Sunshine Mine
The Sunshine Mine is located between the cities of Kellogg and Wallace in northern Idaho. It has been one of the world's largest and most profitable silver mines, having produced over 360 million ounces of silver by 2001.[2]
Sunshine Miners Memorial | |
| Location | |
|---|---|
Sunshine Mine | |
| Location | Silver Valley (Idaho) |
| State | Idaho |
| Country | United States |
| Coordinates | 47°30′07″N 116°04′15″W / 47.501840°N 116.070759°W |
| Production | |
| Products | Silver, Copper, Antimony, Gold, Lead, Zinc, Uranium[1] |
| Type | Underground |
| History | |
| Discovered | 1884 |
| Opened | 1890 |
| Active | 1887–99, 1904–05, 1912–2001 |
| Closed | 2001 |
A 2007 Canadian report by Behre Dolbear & Company estimated measured and indicated resources of 31.51 million ounces of silver in 1.43 million tons at 21.8 ounces of silver per ton and inferred resources of 231.5 million ounces of silver in 2.28 million tons at 101.6 ounces of silver per ton. The Behre Dolbear report is considered historic in nature and illustrates the resource potential of the Sunshine Mine.
From historical records beginning in 1904, the Sunshine Mine has produced 364,893,421 ounces of silver from 12,953,045 tons of ore through 2001, when the mine was closed. From January 1, 1998, to January 1, 2004, the average reserves carried by the mine were 1.38 million tons, containing 32.20 million ounces of silver at 23.3 oz Ag/ton.
Geography edit
The Sunshine Mine is on the east side of Big Creek waterway and south of the unincorporated community of Big Creek, Idaho, between Kellogg and Wallace. In a mountainous area, the mine entrance is approximately 2,790 feet (850 m) above sea level.[1]
Sunshine Mine is just upstream from Crescent Mine, which operated between 1906 and 1986.[3] Interstate 90 passes approximately two miles (3.2 km) north of the Sunshine Mine complex.[1]
History edit
Early history edit
The Sunshine Mine property had its beginning in 1884.[4] In September of that year two brothers, True and Dennis Blake, filed claim on a series of ore deposits in the Big Creek mining district in Shoshone County, Idaho.
The Blake Brothers, as they are frequently collectively referred to, were natives of Maine. In the fall of 1876, for reasons unspecified in extant sources, the Blake Brothers began their westward migration.[5] They lived and worked in Chicago for some time before continuing west and settling in Washington Territory. According to court records, the Blake Brothers were living in Snohomish County, Washington Territory, by October 1878. Sometime after November 1879 the brothers relocated to the eastern part of the territory, settling in the small city of Spokane Falls.[5] By early 1880 the Blakes had relocated to the Coeur d'Alene Valley in Idaho, where they homesteaded at the mouth of a stream named Big Creek; located midway between the present cities of Kellogg and Wallace. Here the Blakes farmed for several years. In September 1884, they happened to locate the Yankee Boy and Yankee Girl ore deposits up Big Creek Canyon from their homestead.[6]
It was these deposits, namely the Yankee Lode mining claim, that the Blake brothers staked in late September 1884.[7] The two brothers mined their claim for the next two decades until poor health persuaded them to release control of the property to other interests. Following the death of True Blake in 1910, True's widow Hattie Blake and his brother Dennis Blake opted to lease out the mining property. The property was leased to several individuals sometime on or about September 1912.[8] The property went through a series of acquisitions in the years following, being leased and managed at various times by men such as Sidney Shonts and next Dan Price.
Price, President of the Big Creek Leasing Company, spent a large sum of money in an effort to reach ore reserves on the lower levels of the Blake Brothers previous workings.[9] When unsuccessful, Price recruited Spokane businessman Eugene Tousley. Tousley, in turn, recruited John Sawbridge, a Yakima, Washington businessman and mining entrepreneur.
