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Sulfolobus

February 25, 2023

Sulfolobus is a genus of microorganism in the family Sulfolobaceae. It belongs to the archaea domain.[2]

Sulfolobus
Electron micrograph of Sulfolobus infected with Sulfolobus virus STSV1. Bar = 1 μm.
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Phylum:
Thermoproteota
Class:
Thermoprotei
Order:
Sulfolobales
Family:
Sulfolobaceae
Genus:
Sulfolobus

Brock, Brock, Belly & Weiss 1972
Type species
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Brock et al. 1972
Species

Sulfolobus species grow in volcanic springs with optimal growth occurring at pH 2-3 and temperatures of 75-80 °C, making them acidophiles and thermophiles respectively. Sulfolobus cells are irregularly shaped and flagellar.

Species of Sulfolobus are generally named after the location from which they were first isolated, e.g. Sulfolobus solfataricus was first isolated in the Solfatara volcano. Other species can be found throughout the world in areas of volcanic or geothermal activity, such as geological formations called mud pots, which are also known as solfatare (plural of solfatara).

Sulfolobus as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication

When the first Archaeal genome, Methanococcus jannaschii, had been sequenced completely in 1996, it was found that the genes in the genome of Methanococcus jannaschii involved in DNA replication, transcription, and translation were more related to their counterparts in eukaryotes than to those in other prokaryotes. In 2001, the first genome sequence of Sulfolobus, Sulfolobus solfataricus P2, was published. In P2's genome, the genes related to chromosome replication were likewise found to be more related to those in eukaryotes. These genes include DNA polymerase, primase (including two subunits), MCM, CDC6/ORC1, RPA, RPC, and PCNA. In 2004, the origins of DNA replication of Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius were identified. It showed that both species contained two origins in their genome. This was the first time that more than a single origin of DNA replication had been shown to be used in a prokaryotic cell. The mechanism of DNA replication in archaea is evolutionary conserved, and similar to that of eukaryotes. Sulfolobus is now used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication in Archaea. And because the system of DNA replication in Archaea is much simpler than that in Eukaryota, it was suggested that Archaea could be used as a model to study the much more complex DNA replication in Eukaryota.

Role in biotechnology

Sulfolobus proteins are of interest for biotechnology and industrial use due to their thermostable nature. One application is the creation of artificial derivatives from S. acidocaldarius proteins, named affitins. Intracellular proteins are not necessarily stable at low pH however, as Sulfolobus species maintain a significant pH gradient across the outer membrane. Sulfolobales are metabolically dependent on sulfur: heterotrophic or autotrophic, their energy comes from the oxidation of sulfur and/or cellular respiration in which sulfur acts as the final electron acceptor. For example, S. tokodaii is known to oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfate intracellularly.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [3] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[4]

16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by The All-Species Living Tree Project[5] Annotree v1.2.0[6][7] which uses the GTDB 05-RS95 (Genome Taxonomy Database)[8][9]
Sulfolobaceae

Sulfodiicoccus acidiphilus

Genome status

The complete genomes have been sequenced for S. acidocaldarius DSM 639 (2,225,959 nucleotides),[10] S. solfataricus P2 (2,992,245 nucleotides),[11] and S. tokodaii str. 7 (2,694,756 nucleotides).[12]

Genome structure

The archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus has a circular chromosome that consists of 2,992,245 bp. Another sequenced species, S. tokodaii has a circular chromosome as well but is slightly smaller with 2,694,756 bp. Both species lack the genes ftsZ and minD, which has been characteristic of sequenced Crenarchaeota. They also code for citrate synthase and two subunits of 2-oxoacid:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which plays the same role as alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the TCA (tricarboxylic/Krebs/citric acid) cycle. This indicates that Sulfolobus has a TCA cycle system similar to that found in mitochondria of eukaryotes. Other genes in the respiratory chain which partake in the production of ATP were not similar to what is found in eukaryotes. Cytochrome c is one such example that plays an important role in electron transfer to oxygen in eukaryotes. This was also found in A. pernix K1. Since this step is important for an aerobic microorganism like Sulfolobus, it probably uses a different molecule for the same function or has a different pathway.

