The Syrian Peasant Revolt[1] was an armed uprising of Levantine peasant classes against the rule of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in 1834–35. The revolt took place in areas of Ottoman Syria, at the time, ruled by the semi-independent ruler of Egypt, who conquered the region from loyal Ottoman forces in 1831.[2]
4,000 Alawite rebels Tens of thousands of irregulars
The main arena of the revolt evolved in the Damascus Eyalet - Jerusalem,[3] Nablus and Hebron (Palestine or Southern Syria), as well as a major tribal Bedouin rebellion in Al-Karak (Transjordan);[4] other peasant revolts also erupted in Sidon Eyalet - led by Muslims and Druze and encompassing Mount Lebanon,[3]Hauran and Galilee; and a revolt[3] in Aleppo Eyalet - led by Alawites of the Syrian coast. The cause of the revolts was mainly refusal of Syrian peasants to answer conscription and disarmament orders of new Egyptian rulers of the Muhammad Ali dynasty,[3] in line with anti-Egyptian attitudes of local Ottoman loyalists.[5]
Muhammad Ali wanted Syria for a long time, and he knew that he would face enormous support within the country, in October 1831 the Egyptian army began to conquer Syria. Ibrahim Pasha (1789-1848), the son of Muhammad Ali, commanded a well-trained army, which easily defeated the Ottoman army. The army indeed did not face much armed resistance. The population was willing to cooperate unless the army harmed them personally.[5]
The peace treaty, Kütahya, was signed by Muhammad Ali and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in May 1833. The Egyptians gained territory, within Greece and Syria. The Ottomans had good contacts with the local population because when they start to reconquer the area, the Syrians would help them. They provoked the population of Syria and supplied them with weapons so that they would rise against the Egyptians.[5]
Muhammad wanted to conform the region to Western standards as he did with Egypt at the beginning of his rule. Economic, educational, administrational, and military reforms were introduced in the newly-conquered areas. The taxation on the locals doubled when the Egyptians took over control. Ibrahim Pasha fortified the Northern border and implied conscription, which was a new concept for the Syrians. Despite the reforms, for over a period of two years, things stayed relatively quiet.[5]
The Peasants' Revolt[6][7] was a rebellion against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies in Palestine. It was a collective reaction to the gradual elimination of the unofficial rights and privileges previously enjoyed by the various societal groups in the region under Ottoman rule.[8] While the local peasantry constituted the bulk of the rebel forces, urban notables and Bedouin tribes also formed an integral part of the revolt.
The Egyptians had a hard time conquering the Palestinian revolutionists, but when Muhammad Ali Pasha arrived with new troops, the revolt ended quickly. The rebels were punished severely, and the conscription and disarmament continued afterwards.[5]
Women were absent in the military in this time period. In the many political and economic documents that are found, only a few women were included.[9]
Between 1834 and 1835, Bashir's forces commanded by Khalil and his relatives participated in the suppression of revolts in Akkar, Safita, the Krak des Chevaliers and an Alawite revolt in the mountainous region of Latakia. The Alawite revolt is also known as the Nusayriyya revolt.[3]Nusayris are the people who lived in the Nusayriyya Mountain.
Under the rule of the Ottomans, the Nusayris had the freedom to lead their community. When the Egyptians attacked Syria, the Nusayris joined the Ottomans to fight them. The Egyptians won the fight, and for two years things stayed tranquil.[5]
Things changed in September of 1834, Muhammad Ali ordered disarmament and mass conscription in the area. Which he knew would cause unrest, but he felt that he had no choice.[10] The peace treaty that he signed with the Ottoman sultan was more of a temporary ceasefire, so Muhammad needed troops to protect the border.[5]
The Nusayris had a different kind of warfare than the Egyptians were used to, they acted sporadically and not united, known as the guerilla technique.[10] The Nasayris felt that the Egyptians were weak and decided to attack the city of Latakia. The Nusayris won, but the Egyptians reconquered Latakia and the Nusayris fled back to their mountains.[5] The Egyptians were not known to the Mountainous landscape, and the guerilla warfare, which disadvantaged them, but with the help of the Druze they managed to overmaster the Nusayris.[10] The Ottomans, who remained to have contact with the Nusayris, told them to continue the revolt and that they would assist them. Their assistance nevertheless never came.[5]
^Kimmerling, Baruch (14 August 2012). Clash of Identities: Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies. Columbia University Press. ISBN9780231512497 – via Google Books.