It is unclear exactly when Sawbridge became involved in the company, but he likely held stock when the Sunshine Mining Company was officially formed in 1918. At this time the company's headquarters were in Spokane, Washington. The original officers of the company were Eugene C. Tousley, E. Ely, and V.S. Ricaby. Tousley was a broker in the mining industry, working in Spokane. During this time W.F. Newton was manager of the company,[10]
In approximately 1921 a group of businessmen and entrepreneurs from Yakima purchased a controlling interest in Sunshine Mining Company. John Sawbridge became and/or remained the President of the company.[11] The Yakima businessmen who joined the Board at this time were Albert E. "A.E." Larson (a successful entrepreneur), Alexander Miller (also a civic leader), and Nathan P. "N.P." Hull (known for his successful orchards). Hull served on the Board of Directors until his death in July 1929. Three years after his death, in 1932, Hull's son Carroll M. Hull was named to the Board. Carroll Hull served on the Board of Sunshine until February 1965.
Following the death of Sawbridge in 1931, Larson became president and served the company in that capacity until his own death in 1934.[12] At that time Robert M. Hardy (a Yakima native and President of the Yakima National Bank) became president.[13] He served as President until his resignation in 1956, at which time his son succeeded him as President of the Company.[14]
Mining operations edit
In 1921 a 25-ton per day mill was constructed. The mill was later expanded piecemeal and eventually reached a daily capacity of 500 tons. Soon after the concentrator was commissioned, the Sunshine tunnel was dug from the surface in an exploration effort that discovered higher quality ore historically identified as "Chinatown".
In 1935 the concentrator at the mine was upgraded with new ball mill grinding units and flotation cells. These increased the capacity to 1,000 tons per day while attaining a recovery of 98%. The sinking of the new four-compartment vertical Jewell shaft was started, reaching the 2300 level in 1936.
In 1943 a crew drifting east on the 2700 level following the Silver Syndicate fault discovered the famous Chester vein.
It was primarily the exploitation of the Sunshine vein followed by the Chester vein that determined the present configuration of the underground workings. With the discovery of the Chester vein on the 2700 level and the ore body's distance from the Jewell shaft of approximately 4000 feet east - southeast, other internal shafts (the No. 4, No. 5 and No. 10 shafts, more properly defined as winzes) were sunk or raised to more efficiently service the operations. The other principal internal shaft is the No. 12 shaft, servicing the Copper vein and the West Syndicate vein in the western end of the mine.
In 1957, under the Presidency of Robert M. Hardy Jr., Sunshine Mining Company drilled the Medina No. 1 oil well. This was located immediately north of the town of Ocean City on the coast of Washington State.[15] This was a joint venture with J.W. Tanner, a businessman from Olympia, Washington with specific interests in the oil industry.[16]
Sunshine Mining Company purchased Tanner's interest in the company in 1958. Sunshine's Medina No. 1 well would produce 12,500 barrels of oil and remains Washington State's only commercially producing oil well. In 1961 the well was capped and production stopped.[17]
In 1960, sand-filling operations were introduced underground at Sunshine Mine. The mill tailings were classified so that the coarser material, approximately 45% of the total mill feed, was used for stope backfill.
Sunshine Mine Disaster edit
The day shift on the morning of May 2, 1972, included 173 men. Around 11:40 a.m., smoke was discovered coming from the 910 raise on the 3700 level. As the smoke spread rapidly throughout the mine, the No. 10 shaft foreman ordered an evacuation at about 12:03 p.m. Men were hoisted from the lower levels to the 3100 level, where they were directed to make their way to the Jewell Shaft. Yet, hoisting stopped at 1:02 p.m. after the hoistman was overcome by smoke and carbon monoxide. Many of the men who reached the 3100 level were also overcome.