Cell structure and metabolism

Sulfolobus can grow either lithoautotrophically by oxidizing sulfur, or chemoheterotrophically using sulfur to oxidize simple reduced carbon compounds. Heterotrophic growth has only been observed, however, in the presence of oxygen. The principle metabolic pathways are a glycolytic pathway, a pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle.

All Archaea have lipids with ether links between the head group and side chains, making the lipids more resistant to heat and acidity than bacterial and eukaryotic ester-linked lipids. The Sulfolobales are known for unusual tetraether lipids. In Sulfolobales, the ether-linked lipids are joined covalently across the "bilayer," making tetraethers. Technically, therefore, the tetraethers form a monolayer, not a bilayer. The tetraethers help Sulfolobus species survive extreme acid as well as high temperature.

Ecology

S. solfataricus has been found in different areas including Yellowstone National Park, Mount St. Helens, Iceland, Italy, and Russia to name a few. Sulfolobus is located almost wherever there is volcanic activity. They thrive in environments where the temperature is about 80 °C with a pH at about 3 and sulfur present. Another species, S. tokodaii, has been located in an acidic spa in Beppu Hot Springs, Kyushu, Japan. Sediments from ~90m below the seafloor on the Peruvian continental margin are dominated by intact archaeal tetraethers, and a significant fraction of the community is sedimentary archaea taxonomically linked to the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales (Sturt, et al., 2004).

DNA damage response

Exposure of Sulfolobus solfataricus or Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to the DNA damaging agents UV-irradiation, bleomycin or mitomycin C induced cellular aggregation.[13][14] Other physical stressors, such as pH or temperature shift, did not induce aggregation, suggesting that induction of aggregation is caused specifically by DNA damage.[14] Ajon et al.[13] showed that UV-induced cellular aggregation mediates chromosomal marker exchange with high frequency in S. acidocaldarius. Recombination rates exceeded those of uninduced cultures by up to three orders of magnitude. Wood et al.[15] also showed that UV-irradiation increased the frequency of recombination due to genetic exchange in S. acidocaldarius. Frols et al.[14][16] and Ajon et al.[13] hypothesized that the UV-inducible DNA transfer process and subsequent homologous recombinational repair represents an important mechanism to maintain chromosome integrity in S. acidocaldarius and S. solfataricus. This response may be a primitive form of sexual interaction, similar to the more well-studied bacterial transformation that is also associated with DNA transfer between cells leading to homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage.[17][18]

The ups operon

The ups operon of Sulfolobus species is highly induced by UV irradiation. The pili encoded by this operon are employed in promoting cellular aggregation, which is necessary for subsequent DNA exchange between cells, resulting in homologous recombination. A study of the Sulfolobales acidocaldarius ups operon showed that one of the genes of the operon, saci-1497, encodes an endonuclease III that nicks UV-damaged DNA; and another gene of the operon, saci-1500, encodes a RecQ-like helicase that is able to unwind homologous recombination intermediates such as Holliday junctions.[19] It was proposed that Saci-1497 and Saci-1500 function in an homologous recombination-based DNA repair mechanism that uses transferred DNA as a template.[19] Thus it is thought that the ups system in combination with homologous recombination provide a DNA damage response which rescues Sulfolobales from DNA damaging threats.[19]

Sulfolobus as a viral host

Lysogenic viruses infect Sulfolobus for protection. The viruses cannot survive in the extremely acidic and hot conditions that Sulfolobus lives in, and so the viruses use Sulfolobus as protection against the harsh elements. This relationship allows the virus to replicate inside the archaea without being destroyed by the environment. The Sulfolobus viruses are temperate or permanent lysogens. Permanent lysogens differ from lysogenic bacteriophages in that the host cells are not lysed after the induction of Fuselloviridae production and eventually return to the lysogenic state. They are also unique in the sense that the genes encoding the structural proteins of the virus are constantly transcribed and DNA replication appears to be induced. The viruses infecting archaea like Sulfolobus have to use a strategy to escape prolonged direct exposure to the type of environment their host lives in, which may explain some of their unique properties.

