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Style of the Scottish sovereign

May 02, 2024

The style of the Scottish sovereign refers to the styles and forms of address used by Scottish royalty, specifically the monarchs of Scotland from the earliest to the present, including monarchs from the Pictish period to the British period.

The Royal Banner of Scotland, used as a personal flag of the monarchs of Scotland since the early 12th century

Earliest styles edit

See also: Rí

Examples of the earliest styles are primarily found in sources originating from Ireland. For the earlier medieval period, the Annals of Ulster (AU) and Annals of Tigernach (AT) derive from the Iona Chronicle, a chronicle kept in Scotland. The Annals of Innisfallen are less reliable, and the forms given in that source, when in doubt, do not need to be trusted. Other sources used here are the Annals of Connacht (AC) and the Chronicon Scotorum (CS) The style almost always King's name, followed by patronymic, followed by title. The source of each style is given in brackets, followed by the year under which it follows (s.a. = sub anno); it is usually the year in which the king died. Until the eleventh century, there is no one fixed term for Scotland in Gaelic. Before tenth century, the kings the area now comprising modern Scotland are either "of Picts", "of Fortriu" or "of Alba", standardising after 900; but the rulers of Moray, not by historiographical tradition called "King", are called king in the sources; moreover, they are sometimes called "kings of Alba".

Traditional Pictish period edit

  • Domangurt mac Nissi ri Alban (AT506)
  • Comgall mac Domanguirt ri Alban (AT537)
  • Gabrain maic Domanguirt ríg Alban (AT559)
  • Cindaeladh rex Pictorum (AT578)
  • Cennalath, rex Pictorum (AU, s.a. 580)
  • Bruidhe mac Maelchon, ri Cruithneach (AT, s.a. 581)
  • Bruide mc. Maelcon regis Pictorum (AU584)
  • Bridei mac Maelchon, Ard Rig Toí (ACC)
  • Ceannath K. of the Picts (AClon580)
  • Garnat King of the Picts (AClon590)
  • Gartnaidh regis Pictorum (AT597)
  • Aedhain m. Gabrain mc. Domangairt righ Alban (AU606)
  • Ægþan Scotta cyng (ASC603)
  • Echdach Buidhe, regis Pictorum, filii Aedain (AU629)
  • Conid Cerr, rex Dal Riati (AU629)
  • Cinedon filii Lugthreni, regis Pictorum (AU631)
  • Cined mac Luchtren, rex Pictorum (CS631)
  • Cenay mc Lachtren king of the Picts (AClon632)
  • Cinaed, rí Alban (AI 633)
  • Cínaetha maic Luchtren, regis Pictorum (AT633)
  • Octlarge m c Fogith K. of Picts (AClon649)
  • Tolairg m. Fooith regis Pictorum (AU653)
  • Tolairg mac Foóith regis Pictorum (AT653)
  • Tolorchan mc Anfrith K. of the Picts (AClon653)
  • Tolargain mc. Anfrith regis Pictorum (AU657)
  • Tolorcan mac Ainfrith, rí Cruithne (AT656)
  • Gartnait maic Domnaill, rig Cruithneach (AT663)
  • Gartnayt son of Donall king of Picts (AClon659)
  • Bruidhe mac Bile, rex Fortrend (AT693)
  • Bruide m. Bili, rex Fortrend (AU693)
  • Brude mac Derilei, ri Cruithintuathi (697 Cáin Adomnáin)
  • Neactain reigis Pictorum (AT724)
  • Drust regem Pictorum (AU729)
  • Aongas, rí Foirtreann (FA?729)
  • Drust, righ Alban (FA?729)
  • Aengus mac Fergusa, rex Picctorum (AT736)
  • Oengus m. Fergusso, rex Pictorum (AU736)
  • Owinus rex píctorum (ACamb~741)
  • Talargan rex pictorum (ACamb~750)
  • Aengus rí Alban (AT759)
  • Aengus mac Fergusa, rex Pictorum (AT761)
  • Oengus m. Fherghussa rex Pictorum (AU761)
  • Bruidhi rí Fortrenn (AT763)
  • Bruide, rex Fortrenn (AU763)
  • Cinadhon regis Pictorum (AU775)
  • Cemoid rex pictorum (ACamb~775)
  • Dub Tholargg rex Pictorum citra Monoth (AU782)
  • Causantín mac Fergussa, ri Alban (AI820)
  • Custantin m. Fergusa, rex Fortreinn (AU820)
  • Oengus m. Fergusa, rex Fortrenn (AU834)
  • Eoganán mac Oengusa rí Dáil Riatai (CGG)
  • Cináed mac Alpín, ri Alban (AI858)
  • Cinaedh m. Ailpin rex Pictorum (AU858)
  • Ceínod rex pictorum (ACamb~858)