Of the 173 men in the mine at the time of the fire, 80 were able to evacuate, with the last one reaching the surface by 1:30 p.m. Two men, able to find a safe zone on the 4800 level near the No. 12 borehole, were rescued 175 hours later. The remaining 91 men died of carbon monoxide poisoning. Besides the 31 victims found on the 3100 level, 21 were found on the 5200 level, 16 on 3700, 7 on 4400, 7 on 4800, 4 on 3400, 3 on 4200, and 2 on 5000.[18][19][20]
The mine was closed for seven months after the fire. It was one of the worst mining disasters in American history, and the worst disaster in Idaho history.[21] Today, a monument to the lost miners stands besides I-90 near the mine.
After the Sunshine Mine reopened and resumed full production, it regained its position as the number one silver producer in the Nation. In 1979 alone, Sunshine Mine produced 18% of the Nation's silver ore.[22] By the end of 1988, the mine was at full production. Ore production was primarily from mining the Chester vein systems serviced by the No. 10 shaft and the remnants of the Sunshine and Rambo vein stopes, referred to as the Footwall area on the 3700 and 3400 levels. The 4000 and 4200 level Copper vein was under development from the No. 12 shaft.
Hunt takeover edit
The Hunt brothers began their attempt to corner the market of silver in 1973, secretly buying silver contracts. By 1974 they had contracts for 55 million ounces of silver, 9% of all silver stores. They took delivery, placing 40 million ounces in Switzerland and the remainder near the New York and Chicago markets. By 1975 they used Great Western, which they bought the previous year, to buy up commodities; the company had 21 million ounces of contracts by mid-1976.[23][24][25]
In 1977, through Great Western United, the Hunt brothers attempted to take over the Sunshine Mine. This gave them control of another 30 million ounces and exempted them from new trading restrictions. They bought the mine's shares at a premium, which invoked the Williams Act. The acquisition was blocked by an Idaho law. Great Western sued on the grounds that the state law placed an undue burden on interstate commerce and pre-empted the Williams Act. Great Western and Sunshine Mine also sued each other in court, settling out of court in October 1977.
The Idaho law court case was also discarded on its merits, allowing Great Western to acquire the Sunshine Mining Company.[26][27][28][25]
The Idaho law case went to the Supreme Court in 1979 (Leroy v. Great Western United Corp., 443 U.S. 173), having been found in Great Western's favor and appealed at each step by the state of Idaho over discussions of the appropriate venue. The Supreme Court case was decided on 26 June 1979, overturning Great Western's choice of Texas courts to sue Idaho.[29] The Hunts lost their majority shareholder status in 1979 when part of the deal fell apart, and Sunshine sold their interest back to the mine.
Through a long series of events, the Hunts' cornering of the market led to Silver Thursday, a massive spike in silver prices on 27 March 1980. Changing exchange rules by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (and a change in margin rules from Paul Volcker in the SEC) meant the Hunts were caught out on margin calls, leading to the bankruptcy of their empire.[23][24][25]
Post-Hunt era edit
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2018) |
In 1989, the mine produced 4.8 million ounces of silver. Production from the high grade Copper vein stopes began to impact the silver production volumes. During 1990, the mine produced 5.4 million ounces of silver, the most since 1971. By now the high-grade Copper vein stopes on 4200 level were becoming substantial producers, while production from the 10 shaft stopes was dropping off.
In 1991, the silver price fell to $3.90 (~$9.00 in 2023) per ounce and the operation was losing money. A mining plan was put together to reduce losses substantially while waiting for prices to improve. This was referred to as the "small mine plan" and was implemented in June 1991. The operation headings underground were centralized by shutting down the outlying, more costly production and development headings, and limiting operation to day shift only. The mining operations were consolidated in the Copper vein area and the most productive headings in the "Footwall Area". The mine below the 5000 level was salvaged and allowed to fill with water. Production was cut in half, while the work force was reduced by 65%.
