Tandragee Idol
The Tandragee Idol (or Tandragee Man) is the name given to a granite or sandstone carving dated to c. 1000–500 BC, found in a peat bog near Tandragee, County Armagh, in Northern Ireland. It is 60 cm (24 in) in height and consists of the torso and head of a grotesque and brutish-looking figure positioned on a stone slab. He has pierced nostrils, a vulgar and course mouth, a horned helmet and holds his right arm with his left. It was probably produced as an idol for an Ancient Celtic religious shrine.
| The Tandragee Idol | |
|---|---|
| Material | Carved granite |
| Size | Height: 60 cm (24 in) Width (approx) 40 cm (16 in)[1] |
| Created | Middle Iron Age |
| Discovered | Tandragee, County Armagh, Northern Ireland |
| Present location | St Patrick's Cathedral (COI), Armagh |
The figure may represent the mythical chieftain Nuadha of the Silver Arm, who was thought to have led the successful Tuatha Dé Danann invasion of Ireland against the then-dominant Fir Bolg settlers. It is the best known of a number of Iron Age carved stone-head idols found in County Armagh, a number of which are in the crypt of St Patrick's.[2] It is often associated with a figure on a later Janisform head from Boa Island, County Fermanagh; both figures hold their detached left hands with their right, and are thus usually though to represent Nuadha.[3]
Its modern provenance is uncertain. By 1932 it was in the rockery at Ballymore rectory in Tandragee. Today it is kept in the north aisle of the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh town.[4]
Provenance Edit
The modern provenance of the statute is uncertain. It may have been found in a peat bog near Tandragee, County Armagh, sometime before 1912.[5] It was in a rockery at the rectory in Ballymore, County Armagh until 1932, "with some other unspecified sculptural fragments said to have come from Armagh".[6][7] It was first described in 1934 by the American archaeologist and art historian Arthur Kingsley Porter. He had viewed the idol in 1932 when it was in the possession of the widow of John McEndoo (d. 1922), rector of the Anglican church of St Mark, Ballymore, in Tandragee, who "had no clear impression of how the idol came into her husband's possession".[7]
Following the death of McEndoo's widow in 1935, the statue was donated to the Ulster Museum in 1935 by the rector, Canon Percy Marks.[7]
Description Edit
The Tandragee Idol is carved in the round from a single block of local fine-grained granite. The torso is positioned on a wide rectangular granite block.[5][8]
The statue shows a brutish-looking figure, whose portrayal is described by the archeologist Etienn Rynne as "magnificent in its crude barbarism", and as "barbaric and menacing" by the archeologist Michael J. O'Kelly.[9][10] The figure has a squat (short and wide) physique, and a head that is disproportionately large compared to his body.[10] Although identifiable as male, his torso is rather sexless, and seems to lack a neck. He wears a horned helmet, with two knobs at either side representing protruding horns.[11]
His facial features are grotesque,[5] in particular he has a wide and open mouth that gapes in a vulgar manner reminiscent of the Early Medieval Sheela na gig style. His nose is wide and flat and his nostrils are pierced. His closely set oval eyes are positioned between large drooping lids and a primitive heavily ridged brow. Each hand consists of four crudely drawn and oversized fingers that lack knuckles or thumbs.[5][9]
His right arm reaches downwards diagonally, seemingly to hold his left arm.[10]
Dating and function Edit
The majority of surviving prehistoric Irish stone sculptures in the iconic (representational) format originate from Ulster]. The group consists of a human figure in relief, three works showing animals and several works showing individual heads or busts that fall within the wider grouping of Celtic stone heads. The majority of Irish stone heads are thought to have been produced within a 500-year period ending in the early half of the first century AD,[12] with the Tandragee Idol as a very early example.[12]
Ancient stone artifacts are extremely difficult to date, complicated by the fact that most were discovered on ruined church grounds, many of which were in turn built on much older pagan ritual sites. Given these difficulties, archeologists often rely on art-historical methods of dating, such as tracing their methodological or iconographical origins.[12]
-
The Ralaghan idol, carved wood, c. 1096-906 BC[13]
-
The Corleck Head, c. 100–300 AD[14]
-
The double-headed Boa Island Stone Idol, c. 400–800 AD
Like the later Corleck Head, the Tandragee Idol may have produced for a small shrine or cult worship site.[11] It has also been compared to a c. 400–800 AD double-headed stone figure in the early-Medieval cemetery on Boa Island, County Fermanagh, which also has a seemingly detached arm, leading to speculation that both represent Nuadha.
Most archeologists associate the figure with Nuadha of the Silver Arm, the mythical chieftain of the Tuatha Dé Danann, who according to the Annals of the Four Masters lived between 1890–1870 BC. According to folklore, Nuadha lost an arm in battle, a mutilation that threatened his position as a leader, given it made him "not whole of body". By legend the healer Dian Cecht made a silver false-arm for him; hence the connection to the Tandragee figure, who seems to cling to a detached left arm.[5][15]
However the archeologist Patrick Gleeson warns against such interpretations and the tendency to view prehistoric Irish stone-deities through a pan-Celtic lens, noting how such labels "are often plucked from later texts to explain the function and symbolism of items like the Corleck Head or Tandragee Idol, much as ethnic labels have been used to explain material phenomena regarded as Romano-British."[16]
References Edit
- ^ Waddell (1998), p. 361
- ^ Kingsley Porter (1934), p. 55
- ^ Warner (2013), p. 27
- ^ There are two St Patrick's Cathedrals in the town: this one is COI, the other is Roman Catholic.
- ^ a b c d e Kingsley Porter (1934), p. 56
- ^ Porter (1934), p. 228
- ^ a b c Warner (2003), p. 61
- ^ Warner (2013), p. 66
- ^ a b Rynne (1972), p. 80
- ^ a b c O'Kelly (1989), p. 290
- ^ a b Waddell (1998), p. 362
- ^ a b c Rynne (1972), p. 79
- ^ Waddell (1998), p. 233
- ^ O'Toole, Fintan. "A history of Ireland in 100 objects: Corleck Head". The Irish Times, 25 June 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2023
- ^ "The Tandragee Man – 3000 year old statue". BBC (History of the World series), 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2023
- ^ Gleeson (2002), p. 20
Sources Edit
- Gleeson, Patrick. "Reframing the first millennium AD in Ireland: archaeology, history, landscape." Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, volume 122C, August 2022
- Kelly, Eamonn P. "Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Antiquities". In: Ryan, Michael (ed), Treasures of Ireland: Irish Art 3000 BC – 1500 AD. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1983. ISBN 978-0-9017-1428-2
- O'Kelly, Michael J. Early Ireland: An Introduction to Irish Prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-5213-3489-1
- Kingsley Porter, Arthur. "A Sculpture at Tandragee". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, volume 65, no. 380, 1934. JSTOR 865867
- Ross, Anne. "The Human Head in Insular Pagan Celtic Religion". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, volume 91, 1958
- Rynne, Etienn. "Celtic Stone Idols in Ireland". In: Thomas, Charles. The Iron Age in the Irish Sea province. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1972
- Waddell, J. The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland. Galway: Galway University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-191-3934-781
- Warner, Richard. "The Armagh 'Pagan' Statues: A Summary of their Known History & Possible Evidence of their Original Location". Ulster Journal of Archaeology, third series, volume 72, 2013. JSTOR 44135437
- Warner, Richard. "Two pagan idols – remarkable new discoveries". Archaeology Ireland, volume 17, no. 1, 2003
External links Edit
- St. Patrick's Cathedral