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Swampy Cree

January 07, 2023

The Swampy Cree people, also known by their autonyms Néhinaw, Maskiki Wi Iniwak, Mushkekowuk, Maškékowak or Maskekon[1] (and therefore also Muskegon and Muskegoes) or by exonyms including West Main Cree, Lowland Cree, and Homeguard Cree,[2] are a division of the Cree Nation occupying lands located in northern Manitoba, along the Saskatchewan River in northeastern Saskatchewan, along the shores of Hudson Bay and adjoining interior lands south and west as well as territories along the shores of Hudson and James Bay in Ontario. They are geographically and to some extent culturally split into two main groupings, and therefore speak two dialects of the Swampy Cree language, which is a "n-dialect":

  • Western Swampy Cree called themselves: Mushkego, Mushkegowuk (or Maškēkowak), also called Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree, speak the western dialect of the Swampy Cree language, while the s/š distinction is kept in the eastern dialect, the western dialect have merged both into s
  • Eastern Swampy Cree / Western James Bay Cree called themselves: Omaškêkowak, Omushkego, Omushkegowak, together with the Moose Cree also called Lowland Cree, Lowland (Homeguard) Cree, West Main Cree, James Bay Mushkego, because they were living along the western shores of the Hudson and James Bay they were oft also known as Western James Bay Cree, reflecting their position in contrast to the (Eastern) James Bay Cree, speak the eastern dialect of the Swampy Cree language, which kept the s/š distinction
Swampy Cree (Nèhinaw)
Descended fromCree
BranchesWestern Swampy Cree, Eastern Swampy Cree
LanguageN dialect
Western Swampy Cree
LanguageN-dialect
Eastern Swampy Cree
Omaškêkowak
Languageeastern dialect of the Swampy Cree language, which kept the s/š distinction

European contact

In Manitoba, The Swampy Cree's first recorded contact with Europeans was in 1600[3] at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers in northern Manitoba by a Hudson's Bay Company party travelling about 100 mi (160 km) inland.[4]

First Nations

Historically, the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay: Lowland (Homeguard) Cree who were found along the coast, Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior, and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe.[5] West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree. Linguistically, the Cree are divided by their general language features, where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as "th-Cree", "n-Cree" and "l-Cree", from west to east; Cree traditionally associated with the Woodland Cree make no distinction between "s" and "š", while the Lowland and Upland Cree do. Today, together with the "n-Cree" dialect-speaking Woodland Cree, those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the "n-Cree" dialect are called "Swampy Cree",[6] but culturally Moose Cree (the Cree speaking the "l-dialect")[7] and other peoples of the Upland including the Oji-Cree occasionally self-identify as being "Swampy Cree".[8]