^Anderson, Betty S. A History of the Modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues, 2015. p.76-77.
^ abcdeCapar, A. Thesis: The History of Nusayris ('Alawis) in Ottoman Syria, 1831-1876. University of Arkansas. 2013.
^Rood, Judith Mendelsohn (2004). Sacred Law In The Holy City: The Khedival Challenge To The Ottomans As Seen From Jerusalem, 1829-1841. BRILL. p. 131.
^ abcdefghiTalhamy, Yvette (2012). "The Nusayri and Druze Minorities in Syria in the Nineteenth Century: The Revolt against the Egyptian Occupation as a Case Study". Middle Eastern Studies. 48, no.6: 973–95 – via Taylor&Francis Online.
^Baer, Gabriel (1982). Fellah and Townsman in the Middle East: Studies in Social History. Psychology Press. p. 254.
^Grossman, David (2011). Rural Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine: Distribution and Population Density during the late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods. Transaction Publishers. p. 47.
^Rood, Judith Mandelsohn (2004). Sacred Law In The Holy City: The Khedival Challenge To The Ottomans As Seen From Jerusalem, 1829-1841. BRILL. p.139
^Fischel, Roy, and Ruth Kark. “Palestinian Women in the Public Domain During the Late Ottoman and Mandate Periods, 1831–1948.” Hawwa (Leiden) 10, no. 1-2 (2012): 77–96.
^ abcWinter, Stefan. A History of the 'Alawis : From Medieval Aleppo to the Turkish Republic, 2016. p.181-189.
March 10, 2023
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The Syrian Peasant Revolt 1 was an armed uprising of Levantine peasant classes against the rule of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt in 1834 35 The revolt took place in areas of Ottoman Syria at the time ruled by the semi independent ruler of Egypt who conquered the region from loyal Ottoman forces in 1831 2 Syrian Peasant RevoltPart of the campaigns of Muhammad Ali of EgyptMap of Syria Lebanon and Palestine 1889 Date1834 1835LocationLevant then part of Egypt ResultRevolt suppressed Egyptian rule assertedBelligerentsEgyptAlawite clansUrban notables of NablusJerusalemHebronSafedCommanders and leadersMuhammad Ali Ibrahim Pasha Salim BegQasim al Ahmad Mas ud al Madi Aqil AghaStrength36 000 soldiers4 000 Alawite rebelsTens of thousands of irregulars The main arena of the revolt evolved in the Damascus Eyalet Jerusalem 3 Nablus and Hebron Palestine or Southern Syria as well as a major tribal Bedouin rebellion in Al Karak Transjordan 4 other peasant revolts also erupted in Sidon Eyalet led by Muslims and Druze and encompassing Mount Lebanon 3 Hauran and Galilee and a revolt 3 in Aleppo Eyalet led by Alawites of the Syrian coast The cause of the revolts was mainly refusal of Syrian peasants to answer conscription and disarmament orders of new Egyptian rulers of the Muhammad Ali dynasty 3 in line with anti Egyptian attitudes of local Ottoman loyalists 5 Contents 1 Background 2 Arenas 2 1 Peasant revolts in Palestine and Transjordan 2 2 Alawite revolt 3 See also 4 ReferencesBackground EditMain article Egyptian Ottoman War 1831 33 The First Egyptian Ottoman War 1831 1833 was a military conflict brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha s demand to the Ottoman Empire for control of Greater Syria as reward for his assistance in Crete against Greece As a result Muhammad Ali s forces temporarily gained control of Syria and advanced as far north as Adana Muhammad Ali wanted Syria for a long time and he knew that he would face enormous support within the country in October 1831 the Egyptian army began to conquer Syria Ibrahim Pasha 1789 1848 the son of Muhammad Ali commanded a well trained army which easily defeated the Ottoman army The army indeed did not face much armed resistance The population was willing to cooperate unless the army harmed them personally 5 The peace treaty Kutahya was signed by Muhammad Ali and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in May 1833 The Egyptians gained territory within Greece and Syria The Ottomans had good contacts with the local population because when they start to reconquer the area the Syrians would help them They provoked the population of Syria and supplied them with weapons so that they would rise against the Egyptians 5 Muhammad wanted to conform the region to Western standards as he did with Egypt at the beginning of his rule Economic educational administrational and military reforms were introduced in the newly conquered areas The taxation on the locals doubled when the Egyptians took over