See also

References

  1. ^ Dai, X; Wang, H; Zhang, Z; Li, K; Zhang, X; Mora-López, M; Jiang, C; Liu, C; Wang, L; Zhu, Y; Hernández-Ascencio, W; Dong, Z; Huang, L (2016). "Genome Sequencing of Sulfolobus sp. A20 from Costa Rica and Comparative Analyses of the Putative Pathways of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Metabolism in Various Sulfolobus Strains". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 1902. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01902. PMC 5127849. PMID 27965637.
  2. ^ See the NCBI webpage on Sulfolobus. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
  3. ^ J.P. Euzéby. "Sulfolobus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  4. ^ Sayers; et al. "Sulfolobus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
  5. ^ All-Species Living Tree Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 132". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  6. ^ "AnnoTree v1.2.0". AnnoTree.
  7. ^ Mendler, K; Chen, H; Parks, DH; Hug, LA; Doxey, AC (2019). "AnnoTree: visualization and exploration of a functionally annotated microbial tree of life". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (9): 4442–4448. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz246. PMC 6511854. PMID 31081040.
  8. ^ "GTDB release 05-RS95". Genome Taxonomy Database.
  9. ^ Parks, DH; Chuvochina, M; Chaumeil, PA; Rinke, C; Mussig, AJ; Hugenholtz, P (September 2020). "A complete domain-to-species taxonomy for Bacteria and Archaea". Nature Biotechnology. 38 (9): 1079–1086. bioRxiv 10.1101/771964. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0501-8. PMID 32341564. S2CID 216560589.
  10. ^ Chen, L; Brügger, K; Skovgaard, M; Redder, P; She, Q; Torarinsson, E; Greve, B; Awayez, M; Zibat, A; Klenk, HP; Garrett, RA (July 2005). "The genome of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, a model organism of the Crenarchaeota". Journal of Bacteriology. 187 (14): 4992–9. doi:10.1128/JB.187.14.4992-4999.2005. PMC 1169522. PMID 15995215.
  11. ^ She, Q; Singh, RK; Confalonieri, F; Zivanovic, Y; Allard, G; Awayez, MJ; Chan-Weiher, CC; Clausen, IG; Curtis, BA; De Moors, A; Erauso, G; Fletcher, C; Gordon, PM; Heikamp-de Jong, I; Jeffries, AC; Kozera, CJ; Medina, N; Peng, X; Thi-Ngoc, HP; Redder, P; Schenk, ME; Theriault, C; Tolstrup, N; Charlebois, RL; Doolittle, WF; Duguet, M; Gaasterland, T; Garrett, RA; Ragan, MA; Sensen, CW; Van der Oost, J (3 July 2001). "The complete genome of the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (14): 7835–40. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7835S. doi:10.1073/pnas.141222098. PMC 35428. PMID 11427726.
  12. ^ Kawarabayasi, Y; Hino, Y; Horikawa, H; Jin-no, K; Takahashi, M; Sekine, M; Baba, S; Ankai, A; Kosugi, H; Hosoyama, A; Fukui, S; Nagai, Y; Nishijima, K; Otsuka, R; Nakazawa, H; Takamiya, M; Kato, Y; Yoshizawa, T; Tanaka, T; Kudoh, Y; Yamazaki, J; Kushida, N; Oguchi, A; Aoki, K; Masuda, S; Yanagii, M; Nishimura, M; Yamagishi, A; Oshima, T; Kikuchi, H (31 August 2001). "Complete genome sequence of an aerobic thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon, Sulfolobus tokodaii strain7". DNA Research. 8 (4): 123–40. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.4.123. PMID 11572479.
  13. ^ a b c Ajon M; Fröls S; van Wolferen M; et al. (November 2011). "UV-inducible DNA exchange in hyperthermophilic archaea mediated by type IV pili" (PDF). Mol. Microbiol. 82 (4): 807–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07861.x. PMID 21999488.
  14. ^ a b c Fröls S; Ajon M; Wagner M; et al. (November 2008). "UV-inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation" (PDF). Mol. Microbiol. 70 (4): 938–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06459.x. PMID 18990182.
  15. ^ Wood ER; Ghané F; Grogan DW (September 1997). "Genetic responses of the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to short-wavelength UV light". J. Bacteriol. 179 (18): 5693–8. doi:10.1128/jb.179.18.5693-5698.1997. PMC 179455. PMID 9294423.
  16. ^ Fröls S; White MF; Schleper C (February 2009). "Reactions to UV damage in the model archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37 (Pt 1): 36–41. doi:10.1042/BST0370036. PMID 19143598.
  17. ^ Gross J; Bhattacharya D (2010). "Uniting sex and eukaryote origins in an emerging oxygenic world". Biol. Direct. 5: 53. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-5-53. PMC 2933680. PMID 20731852.
  18. ^ Bernstein, H; Bernstein, C (2010). "Evolutionary Origin of Recombination during Meiosis". BioScience. 60 (7): 498–505. doi:10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.5. S2CID 86663600.
  19. ^ a b c van Wolferen M, Ma X, Albers SV (2015). "DNA Processing Proteins Involved in the UV-Induced Stress Response of Sulfolobales". J. Bacteriol. 197 (18): 2941–51. doi:10.1128/JB.00344-15. PMC 4542170. PMID 26148716.
  • Madigan M; Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-144329-7.

