of the shoe more, making them heavier as a result. A tap's "tone" is influenced by its weight as well as its surface shape, which may be concave or convex.[26] The tonal quality of a tap can also be influenced by the material it is made from, and the presence of a soundboard.

Taps are mounted to the sole of the shoe with screws, and sometimes adhesive as well. The screws are driven into a soundboard – a thin fiberboard integrated into the sole that can be firmly "gripped" by the screws – to reliably attach the tap to the shoe. When no adhesive is used, the screws can be loosened or tightened to produce different sounds, whereas tonal quality is fixed when adhesive is used.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Michiels Hernandez, Barbara L.; Ozmun, Michelle; Keeton, Gladys (April 2013). "Healthy and Creative Tap Dance: Teaching a Lifetime Physical Activity". Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 84 (4): 29–40. doi:10.1080/07303084.2013.773810. ISSN 0730-3084. S2CID 144368244.
  2. ^ https://livethedance.com/history-tap-dance/#:~:text=During%20the%201600s%20and%201700s%2C%20tap%20dance%20began,their%20passion%20for%20dance%20on%20a%20larger%20scale.
  3. ^ https://www.masterclass.com/articles/tap-dance-guide
  4. ^ https://www.irishdancing.com/articles/articles-to-read/news-articles/920-the-history-of-modern-irish-dance-shoes
  5. ^ Sommer, Sally R. (1998), "Tap Dance", in Cohen, Selma Jeanne (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Dance, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195173697.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-517369-7, retrieved 2023-10-31
  6. ^ Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith (2010-01-01), "tap dancing", The Oxford Dictionary of Dance, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199563449.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-956344-9, retrieved 2023-10-31
  7. ^ "Tap Dance in America: A Short History". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  8. ^ a b Gates, Henry Louis. "Harlem Renaissance lives from the African American national biography." Oxford University Press, 2009, pg. 429.
  9. ^ . American Tap Dance Foundation. Archived from the original on 2010-06-16.
  10. ^ Thomas F DeFrantz (April 1, 2002). Dancing Many Drums: Excavations In African American Dance. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299173135.
  11. ^ David Hinkley, Gregory Hines (February 4, 2001). "HERE'S TO YOU, MR. ROBINSON". The Daily News.
  12. ^ a b Video on YouTube
  13. ^ Sarah Kaufman (December 17, 2006). "Tapping a Gold Mine of Motion". Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2007.
  14. ^ a b c d e "Tap Dance in America: A Short History". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  15. ^ a b c "'Bojangles' salutes tap dancer who broke race barriers". Christian Science Monitor. 2001-02-02. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2022-11-28.
  16. ^ a b DURKIN, HANNAH (2010). ""TAP DANCING ON THE RACIAL BOUNDARY": RACIAL REPRESENTATION AND ARTISTIC EXPERIMENTATION IN BILL "BOJANGLES" ROBINSON'S STORMY WEATHER PERFORMANCE". IJAS Online (2): 98–106. ISSN 2009-2377. JSTOR 26234258.
  17. ^ Hill, Constance Valis (2014). Tap Dancing America: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-19-022538-4. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
  18. ^ Valis Hill, Constantine (2010). Tap Dancing America. Oxford University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-19-539082-7."Hoofer, a tap dancer who emphasizes movements from the waist down, and concentrates on the flat-footed percussive intricacies of the feet"
  19. ^ a b Edwards, Mary (2020). "Jamie A. Thomas and Christina Jackson (editors), Embodied Difference: Divergent Bodies in Public Discourse. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2019 (ISBN: 978-1-4985-6386-4)". Hypatia Reviews Online. 2020. doi:10.1017/s2753906700003338. ISSN 2753-9067.
  20. ^ A Brief History of the Soft Shoes Dancethemovingarts.com
  21. ^ Silao, Nia (2021-07-03). "RIFFS: A Theory of Instruction and Reference for Step Progression in Tap Dance". Dance Education in Practice. 7 (3): 6–17. doi:10.1080/23734833.2021.1954852. ISSN 2373-4833. S2CID 237548320.