West Swampy Cree
East Swampy Cree
Moose Cree

Ethnonyms

Reflecting either Swampy Cree (O)maškêko(wak) "Swampy(-ies)", or Odawa (O)mashkiigo(wag) "Swampy(-ies)"
  • Mashkégous.—Petitot in Can. Rec. Sci., I, 48, 1884.
  • Maskègowuk.—Hutchins (1770) quoted by Richardson, Arct. Exped. II, 37, 1851.
  • Masquikoukiaks.—Prise de Possession (1671) in Perrot, Mémoire, 293, 1864.
  • Masquikoukioeks.—Prise de Possession (1671) in Margry, Déc., I, 97, 1875.
  • Meskigouk.—Long, Exped. St Peter's R., II, 151, 1824.
  • Mis-Keegoes.—Ross, Fur Hunters, II, 220, 1855.
  • Muskeg.--Hind. Red R. Exped., I, 112, 1860.
  • Muskeggouck.—West, Jour., 19, 1824.
  • Muskegoe.—Tanner, Narr., 45 1830.
  • Muskegoag.—Tanner, Narr., 315 1830.
  • Muskegons.—Galatin "A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes in North America", in Archæologia Americana : Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, II, 24, 1836.
  • Muskigos.—Maximillian, Trav., II, 28, 1841.
  • Musk-keeg-oes.—Warren (1852) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 45, 1885.
  • Mustegans.—Hind, Labrador Penin., II, 16, 1863.
  • Mashkegons.—Belcourt (ca. 1850) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, I, 227, 1872.
  • Maskigoes.—Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes, II, 36, 1852.
  • Muscagoes.—Harmon, Jour., 84, 1820.
  • Mus-conogee.—Schermerhorn (1812) in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, 2d s., II, 11, 1814.
  • Muscononges.—Pike, Exped., app. to pt. 1, 64, 1810.
  • Muskeags.—Schoolcraft. Indian Tribes, VI, 33, 1857.
  • Muskagoes.—Harmon (1801) quoted by Jones, Ojebway Inds., 166, 1861.
  • Mus-ka-go-wuk.—Morgan. Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, 287, 1871.
Reflecting Swampy Cree (O)maškêko-ininiw(ak) "Swamp People"
  • Mashkegonhyrinis.—Bacquerville de la Potherie, Hist. Am, I, 168, 1783.
  • Maskigonehirinis.—Dobbs, Hudson Bay, 25, 1744.
  • Miskogonhirinis.—Dobbs, Hudson Bay, 23, 1744.
Reflecting Ojibwe (O)mashkiigoo(g) "Swampy(-ies)"
  • Muskeegoo.—Jones, Ojebway Inds., 178, 1861.
  • Muskego Ojibways.—Warren (1852) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 378, 1885.
  • Muskegoo.—Canada. Department of Indian Affairs (common form).
  • Omaskekok.—Belcourt (ca. 1850) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, I, 227-8, 1885.
  • Omush-ke-goag.—Warren (1852) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 33, 1885.
  • Omushke-goes.—Warren (1852) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 85, 1885.
Reflecting a translation
  • Cree of the lowlands.—Morgan, Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, 287, 1871.
  • People of the Lowlands.—Morgan, Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, 287, 1871.
  • Savannas.—Chauvignerie (1836) in New York Documents of Colonial History, IX, 1054, 1855.
  • Savanois.—Charlevoix, Nouv.Fr., 277, 1744.
  • Swampee.—Reid in Jour. Anthrop. Inst of G. Br., VII, 107, 1874.
  • Swampies.—M'Lean, Hudson Bay, II, 19, 1824.
  • Swampy Crees.—Franklin, Journ. to Polar Sea, 38, 1824.
    • Swampy Creek Indians.—Hind, Labrador Penin., I, 8, 1863 (for 'Swampy Cree Indians').
  • Swampy Krees.—Keane in Stanford, Compend., 536, 1878.
  • Swampys.—Hind, Labrador Penin., I, 323, 1863.
Other
  • Big-Heads.—Donnelly in Canada. Department of Indian Affairs, Annual Report for 1883, pt. 1, 10, 1884.
  • Coast Crees.—Back, Arct. Land Exped., app., 194, 1836.
  • Waub-ose.—Warren (1852) in Minnesota Historical Society Collections, V, 86, 1885 (Waabooz ('rabbit'): Ojibwe name, referring to their peaceful character; applied also to the Bois Forte Band).

Notes

  1. ^ Path of the Elders
  2. ^ Victor, Lytwyn (2002). Muskekowuck Athinuwick: Original People of the Great Swampy Land. Universoty of Manitoba. pp. xi.
  3. ^ politis (2016-08-16). "A brief history of Cree". Canadian Geographic. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  4. ^ Hlady M., Walter. "Indian Migrations in Manitoba and the West". Manitoba Historical Society.
  5. ^ Lytwyn, pp. 42, 52–53
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd, 1981, p. 53, p. Fig. 1
  7. ^ Honigmann, p. 218
  8. ^ Lytwyn, p.42
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Lovisek, 1999, "Western Woodland Cree" pp. 43–44.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Lovisek, 1999, "Moose Cree" pp. 41–42.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Mushkegowuk Council
  13. ^ Ellis, C. D., 1995, p. xiv