Further reading

Scientific journals

  • Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (2005). "The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales, Halanaerobiales, Halobacteriales, Methanobacteriales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Planctomycetales, Prochlorales, Sulfolobales, Thermococcales, Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma, Halanaerobium, Halobacterium, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium, Planctomyces, Prochloron, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium, respectively. Opinion 79". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55 (Pt 1): 517–518. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63548-0. PMID 15653928.
  • Brock TD; Brock KM; Belly RT; Weiss RL (1972). "Sulfolobus: a new genus of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria living at low pH and high temperature". Arch. Mikrobiol. 84 (1): 54–68. doi:10.1007/BF00408082. PMID 4559703. S2CID 9204044.

Scientific books

  • Stetter, KO (1989). "Order III. Sulfolobales ord. nov. Family Sulfolobaceae fam. nov.". In JT Staley; MP Bryant; N Pfennig; JG Holt (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Co. p. 169.

Scientific databases

  • PubMed references for Sulfolobus
  • PubMed Central references for Sulfolobus
  • Google Scholar references for Sulfolobus

External links

  • NCBI taxonomy page for Sulfolobus
  • Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Sulfolobus
  • Search Species2000 page for Sulfolobus
  • MicrobeWiki page for Sulfolobus
  • LPSN page for Sulfolobus
  • Comparative Analysis of Sulfolobus Genomes (at DOE's IMG system)
  • Sulfolobus Genome Projects (from Genomes OnLine Database)