  22. ^ The Origin Of Tap Dance, Beholders.org, 12 Sept 2011
  23. ^ a b "Tap Shoe Guide | Bloch US". BLOCH Dance US. 2022-04-25. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
  24. ^ a b "Anatomy of a tap shoe". www.abbystandingtap.com. 2016-12-28. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
  25. ^ Bellerose, Author Samantha (2021-09-12). "How to Choose the Right Shoes for Tap Dance Classes?". Retrieved 2023-11-24. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  26. ^ "Customizing Your Tap Shoes: The Taps". Dance Advantage. 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2013-02-25.

Further reading edit

  • Ames, Jerry; Siegelman, Jim (1977). The Book of Tap: Recovering America's Long Lost Dance. David McKay Company. ISBN 0679506152. OCLC 2493445.
  • Seibert, Brian (2015). What the Eye Hears: A History of Tap Dancing. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9781429947619. OCLC 898419561.

External links edit

  • at beholders.org
  • All About Tap Dance at TheatreDance
  • Tap dance at Curlie
  • Interview with Donald O'Connor on the history of tap dancing
  • Archival footage of Dianne Walker, Derick K. Grant, and Constance Vallis Hill in PillowTalks: Tap Dancing in America at Jacob's Pillow, 7/1/2010
  • Tap dance dictionary
  • "The Black History of Tap Dancing"—Afropop Worldwide, 1 December 2022

dance, form, dance, that, uses, sounds, shoes, striking, floor, form, percussion, often, accompanied, music, dancing, also, cappella, with, musical, accompaniment, sound, taps, music, dancing, class, iowa, state, college, 1942, african, american, artform, that. Tap dance or tap is a form of dance that uses the sounds of tap shoes striking the floor as a form of percussion it is often accompanied by music 1 Tap dancing can also be a cappella with no musical accompaniment the sound of the taps is its own music Tap dancing class at Iowa State College 1942 It is an African American artform that evolved alongside the advent of jazz music 2 3 A type of step dance tap began with the combination of Southern American and Irish dance traditions Irish soft shoe and hard shoe step dances 4 and a variety of both slave and freeman step dances The fusion of African rhythms and performance styles with European techniques of footwork led to the creation of tap dance 5 This fusion began in the mid 17th century but did not become popular until the mid 19th century 6 There are two major versions of tap dance rhythm jazz tap and Broadway tap Broadway tap focuses on dance it is widely performed in musical theater Rhythm tap focuses on musicality and practitioners consider themselves to be a part of the jazz tradition The sound is made by shoes that have a metal tap on the heel and toe Different shoes may differ in their sound Contents 1 History 2 Segregation s impact 3 Characteristics 3 1 Tap Steps 4 Tap shoes 4 1 Styles 4 2 Taps 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory edit nbsp Jimmy Slyde tap dancing nbsp Students performing a tap dance in Mexico City Tap dance is an indigenous American dance form with roots that go back 300 years to Irish and West African musical and step dance traditions These fused and evolved into a form of dance called jigging which was taken up by minstrel show dancers in the 1800s Tap dance then became a popular stage entertainment 7 As minstrel shows began to decline in popularity tap dance moved to the increasingly popular Vaudeville stage Due to Vaudeville s unspoken two colored rule which forbade blacks to perform solo many Vaudeville tap acts were duets 8 One such duo was Buck and Bubbles which consisted of John Bubbles Sublett tap dancing and Ford Buck Washington playing a piano The duo performed a Class Act a routine in which the performers wore tuxedos effectively distinguishing them from the older minstrel show concept of tap dancers as grinning and dancing clowns 9 Another notable figure during this period is Bill Bojangles Robinson a protege of Alice Whitman of The Whitman Sisters around 1904 then known as Willie Robinson 10 Well versed in both Buck and Wing dancing and Irish Step dancing Robinson joined the Vaudeville circuit in 1902 in a duo with George W Cooper The act quickly became famous headlining events across the country and touring England as well In 1908 the partnership ended and Robinson began dancing solo which was extremely rare for a black man at that time 11 Despite this he had tremendous success and soon became a world famous celebrity 8 He went on to have a leading role in many films notably in the Shirley Temple franchise Shortly thereafter the Nicholas Brothers came on the scene Consisting of real life brothers Fayard and