References

  • Ellis, Clarence Douglas. 1995. âtalôhkâna nêsta tipâcimôwina: Cree legends and narratives from the West Coast of James Bay. Text and translation. Edited and with a glossary by C. Douglas Ellis. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. ISBN 0-88755-159-9
  • Honigmann, John J. 1981. “West Main Cree.” in June Helm, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic, pp. 217–230. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16004-578-9
  • Lovisek, Joan A. 1999. "Aboriginals: Algonquians/Subarctic." Paul R. Magocsi, ed., Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples; 36–47. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario. ISBN 0-80202-938-8
  • Lytwyn, Victor P. 2002. Muskekowuck Athinuwick: Original People of the Great Swampy Land. ISBN 0-88755-651-5
  • Pritzker, Barry. 1998. "Cree" in Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Peoples, Volume 1 pp. 709–715 ISBN 0-87436-836-7
  • Rhodes, Richard and Evelyn Todd. 1981. “Subarctic Algonquian languages.” in June Helm, ed., The Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6. Subarctic, pp. 52–66. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.

External links

  • Mushkegowuk Council
  • Swampy Cree Tribal Council

January 07, 2023
swampy, cree, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, april, 2012, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, peopl. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Swampy Cree people also known by their autonyms Nehinaw Maskiki Wi Iniwak Mushkekowuk Maskekowak or Maskekon 1 and therefore also Muskegon and Muskegoes or by exonyms including West Main Cree Lowland Cree and Homeguard Cree 2 are a division of the Cree Nation occupying lands located in northern Manitoba along the Saskatchewan River in northeastern Saskatchewan along the shores of Hudson Bay and adjoining interior lands south and west as well as territories along the shores of Hudson and James Bay in Ontario They are geographically and to some extent culturally split into two main groupings and therefore speak two dialects of the Swampy Cree language which is a n dialect Western Swampy Cree called themselves Mushkego Mushkegowuk or Maskekowak also called Lowland Half Homeguard Cree speak the western dialect of the Swampy Cree language while the s s distinction is kept in the eastern dialect the western dialect have merged both into s Eastern Swampy Cree Western James Bay Cree called themselves Omaskekowak Omushkego Omushkegowak together with the Moose Cree also called Lowland Cree Lowland Homeguard Cree West Main Cree James Bay Mushkego because they were living along the western shores of the Hudson and James Bay they were oft also known as Western James Bay Cree reflecting their position in contrast to the Eastern James Bay Cree speak the eastern dialect of the Swampy Cree language which kept the s s distinctionSwampy Cree Nehinaw Descended fromCreeBranchesWestern Swampy Cree Eastern Swampy CreeLanguageN dialectWestern Swampy CreeLanguageN dialectEastern Swampy CreeOmaskekowakLanguageeastern dialect of the Swampy Cree language which kept the s s distinction Contents 1 European contact 2 First Nations 3 Ethnonyms 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksEuropean contact EditIn Manitoba The Swampy Cree s first recorded contact with Europeans was in 1600 3 at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers in northern Manitoba by a Hudson s Bay Company party travelling about 100 mi 160 km inland 4 First Nations EditHistorically the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum were classified by their relationship to Hudson Bay and James Bay Lowland Homeguard Cree who were found along the coast Lowland Half Homeguard Cree who seasonally transitioned