February 25, 2023
sulfolobus, genus, microorganism, family, sulfolobaceae, belongs, archaea, domain, electron, micrograph, infected, with, virus, stsv1, scientific, classificationdomain, archaeaphylum, thermoproteotaclass, thermoproteiorder, sulfolobalesfamily, sulfolobaceaegen. Sulfolobus is a genus of microorganism in the family Sulfolobaceae It belongs to the archaea domain 2 SulfolobusElectron micrograph of Sulfolobus infected with Sulfolobus virus STSV1 Bar 1 mm Scientific classificationDomain ArchaeaPhylum ThermoproteotaClass ThermoproteiOrder SulfolobalesFamily SulfolobaceaeGenus SulfolobusBrock Brock Belly amp Weiss 1972Type speciesSulfolobus acidocaldariusBrock et al 1972SpeciesS acidocaldarius S beitou S metallicus S mongibelli S islandicus S neozealandicus S shibatae S solfataricus S tengchongensis S thuringiensis S tokodaii S vallisabyssus S yangmingensis Sulfolobus sp A20 1 Sulfolobus species grow in volcanic springs with optimal growth occurring at pH 2 3 and temperatures of 75 80 C making them acidophiles and thermophiles respectively Sulfolobus cells are irregularly shaped and flagellar Species of Sulfolobus are generally named after the location from which they were first isolated e g Sulfolobus solfataricus was first isolated in the Solfatara volcano Other species can be found throughout the world in areas of volcanic or geothermal activity such as geological formations called mud pots which are also known as solfatare plural of solfatara Contents 1 Sulfolobus as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication 2 Role in biotechnology 3 Phylogeny 4 Genome status 5 Genome structure 6 Cell structure and metabolism 7 Ecology 8 DNA damage response 8 1 The ups operon 9 Sulfolobus as a viral host 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 12 1 Scientific journals 12 2 Scientific books 12 3 Scientific databases 13 External linksSulfolobus as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication EditWhen the first Archaeal genome Methanococcus jannaschii had been sequenced completely in 1996 it was found that the genes in the genome of Methanococcus jannaschii involved in DNA replication transcription and translation were more related to their counterparts in eukaryotes than to those in other prokaryotes In 2001 the first genome sequence of Sulfolobus Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 was published In P2 s genome the genes related to chromosome replication were likewise found to be more related to those in eukaryotes These genes include DNA polymerase primase including two subunits MCM CDC6 ORC1 RPA RPC and PCNA In 2004 the origins of DNA replication of Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius were identified It showed that both species contained two origins in their genome This was the first time that more than a single origin of DNA replication had been shown to be used in a prokaryotic cell The mechanism of DNA replication in archaea is evolutionary conserved and similar to that of eukaryotes Sulfolobus is now used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of DNA replication in Archaea And because the system of DNA replication in Archaea is much simpler than that in Eukaryota it was suggested that Archaea could be used as a model to study the much more complex DNA replication in Eukaryota Role in biotechnology EditSulfolobus proteins are of interest for biotechnology and industrial use due to their thermostable nature One application is the creation of artificial derivatives from S acidocaldarius proteins named affitins Intracellular proteins are not necessarily stable at low pH however as Sulfolobus species maintain a significant pH gradient across the outer membrane Sulfolobales are metabolically dependent on sulfur heterotrophic or autotrophic their energy comes from the oxidation of sulfur and or cellular respiration in which sulfur acts as the final electron acceptor For example S tokodaii is known to oxidize hydrogen sulfide to sulfate intracellularly Phylogeny EditThe currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN 3 and National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI 4 16S rRNA based LTP release 132 by The All Species Living Tree Project 5 Annotree v1 2 0 6 7 which uses