control Ibrahim Pasha fortified the Northern border and implied conscription which was a new concept for the Syrians Despite the reforms for over a period of two years things stayed relatively quiet 5 Arenas EditPeasant revolts in Palestine and Transjordan Edit Main article Peasants revolt in Palestine The Peasants Revolt 6 7 was a rebellion against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies in Palestine It was a collective reaction to the gradual elimination of the unofficial rights and privileges previously enjoyed by the various societal groups in the region under Ottoman rule 8 While the local peasantry constituted the bulk of the rebel forces urban notables and Bedouin tribes also formed an integral part of the revolt The Egyptians had a hard time conquering the Palestinian revolutionists but when Muhammad Ali Pasha arrived with new troops the revolt ended quickly The rebels were punished severely and the conscription and disarmament continued afterwards 5 Women were absent in the military in this time period In the many political and economic documents that are found only a few women were included 9 Alawite revolt Edit Main article Alawite revolt 1834 35 Between 1834 and 1835 Bashir s forces commanded by Khalil and his relatives participated in the suppression of revolts in Akkar Safita the Krak des Chevaliers and an Alawite revolt in the mountainous region of Latakia The Alawite revolt is also known as the Nusayriyya revolt 3 Nusayris are the people who lived in the Nusayriyya Mountain Under the rule of the Ottomans the Nusayris had the freedom to lead their community When the Egyptians attacked Syria the Nusayris joined the Ottomans to fight them The Egyptians won the fight and for two years things stayed tranquil 5 Things changed in September of 1834 Muhammad Ali ordered disarmament and mass conscription in the area Which he knew would cause unrest but he felt that he had no choice 10 The peace treaty that he signed with the Ottoman sultan was more of a temporary ceasefire so Muhammad needed troops to protect the border 5 The Nusayris had a different kind of warfare than the Egyptians were used to they acted sporadically and not united known as the guerilla technique 10 The Nasayris felt that the Egyptians were weak and decided to attack the city of Latakia The Nusayris won but the Egyptians reconquered Latakia and the Nusayris fled back to their mountains 5 The Egyptians were not known to the Mountainous landscape and the guerilla warfare which disadvantaged them but with the help of the Druze they managed to overmaster the Nusayris 10 The Ottomans who remained to have contact with the Nusayris told them to continue the revolt and that they would assist them Their assistance nevertheless never came 5 See also Edit1838 Druze revolt Egyptian Ottoman War 1839 1841 References Edit Kimmerling Baruch 14 August 2012 Clash of Identities Explorations in Israeli and Palestinian Societies Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231512497 via Google Books Anderson Betty S A History of the Modern Middle East Rulers Rebels and Rogues 2015 p 76 77 a b c d e Capar A Thesis The History of Nusayris Alawis in Ottoman Syria 1831 1876 University of Arkansas 2013 Rood Judith Mendelsohn 2004 Sacred Law In The Holy City The Khedival Challenge To The Ottomans As Seen From Jerusalem 1829 1841 BRILL p 131 a b c d e f g h i Talhamy Yvette 2012 The Nusayri and Druze Minorities in Syria in the Nineteenth Century The Revolt against the Egyptian Occupation as a Case Study Middle Eastern Studies 48 no 6 973 95 via Taylor amp Francis Online Baer Gabriel 1982 Fellah and Townsman in the Middle East Studies in Social History Psychology Press p 254 Grossman David 2011 Rural Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine Distribution and Population Density during the late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods Transaction Publishers p 47 Rood Judith Mandelsohn 2004 Sacred Law In The Holy City The Khedival Challenge To The Ottomans As Seen From Jerusalem 1829 1841 BRILL p 139 Fischel Roy and Ruth Kark Palestinian Women in the Public Domain During the Late Ottoman and Mandate Periods 1831 1948 Hawwa Leiden 10 no 1 2 2012 77 96 a b c Winter Stefan A History of the Alawis From Medieval Aleppo to the Turkish Republic 2016 p 181 189 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Syrian Peasant Revolt 1834 1835 amp oldid 1135066841, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