between the coast and the interior and the Upland Cree in the deep interior who often were intermixed with the Ojibwe 5 West of these Lowland and Upland Cree were the Woodland and Plains Cree Linguistically the Cree are divided by their general language features where the Cree nations in the central part of the Cree continuum are classified as th Cree n Cree and l Cree from west to east Cree traditionally associated with the Woodland Cree make no distinction between s and s while the Lowland and Upland Cree do Today together with the n Cree dialect speaking Woodland Cree those who live in the Lowlands and Uplands who speak the n Cree dialect are called Swampy Cree 6 but culturally Moose Cree the Cree speaking the l dialect 7 and other peoples of the Upland including the Oji Cree occasionally self identify as being Swampy Cree 8 West Swampy CreeWinnipeg Cree historical Chemawawin Cree Nation 6 9 10 also Rocky Cree Cumberland House Cree Nation Fisher River Cree Nation Fort Severn First Nation 6 Fox Lake Cree Nation 6 11 Marcel Colomb First Nation 9 also Rocky Cree Mathias Colomb First Nation 9 10 also Rocky Cree Misipawistik Cree Nation 6 9 Mosakahiken Cree Nation 9 10 Opaskwayak Cree Nation 6 9 Red Earth First Nation Sapotaweyak Cree Nation 9 also Plains Cree and Saulteaux Shamattawa Cree Nation 6 11 Shoal Lake Cree Nation 6 Tataskweyak Cree Nation 6 10 War Lake First Nation Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation 9 York Factory First Nation 6 East Swampy CreeAlbany River Cree historical Fort Albany First Nation 6 11 12 also Ojibwe 10 Kashechewan First Nation 6 11 also Moose Cree 13 Attawapiskat River Cree historical Attawapiskat First Nation 6 11 12 Mattagami River Cree historical Flying Post First Nation 10 also Ojibwe 10 Nipigon Cree historical Severn River Cree historical see also Oji Cree Winisk River Cree historical Weenusk First Nation 6 11 see also Oji Cree Moose CreeAbitibi River Cree historical Abitibiwinni First Nation also Algonquin and Ojibwe Wahgoshig First Nation also Algonquin and Ojibwe Moose River Cree historical Brunswick House First Nation 10 also Ojibwe 10 Chapleau Cree First Nation 10 12 Constance Lake First Nation 10 also Oji Cree and Ojibwe 10 Kashechewan First Nation 10 12 also Swampy Cree 6 Matachewan First Nation 10 also Ojibwe 10 Missanabie Cree First Nation 10 12 also Ojibwe 10 Moose Cree First Nation 11 12 Taykwa Tagamou Nation 12 Lake Nipigon Cree historical Piscotagami River Cree historical Rainy Lake Cree historical Mishkeegogamang First Nation also Cree Ojibwe Ethnonyms EditReflecting either Swampy Cree O maskeko wak Swampy ies or Odawa O mashkiigo wag Swampy ies Mashkegous Petitot in Can Rec Sci I 48 1884 Maskegowuk Hutchins 1770 quoted by Richardson Arct Exped II 37 1851 Masquikoukiaks Prise de Possession 1671 in Perrot Memoire 293 1864 Masquikoukioeks Prise de Possession 1671 in Margry Dec I 97 1875 Meskigouk Long Exped St Peter s R II 151 1824 Mis Keegoes Ross Fur Hunters II 220 1855 Muskeg Hind Red R Exped I 112 1860 Muskeggouck West Jour 19 1824 Muskegoe Tanner Narr 45 1830 Muskegoag Tanner Narr 315 1830 Muskegons Galatin A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes in North America in Archaeologia Americana Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society II 24 1836 Muskigos Maximillian Trav II 28 1841 Musk keeg oes Warren 1852 in Minnesota Historical Society Collections V 45 1885 Mustegans Hind Labrador Penin II 16 1863 Mashkegons Belcourt ca 1850 in Minnesota Historical Society Collections I 227 1872 Maskigoes Schoolcraft Indian Tribes II 36 1852 Muscagoes Harmon Jour 84 1820 Mus conogee Schermerhorn 1812 in Massachusetts Historical Society Collections 2d s II 11 1814 Muscononges Pike Exped app to pt 1 64 1810 Muskeags Schoolcraft