the GTDB 05 RS95 Genome Taxonomy Database 8 9 AcidianusAcidianus brierleyiMetallosphaeraSulfolobus S shibataeS solfataricusS metallicusSulfodiicoccusS acidocaldariusStygiolobusS yangmingensisS tokodaiiSulfurisphaera Sulfolobaceae Sulfodiicoccus acidiphilusStygiolobus azoricusSulfolobus acidocaldariusSulfurisphaera Sulfolobus yangmingensisS tokodaiiS ohwakuensisSulfuracidifex S metallicusS tepidariusSaccharolobus Sulfolobus islandicus S solfataricusMetallosphaeraAcidianus brierleyi Ca Aramenus AcidianusGenome status EditThe complete genomes have been sequenced for S acidocaldarius DSM 639 2 225 959 nucleotides 10 S solfataricus P2 2 992 245 nucleotides 11 and S tokodaii str 7 2 694 756 nucleotides 12 Genome structure EditThe archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus has a circular chromosome that consists of 2 992 245 bp Another sequenced species S tokodaii has a circular chromosome as well but is slightly smaller with 2 694 756 bp Both species lack the genes ftsZ and minD which has been characteristic of sequenced Crenarchaeota They also code for citrate synthase and two subunits of 2 oxoacid ferredoxin oxidoreductase which plays the same role as alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the TCA tricarboxylic Krebs citric acid cycle This indicates that Sulfolobus has a TCA cycle system similar to that found in mitochondria of eukaryotes Other genes in the respiratory chain which partake in the production of ATP were not similar to what is found in eukaryotes Cytochrome c is one such example that plays an important role in electron transfer to oxygen in eukaryotes This was also found in A pernix K1 Since this step is important for an aerobic microorganism like Sulfolobus it probably uses a different molecule for the same function or has a different pathway Cell structure and metabolism EditSulfolobus can grow either lithoautotrophically by oxidizing sulfur or chemoheterotrophically using sulfur to oxidize simple reduced carbon compounds Heterotrophic growth has only been observed however in the presence of oxygen The principle metabolic pathways are a glycolytic pathway a pentose phosphate pathway and the TCA cycle All Archaea have lipids with ether links between the head group and side chains making the lipids more resistant to heat and acidity than bacterial and eukaryotic ester linked lipids The Sulfolobales are known for unusual tetraether lipids In Sulfolobales the ether linked lipids are joined covalently across the bilayer making tetraethers Technically therefore the tetraethers form a monolayer not a bilayer The tetraethers help Sulfolobus species survive extreme acid as well as high temperature Ecology EditS solfataricus has been found in different areas including Yellowstone National Park Mount St Helens Iceland Italy and Russia to name a few Sulfolobus is located almost wherever there is volcanic activity They thrive in environments where the temperature is about 80 C with a pH at about 3 and sulfur present Another species S tokodaii has been located in an acidic spa in Beppu Hot Springs Kyushu Japan Sediments from 90m below the seafloor on the Peruvian continental margin are dominated by intact archaeal tetraethers and a significant fraction of the community is sedimentary archaea taxonomically linked to the crenarchaeal Sulfolobales Sturt et al 2004 DNA damage response EditExposure of Sulfolobus solfataricus or Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to the DNA damaging agents UV irradiation bleomycin or mitomycin C induced cellular aggregation 13 14 Other physical stressors such as pH or temperature shift did not induce aggregation suggesting that induction of aggregation is caused specifically by DNA damage 14 Ajon et al 13 showed that UV induced cellular aggregation mediates chromosomal marker exchange with high frequency in S acidocaldarius Recombination rates exceeded those of uninduced cultures by up to three orders of magnitude Wood et al 15 also showed that UV irradiation increased the frequency of recombination due to genetic exchange in S acidocaldarius Frols et al 14 16 and Ajon et al 13 hypothesized that the UV inducible DNA transfer process and subsequent homologous recombinational repair represents an important mechanism