The West Chance vein was discovered in 1992. By late 1996 it was clear the ore body was of sufficient size and value to support the mine's return to full production. The reserves were then developed by trackless ramp and lateral development methods using LHD (Load-Haul-Dump) equipment. The working areas outside the West Chance were shut down and salvaged in an orderly fashion and all resources were directed toward the West Chance. By July 1997, the mine workings below the 4000 level were salvaged of all usable equipment and materials and allowed to begin filling with water. In 1995, Sunshine acquired the neighboring Consolidated Silver (ConSil) property consisting of the surface facilities and underground workings of the Silver Summit Mine. This mine has served as the Sunshine Mine's second access for years. The ConSil underground mine workings are primarily accessed by an adit to an internal 5600 feet shaft. The surface opening of this adit is located about two miles east of the Jewell shaft.
Closure edit
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2018) |
The mine ceased production in the first quarter of 2001 because of several factors. These included low silver prices and the lack of regular and consistent exploration and development due to prior management shifting cash flow from the mine to corporate expenses, debt and other projects.
At closure the mine reserves were 1.13 million tons containing 26.75 million ounces of silver at 23.6 ounces Ag/ton. Upon closing of the mine these 'Historic' or 'Legacy reserves' were reclassified to 'mineralized material' as required by United States Securities and Exchange Commission regulations. These "Legacy Resources" are now classified as Mineral Resources under the CIM Definition Standards.
On November 2, 2009, Alberta Star Development Corp. announced that it has entered into a binding term sheet with Sterling Mining Company to acquire a controlling interest in Sterling and its assets and provide for financing of Sterling's ongoing operations. Alberta Star later gave up their pursuit of the mine in the face of competing interest.
On April 22, 2010, Sterling Mining Company announced that Court papers will be filed shortly seeking to approve a successful $24.0 million (~$32.7 million in 2023) bid for the assets and stock of Sterling Mining Company, the operator of the historic Sunshine Mine. The successful bidder—with a cash price of $24.0 million—was Silver Opportunity Partners LLC (SOP). SOP is a privately held company owned by Thomas Kaplan. It is based in New York as part of the Electrum Group of Companies, an international investor in precious metal mines.
On February 14, 2012, the mine was evacuated after a sensor in a vent shaft detected elevated levels of carbon monoxide inside.[30] Twelve people were underground at the time, during the evening. All were workers for an underground mining services contractor called The Redpath Group, with headquarters in North Bay, Ontario, Canada. The mine was evacuated and sealed. All intakes feeding oxygen into the mine had to be sealed off, and nitrogen was injected to further reduce oxygen levels and extinguish the fire. On June 12, 2012, working under the guidance of the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) the seal was broken on the shaft and crews reached the mine's 3,100-foot level where the fire started. Gas readings at the 3,100 level showed no carbon monoxide and appropriate levels of oxygen, indicating the fire was out.
Geology edit
The Coeur D'Alene District is hosted by rocks of the Pre-Cambrian Belt Supergroup, exceeding 20,000 feet in thickness. The Silver Belt is bounded by the Osburn Fault to the north and the Big Creek Fault to the south. The overturned Big Creek Anticline lies within the Polaris Fault to the north and the Big Creek Fault to the south, with maximum displacements of about 5000 feet. Ore deposits occur along veins within the northern limb of this anticline, with an E-W strike and dipping steeply to the south. The veins are composed of siderite, quartz and ankerite, with siderite making up the gangue. The ore mineral is tetrahedrite with 11% silver, making it freibergite. In 1930, an extremely rich ore body was discovered within the Sunshine Mine at the 1700 foot level, followed closely by the Crescent and Polaris mines. By 1937, the Sunshine Mine was producing more silver than any other mine in the world, with 13,971,196 fine ounces per 319,310 tons of crude ore. Additionally, the mine produced 3,091,085 pounds of copper, 1,479,175 pounds of lead, and 659 ounces of gold.[31] By 1949, the Sunshine Mine had 186,000 feet of workings, including the 3900 vertical feet of the Jewell mine shaft, and drifts at the 500, 1700, 2300, 3100, and 3700 foot levels.[32][33]
References edit
- ^ a b c "Sunshine Mine". Mineral Resource Data System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ "Idaho's Silver Valley Poised for Expansion" (PDF). Mining (January 2011): 8.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Crescent Mine". Mineral Resource Data System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ Stamper, Michael (c. 1981). Yankee Boys to Silver Merchants.