Indian Tribes VI 33 1857 Muskagoes Harmon 1801 quoted by Jones Ojebway Inds 166 1861 Mus ka go wuk Morgan Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family 287 1871 Reflecting Swampy Cree O maskeko ininiw ak Swamp People Mashkegonhyrinis Bacquerville de la Potherie Hist Am I 168 1783 Maskigonehirinis Dobbs Hudson Bay 25 1744 Miskogonhirinis Dobbs Hudson Bay 23 1744 Reflecting Ojibwe O mashkiigoo g Swampy ies Muskeegoo Jones Ojebway Inds 178 1861 Muskego Ojibways Warren 1852 in Minnesota Historical Society Collections V 378 1885 Muskegoo Canada Department of Indian Affairs common form Omaskekok Belcourt ca 1850 in Minnesota Historical Society Collections I 227 8 1885 Omush ke goag Warren 1852 in Minnesota Historical Society Collections V 33 1885 Omushke goes Warren 1852 in Minnesota Historical Society Collections V 85 1885 Reflecting a translationCree of the lowlands Morgan Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family 287 1871 People of the Lowlands Morgan Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family 287 1871 Savannas Chauvignerie 1836 in New York Documents of Colonial History IX 1054 1855 Savanois Charlevoix Nouv Fr 277 1744 Swampee Reid in Jour Anthrop Inst of G Br VII 107 1874 Swampies M Lean Hudson Bay II 19 1824 Swampy Crees Franklin Journ to Polar Sea 38 1824 Swampy Creek Indians Hind Labrador Penin I 8 1863 for Swampy Cree Indians Swampy Krees Keane in Stanford Compend 536 1878 Swampys Hind Labrador Penin I 323 1863 OtherBig Heads Donnelly in Canada Department of Indian Affairs Annual Report for 1883 pt 1 10 1884 Coast Crees Back Arct Land Exped app 194 1836 Waub ose Warren 1852 in Minnesota Historical Society Collections V 86 1885 Waabooz rabbit Ojibwe name referring to their peaceful character applied also to the Bois Forte Band Notes Edit Path of the Elders Victor Lytwyn 2002 Muskekowuck Athinuwick Original People of the Great Swampy Land Universoty of Manitoba pp xi politis 2016 08 16 A brief history of Cree Canadian Geographic Retrieved 2020 12 18 Hlady M Walter Indian Migrations in Manitoba and the West Manitoba Historical Society Lytwyn pp 42 52 53 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Rhodes Richard and Evelyn Todd 1981 p 53 p Fig 1 Honigmann p 218 Lytwyn p 42 a b c d e f g h Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Lovisek 1999 Western Woodland Cree pp 43 44 a b c d e f g Lovisek 1999 Moose Cree pp 41 42 a b c d e f g Mushkegowuk Council Ellis C D 1995 p xivReferences EditEllis Clarence Douglas 1995 atalohkana nesta tipacimowina Cree legends and narratives from the West Coast of James Bay Text and translation Edited and with a glossary by C Douglas Ellis Winnipeg University of Manitoba Press ISBN 0 88755 159 9 Honigmann John J 1981 West Main Cree in June Helm ed The Handbook of North American Indians Volume 6 Subarctic pp 217 230 Washington D C The Smithsonian Institution ISBN 0 16004 578 9 Lovisek Joan A 1999 Aboriginals Algonquians Subarctic Paul R Magocsi ed Encyclopedia of Canada s Peoples 36 47 Toronto Multicultural History Society of Ontario ISBN 0 80202 938 8 Lytwyn Victor P 2002 Muskekowuck Athinuwick Original People of the Great Swampy Land ISBN 0 88755 651 5 Pritzker Barry 1998 Cree in Native Americans An Encyclopedia of History Culture and Peoples Volume 1 pp 709 715 ISBN 0 87436 836 7 Rhodes Richard and Evelyn Todd 1981 Subarctic Algonquian languages in June Helm ed The Handbook of North American Indians Volume 6 Subarctic pp 52 66 Washington D C The Smithsonian Institution External links EditMushkegowuk Council Swampy Cree Tribal Council Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Swampy Cree amp oldid 1092868164, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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