to maintain chromosome integrity in S acidocaldarius and S solfataricus This response may be a primitive form of sexual interaction similar to the more well studied bacterial transformation that is also associated with DNA transfer between cells leading to homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage 17 18 The ups operon Edit The ups operon of Sulfolobus species is highly induced by UV irradiation The pili encoded by this operon are employed in promoting cellular aggregation which is necessary for subsequent DNA exchange between cells resulting in homologous recombination A study of the Sulfolobales acidocaldarius ups operon showed that one of the genes of the operon saci 1497 encodes an endonuclease III that nicks UV damaged DNA and another gene of the operon saci 1500 encodes a RecQ like helicase that is able to unwind homologous recombination intermediates such as Holliday junctions 19 It was proposed that Saci 1497 and Saci 1500 function in an homologous recombination based DNA repair mechanism that uses transferred DNA as a template 19 Thus it is thought that the ups system in combination with homologous recombination provide a DNA damage response which rescues Sulfolobales from DNA damaging threats 19 Sulfolobus as a viral host EditLysogenic viruses infect Sulfolobus for protection The viruses cannot survive in the extremely acidic and hot conditions that Sulfolobus lives in and so the viruses use Sulfolobus as protection against the harsh elements This relationship allows the virus to replicate inside the archaea without being destroyed by the environment The Sulfolobus viruses are temperate or permanent lysogens Permanent lysogens differ from lysogenic bacteriophages in that the host cells are not lysed after the induction of Fuselloviridae production and eventually return to the lysogenic state They are also unique in the sense that the genes encoding the structural proteins of the virus are constantly transcribed and DNA replication appears to be induced The viruses infecting archaea like Sulfolobus have to use a strategy to escape prolonged direct exposure to the type of environment their host lives in which may explain some of their unique properties See also EditTransformation genetics Evolution of sexual reproductionReferences Edit Dai X Wang H Zhang Z Li K Zhang X Mora Lopez M Jiang C Liu C Wang L Zhu Y Hernandez Ascencio W Dong Z Huang L 2016 Genome Sequencing of Sulfolobus sp A20 from Costa Rica and Comparative Analyses of the Putative Pathways of Carbon Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism in Various Sulfolobus Strains Frontiers in Microbiology 7 1902 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2016 01902 PMC 5127849 PMID 27965637 See the NCBI webpage on Sulfolobus Data extracted from the NCBI taxonomy resources National Center for Biotechnology Information Retrieved 2007 03 19 J P Euzeby Sulfolobus List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature LPSN Retrieved 2021 05 15 Sayers et al Sulfolobus National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI taxonomy database Retrieved 2021 05 15 All Species Living Tree Project 16S rRNA based LTP release 132 Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database Retrieved 2015 08 20 AnnoTree v1 2 0 AnnoTree Mendler K Chen H Parks DH Hug LA Doxey AC 2019 AnnoTree visualization and exploration of a functionally annotated microbial tree of life Nucleic Acids Research 47 9 4442 4448 doi 10 1093 nar gkz246 PMC 6511854 PMID 31081040 GTDB release 05 RS95 Genome Taxonomy Database Parks DH Chuvochina M Chaumeil PA Rinke C Mussig AJ Hugenholtz P September 2020 A complete domain to species taxonomy for Bacteria and Archaea Nature Biotechnology 38 9 1079 1086 bioRxiv 10 1101 771964 doi 10 1038 s41587 020 0501 8 PMID 32341564 S2CID 216560589 Chen L Brugger K Skovgaard M Redder P She Q Torarinsson E Greve B Awayez M Zibat A Klenk HP Garrett RA July 2005 The genome of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius a model organism of the Crenarchaeota Journal of Bacteriology 187 14 4992 9 doi 10 1128 JB 187 14 4992 4999 2005 PMC 1169522 PMID 15995215 She Q Singh RK Confalonieri F Zivanovic Y Allard G Awayez MJ Chan Weiher CC Clausen IG Curtis BA De Moors A Erauso