- ^ a b Stamper, Michael (c. 1981). Yankee Boys To Silver Merchants.
- ^ Fahey, John (1990). Hecla: A Century of Western Mining. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 79–81. ISBN 9780295970141.
- ^ Bankson, Russell; Harrison, Lester (1966). Beneath These Mountains. New York: Vantage Press. p. 135.
- ^ Mining and Scientific Press (105 ed.). 1912. p. 417.
- ^ Anderson, Robert L. History of the Sunshine Mine.
- ^ "The Salt Lake Mining Review". 30 March 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "CONTENTdm Collection : Item Viewer". kaga.wsulibs.wsu.edu.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "CONTENTdm Collection : Item Viewer". kaga.wsulibs.wsu.edu.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
- ^ "Spokane Daily Chronicle". news.google.com.
- ^ "Medina No. 1 well Archives". American Oil & Gas Historical Society.
- ^ Jarrett, Stanley; Brake, E. Levi; Riley, Robert; Wilson, Roland (1972). HEALTH AND SAFETY REPORT FINAL REPORT OF MAJOR MINE FIRE DISASTER, SUNSHINE MINE, SUNSHINE MINING COMPANY, KELLOGG, SHOSHONE COUNTY, IDAHO (PDF). U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. pp. 2, 15–23, 34.
- ^ . Mining Disasters – An Exhibition. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ^ Olsen, Gregg (2005). The Deep Dark. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp. 393–394. ISBN 9780307238771.
- ^ "The deadliest disaster to ever happen in each state". MSN. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Spokane Daily Chronicle". news.google.com.
- ^ a b Jason Tillberg (4 March 2011). "The Hunt Brothers: How they Did It and What we Can Learn From it". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ a b Becky Kramer (13 May 1995). "Investing In History Precious Metals Dealer Gambles On Silver Ingot". spokesman.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ a b c "From Cornering to Cornered: The Hunt Brothers' Adventures in The Silver Market" (PDF). Ethics at Duke University. 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Hunt Brothers Named To Board of Sunshine". timesmachine.nytimes.com. 6 October 1977. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Great Western United Corp. v. Kidwell, 439 F. Supp. 420". CourtListener.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Blue Sky L. Rep. P 71,433, Fed. Sec. L. Rep. P 96,529 Great Western United Corporation v. Wayne..., 577 F.2d 1256". CourtListener.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Leroy v. Great Western United Corp., 443 U.S. 173, 99 S. Ct. 2710, 61 L. Ed. 2d 464, 1979 U.S. LEXIS 143". CourtListener.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ "Sunshine Mine lays off 24 miners". cdapress.com. 2 March 2012.
- ^ Shenon, P.J.; McConnel, R.H. (1939). The Silver Belt of the Coeur D'Alene District, Idaho, Pamphlet No. 50. Moscow: Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology. pp. 1–5. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ Adams, John; King, R.U. (1950). Pitchblende Occurrence at the Sunshine Mine, Shoshone County, Idaho, Trace Elements Memorandum Report 29 (PDF). US Dept. of the Interior, USGS. p. 3. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Sunshine Mine". Sunshine Silver Mining and Refining. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
Sources edit
- Brock, James (1995). The Sunshine Mine Disaster. University of Idaho Press. ISBN 0-89301-181-9.
- Olsen, Gregg (2005). The Deep Dark: Disaster and Redemption in America's Richest Silver Mine. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-609-61016-3.
- Behre Dolbear, NI43-101 report, New York, [3][vague]