Harold this team wowed audiences with their acrobatic feats incorporated into their classy style of dancing A notable scene in the movie Stormy Weather features the pair dancing up a staircase and then descending the staircase in a series of leapfrogs over each other into a full split from which they rise with no hands 12 Stormy Weather was a six minute performance preformed in one go with no retakes The Nicholas Brothers danced on pianos and many other structures during this performance 12 During the 1930s tap dance mixed with Lindy Hop Flying swing outs and flying circles are Lindy Hop moves with tap footwork In the mid to late 1950s the style of entertainment changed Jazz music and tap dance declined while rock and roll and the new jazz dance emerged What is now called jazz dance evolved out of tap dance so both dances have many moves in common But jazz evolved separately from tap dance to become a new form in its own right Well known dancers during the 1960s and 1970s included Arthur Duncan and Tommy Tune citation needed No Maps on My Taps the Emmy award winning PBS documentary of 1979 helped begin the recent revival of tap dance The outstanding success of the animated film Happy Feet has further reinforced the popular appeal 13 National Tap Dance Day in the United States now celebrated May 25 was signed into law by President George Bush on November 7 1989 May 25 was chosen because it is the birthday of famous tapper Bill Bojangles Robinson Prominent modern tap dancers have included Sarah Reich Brenda Bufalino Melinda Sullivan The Clark Brothers James Buster Brown Savion Glover Gregory and Maurice Hines LaVaughn Robinson Jason Samuels Smith Chloe Arnold Michelle Dorrance Dormeshia Sumbry Edwards and Dianne Lady Di Walker Indie pop band Tilly and the Wall also features a tap dancer Jamie Pressnall tapping as percussion Segregation s impact edit nbsp A group of women are posed behind a male performer in blackface During the 1930s and the 1940s Americans were able to watch tap dancers perform on film 14 However Black tap dancers found it extremely difficult to be a part of these White films because segregation was extremely prominent in America 14 This led to the creation of two different styles of tap dance White tap dancers formed a Broadway style and Black dancers continued to evolve with the traditional rhythm based style 14 Broadway tap dance was performed in mainly Broadway musicals and film and it did not emphasize classic jazz rhythms 14 Rhythm tap integrated more of the classic African roots of tap dance and it emphasized jazz rhythms musicality and improvisation 14 Musicality is the dancer s understanding of the music they are performing to Improvisation is where a dancer makes up the movement as they perform and the choreography is not prepared beforehand There was also the two color rule which made sure that black tap dancers were not able to perform solos onstage 15 This led to some tap dancers performing comedic tap duets There were stereotypes placed on black Americans such as the Uncle Tom stereotype and many tap dancers were forced to wear black face onstage in order to perform 15 One of the first black tap dancers to be acknowledged by America was Bill Bojangles Robinson who performed duets with Shirley Temple 15 However Bill Robinson s career was reduced to minstrelsy which can be defined as White performers using makeup to mock black culture or using black stereotypes in a performance 16 Black Americans joined these minstrel performances where they would be forced to act on black stereotypes in their performances 16 James Buster Brown got his start in the segregated clubs of the 1930s but eventually earned international mainstream recognition and mentored younger more modern tap dancers in the 1990s 17 Characteristics editMain article Tap dance technique This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Tap dance news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message source source source source source source source source video A man practices tap dancing in front of a station in Japan nbsp A teen tap dancer is performing a tap step known as a toe stand onstage Tap dancers make frequent use of syncopation Choreography typically starts on the eighth or first beat count Another aspect of tap dancing is improvisation Tap dancing can either be done with music following the beats provided or without musical accompaniment the latter is known as a cappella tap dancing Hoofers are tap dancers who dance primarily closer to the floor using mostly footwork and not showing very much arm or body movement 18 This kind of tap dancing also called rhythm tap was employed by slaves in America 19 