G Fletcher C Gordon PM Heikamp de Jong I Jeffries AC Kozera CJ Medina N Peng X Thi Ngoc HP Redder P Schenk ME Theriault C Tolstrup N Charlebois RL Doolittle WF Duguet M Gaasterland T Garrett RA Ragan MA Sensen CW Van der Oost J 3 July 2001 The complete genome of the crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 14 7835 40 Bibcode 2001PNAS 98 7835S doi 10 1073 pnas 141222098 PMC 35428 PMID 11427726 Kawarabayasi Y Hino Y Horikawa H Jin no K Takahashi M Sekine M Baba S Ankai A Kosugi H Hosoyama A Fukui S Nagai Y Nishijima K Otsuka R Nakazawa H Takamiya M Kato Y Yoshizawa T Tanaka T Kudoh Y Yamazaki J Kushida N Oguchi A Aoki K Masuda S Yanagii M Nishimura M Yamagishi A Oshima T Kikuchi H 31 August 2001 Complete genome sequence of an aerobic thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii strain7 DNA Research 8 4 123 40 doi 10 1093 dnares 8 4 123 PMID 11572479 a b c Ajon M Frols S van Wolferen M et al November 2011 UV inducible DNA exchange in hyperthermophilic archaea mediated by type IV pili PDF Mol Microbiol 82 4 807 17 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2958 2011 07861 x PMID 21999488 a b c Frols S Ajon M Wagner M et al November 2008 UV inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation PDF Mol Microbiol 70 4 938 52 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2958 2008 06459 x PMID 18990182 Wood ER Ghane F Grogan DW September 1997 Genetic responses of the thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to short wavelength UV light J Bacteriol 179 18 5693 8 doi 10 1128 jb 179 18 5693 5698 1997 PMC 179455 PMID 9294423 Frols S White MF Schleper C February 2009 Reactions to UV damage in the model archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus Biochem Soc Trans 37 Pt 1 36 41 doi 10 1042 BST0370036 PMID 19143598 Gross J Bhattacharya D 2010 Uniting sex and eukaryote origins in an emerging oxygenic world Biol Direct 5 53 doi 10 1186 1745 6150 5 53 PMC 2933680 PMID 20731852 Bernstein H Bernstein C 2010 Evolutionary Origin of Recombination during Meiosis BioScience 60 7 498 505 doi 10 1525 bio 2010 60 7 5 S2CID 86663600 a b c van Wolferen M Ma X Albers SV 2015 DNA Processing Proteins Involved in the UV Induced Stress Response of Sulfolobales J Bacteriol 197 18 2941 51 doi 10 1128 JB 00344 15 PMC 4542170 PMID 26148716 Madigan M Martinko J eds 2005 Brock Biology of Microorganisms 11th ed Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 144329 7 Further reading EditScientific journals Edit Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes 2005 The nomenclatural types of the orders Acholeplasmatales Halanaerobiales Halobacteriales Methanobacteriales Methanococcales Methanomicrobiales Planctomycetales Prochlorales Sulfolobales Thermococcales Thermoproteales and Verrucomicrobiales are the genera Acholeplasma Halanaerobium Halobacterium Methanobacterium Methanococcus Methanomicrobium Planctomyces Prochloron Sulfolobus Thermococcus Thermoproteus and Verrucomicrobium respectively Opinion 79 Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 Pt 1 517 518 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 63548 0 PMID 15653928 Brock TD Brock KM Belly RT Weiss RL 1972 Sulfolobus a new genus of sulfur oxidizing bacteria living at low pH and high temperature Arch Mikrobiol 84 1 54 68 doi 10 1007 BF00408082 PMID 4559703 S2CID 9204044 Scientific books Edit Stetter KO 1989 Order III Sulfolobales ord nov Family Sulfolobaceae fam nov In JT Staley MP Bryant N Pfennig JG Holt eds Bergey s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Vol 3 1st ed Baltimore The Williams amp Wilkins Co p 169 Scientific databases Edit PubMed references for Sulfolobus PubMed Central references for Sulfolobus Google Scholar references for SulfolobusExternal links EditNCBI taxonomy page for Sulfolobus Search Tree of Life taxonomy pages for Sulfolobus Search Species2000 page for Sulfolobus MicrobeWiki page for Sulfolobus LPSN page for Sulfolobus Comparative Analysis of Sulfolobus Genomes at DOE s IMG system Sulfolobus Genome Projects from Genomes OnLine Database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sulfolobus amp oldid 1085268569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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