Steve Condos developed an innovative rhythmic tap style that influenced the work of later tap dancers such as Gregory Hines and Savion Glover The majority of early hoofers such as Sammy Davis Jr Glover Hines and LaVaughn Robinson were African American men 19 Savion Glover helped bring tap dance into mainstream media by choreographing Happy Feet a film about a tap dancing penguin Another well known tap film is 1989 s Tap starring Gregory Hines and many old time hoofers Early tappers like Fred Astaire provided a more ballroom look to tap dancing while Gene Kelly introduced ballet elements and style into tap This style of tap led to what is today known as Broadway style which is popular in American culture It often involves high heeled tap shoes and show music and is usually the type of tap first taught to beginners Examples of this style are found in Broadway musicals such as Anything Goes and 42nd Street Soft Shoe is a rhythm form of tap dancing that does not require special shoes and though rhythm is generated by tapping of the feet it also uses sliding of the feet even sometimes using scattered sand on the stage to enhance the sound of sliding feet more often than modern rhythm tap It preceded what is currently considered to be modern tap but has since declined in popularity 20 Tap Steps edit Basic tap steps are known as one sound steps and are either weight shifting or non weight shifting steps Common basic tap steps include heel drops toe drops a brush scuff chug pull hop leap and step 1 In advanced tap dancing basic steps are often combined together to create new steps Many steps also have single double and triple variations or can have a variation with a pickup which is essentially adding an additional brush sound Popular steps with many variations include pullbacks timesteps riffs 21 and drawbacks Time steps is an umbrella term that is widely used in tap for any combination of steps that follows a specific rhythm or pattern These consist of a rhythm that is changed to make new time steps by adding or removing steps There are many variations of the basic time step including the single double and triple time steps Time steps consist of single and multi sound step combinations 1 In tap various types of turns can be done including step heel turns Maxi Ford turns cramp roll turns and drag turns All tap turns can be practiced in both directions 1 Other common tap steps include the shuffle shuffle ball change double shuffle leap shuffle flap flap ball change running flaps flap heel cramp roll buffalo Maxi Ford Maxi Ford with a pullback pullbacks wings Cincinnati the shim sham shimmy also called the Lindy Irish Waltz Clog the paddle roll the paradiddle stomp brushes scuffs spanks single and double toe punches hot steps heel clicks toe stands over the tops military time step New Yorkers and Shiggy Bops Tap shoes edit nbsp Tap shoes In the earliest years of tap dancing tap shoes often had wooden soles 22 The soles of modern tap shoes are either full sole or split sole A full sole tap shoe has a continuous base material along the underside of the shoes a split sole tap shoe has a gap in the base material under the arch of the foot making them more flexible Modern tap shoes have soles with heels of varying height one inch or more and are commonly made of wood or stacked leather 23 Some beginner tap shoes have heels made of plastic 24 The toe box of the tap shoe is located on the front of the shoe for the purpose of reinforcing the shoe however there are tap shoes that use a soft leather instead 24 A single tap shoe has two taps one under the heel and another under the toes 23 Popular tap shoe makers include Bloch and Capezio Styles edit There are several styles of tap shoes 25 Mary Jane Character Heel Oxford Taps edit Depending on manufacturer and model tap characteristics can vary considerably For example some taps have relatively low weight and small footprint whereas others may be thicker and fill out the edge of the shoe more making them heavier as a result A tap s tone is influenced by its weight as well as its surface shape which may be concave or convex 26 The tonal quality of a tap can also be influenced by the material it is made from and the presence of a soundboard nbsp Side view of tap shoe showing taps mounted to bottoms of heel and toe nbsp Metal tap on bottom of heel nbsp Metal tap on bottom of toe Taps are mounted to the sole of the shoe with screws and sometimes adhesive as well The screws are driven into a soundboard a thin fiberboard integrated into the sole that can be firmly gripped by the screws to reliably attach the tap to the shoe When no adhesive is used the screws can be loosened or tightened to produce different sounds whereas tonal quality is fixed when adhesive is used citation needed See also editStep dance Stepping African American Flamenco Irish danceReferences edit a b c d Michiels Hernandez Barbara L Ozmun Michelle Keeton Gladys April 2013 Healthy and Creative Tap Dance Teaching a Lifetime Physical Activity Journal of Physical Education Recreation amp Dance 84 4 29 40 doi 10 1080 07303084 2013 773810 ISSN 0730 3084 S2CID 144368244 https livethedance com history tap dance text During 20the 201600s 20and 201700s 2C 20tap 20dance 20began their 20passion 20for 20dance 20on 20a 20larger 20scale https www masterclass com articles tap dance guide https www irishdancing com articles articles to read news articles 920 the history of modern irish dance shoes Sommer Sally R 1998 Tap Dance in Cohen Selma Jeanne ed The International Encyclopedia of Dance Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195173697 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 517369 7 retrieved 2023 10 31 Craine Debra Mackrell Judith 2010 01 01 tap dancing The Oxford Dictionary of Dance Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780199563449 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 956344 9 retrieved 2023 10 31 Tap Dance in America A Short History Library of Congress Washington D C 20540 USA Retrieved 2022 10 20 a b Gates Henry Louis Harlem Renaissance lives from the African American national biography Oxford University Press 2009 pg 429 The Class Act Pete Peaches amp Duke Coles amp Atkins American Tap Dance Foundation Archived from the original on 2010 06 16 Thomas F DeFrantz April 1 2002 Dancing Many Drums Excavations In African American Dance Univ of Wisconsin Press ISBN 9780299173135 David Hinkley Gregory Hines February 4 2001 HERE S TO YOU MR ROBINSON The Daily News a b Video on YouTube Sarah Kaufman December 17 2006 Tapping a Gold Mine of Motion Washington Post Retrieved December 16 2007 a b c d e Tap Dance in America A Short History Library of Congress Washington D C 20540 USA Retrieved 2022 11 29 a b c Bojangles salutes tap dancer who broke race barriers Christian Science Monitor 2001 02 02 ISSN 0882 7729 Retrieved 2022 11 28 a b DURKIN HANNAH 2010 TAP DANCING ON THE RACIAL BOUNDARY RACIAL REPRESENTATION AND ARTISTIC EXPERIMENTATION IN BILL BOJANGLES ROBINSON S STORMY WEATHER PERFORMANCE IJAS Online 2 98 106 ISSN 2009 2377 JSTOR 26234258 Hill Constance Valis 2014 Tap Dancing America A Cultural History Oxford University Press p 103 ISBN 978 0 19 022538 4 Retrieved February 2 2024 Valis Hill Constantine 2010 Tap Dancing America Oxford University Press p 388 ISBN 978 0 19 539082 7 Hoofer a tap dancer who emphasizes movements from the waist down and concentrates on the flat footed percussive intricacies of the feet a b Edwards Mary 2020 Jamie A Thomas and Christina Jackson editors Embodied Difference Divergent Bodies in Public Discourse Lanham Md Lexington Books 2019 ISBN 978 1 4985 6386 4 Hypatia Reviews Online 2020 doi 10 1017 s2753906700003338 ISSN 2753 9067 A Brief History of the Soft Shoes Dancethemovingarts com Silao Nia 2021 07 03 RIFFS A Theory of Instruction and Reference for Step Progression in Tap Dance Dance Education in Practice 7 3 6 17 doi 10 1080 23734833 2021 1954852 ISSN 2373 4833 S2CID 237548320 The Origin Of Tap Dance Beholders org 12 Sept 2011 a b Tap Shoe Guide Bloch US BLOCH Dance US 2022 04 25 Retrieved 2023 10 30 a b Anatomy of a tap shoe www abbystandingtap com 2016 12 28 Retrieved 2023 10 31 Bellerose Author Samantha 2021 09 12 How to Choose the Right Shoes for Tap Dance Classes Retrieved 2023 11 24 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a first has generic name help Customizing Your Tap Shoes The Taps Dance Advantage 2011 07 05 Retrieved 2013 02 25 Further reading editAmes Jerry Siegelman Jim 1977 The Book of Tap Recovering America s Long Lost Dance David McKay Company ISBN 0679506152 OCLC 2493445 Seibert Brian 2015 What the Eye Hears A History of Tap Dancing New York Farrar Straus and Giroux ISBN 9781429947619 OCLC 898419561 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tap dance The Origin of Tap Dance at beholders org All About Tap Dance at TheatreDance Tap dance at Curlie Interview with Donald O Connor on the history of tap dancing Archival footage of Dianne Walker Derick K Grant and Constance Vallis Hill in PillowTalks Tap Dancing in America at Jacob s Pillow 7 1 2010 Tap dance dictionary The Black History of Tap Dancing Afropop Worldwide 1 December 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tap dance amp oldid 1223743005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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