Traditional Scottish period edit

  • Constantin mac Cinaeda ardri Alban (CGG)
  • Domnall m. Caustantin, ri Alban (AU 900)
  • Custantin m. Aedha ri Alban (AU 952)
  • Mael Coluim m. Domnaill, ri Alban (AU 954)
  • Dub m. Mael Coluim, ri Alban (AU 967)
  • Culen m. Illuilb, ri Alban (AU 971)
  • Amhlaim m. Ailuilbh, .i. ri Alban (AU 977)
  • Amlaim mac Illuilb, rí Alban (AT 977)
  • Cinaedh m. Mael Cholaim, ri Alban (AU 995)
  • Cináeth mac Mail Cholaim, rí Alban (AT 995)
  • Constantin mac Cuilindaín rí Alban (AT 997)
  • ri Alban, .i. Cinaedh m. Duibh (AU 1005)
  • Finnloech m. Ruaidhri, ri Alban (AU 1020)
  • Findlaech mac Ruadrí rí Alban (LL)
  • Mael Colaim mac Mael-Brighdi mac Ruaidrí, rí Alban (1029)
  • Mael Coluim m. Cinaedha, ri Alban (AU 1034)
  • Donnchad m. Crinan, rí Alban (AU 1040)
  • Donncadh mac Crínan, aird-rí Alban (AT 1040)
  • M. Beathadh m. Finnlaich airdrigh Alban (AU 1058)
  • Mac Bethadh mac Findlaich, aird-rí Alban (AT 1058)
  • Lulach, rí Alban (AT 1058)
  • Mael Snechtai m. Lulaigh ri Muireb (AU 1085)
  • Mael Coluim ri Alban (AU 1085)
  • Mael Coluim m. Donnchadha airdri Alban (AU 1093)
  • Mael Colaim mac Donnchadha, rí Alban (AT 1093)
  • Mael Coluim mac Dondchada ri Alban (LL)
  • Donnchadh m. Mael Coluim ri Alban (AU 1094)
  • Domnall mac Donnchada, rí Alban (AT 1099)
  • Etgair ri Alban (AU 1107)
  • Alaxandair m. Mael Choluim ri Alban (AU 1124)
  • Oenghus m. ingine Luluigh (ri Moréb) (AU 1130)
  • Dabid, rí Alban (AT 1152)
  • Dabid mac Mail Colaim, rí Alban & Saxan (AT 1153)
  • Mael Coluim Cennmor, mac Eanric, ardri Alban, in cristaidhe as ferr do bai do Gaidhelaibh re muir anair (AU 1165)
  • Ri Alban, Uilliam Garm (AU 1214)
  • Uilliam, ri Alban (AU 1214)
  • Roibert a Briuis, mormaer .. righ n-Alban (AU 1302 = 1306)
  • Roberd a Briuis mormaer .. rig a nAlbain (AC 1306)
  • Edubart Mor Ri Saxan & Bretan & Alban & Duice na Gascune & tigerna na hErend (AC 1307)
  • Roibeat a Briuis, ri Alban (AU 1314)
  • Righ Alban .i. Semus Sdibard (AC 1499)

Medieval Charter styles edit

The Poppleton manuscript preserves a grant supposedly made by King Nechtan to the monastery of St. Brigid at Abernethy, c. early sixth century:

  • Latin: Nectonius magnus filius Uuirp rex omnium prouiciarum Pictorum[1]
    • English: 'Great Nechtan, son of Uurp, King of all the provinces of the Picts'

In the Scottish period, the charter styles vary at first, but later become more formulaic. Here are some examples from the early charter period. The Roman numeral which follows is the number given to the charter in Archibald C. Lawrie's Early Scottish Charters: Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905):

  • Machbet filius Finlach et Gruoch filia Bodhe, rex et regina Scottorum (Lawrie, V.)
    • English: 'Macbeth son of Findláech and Gruoch daughter of Bodhe, King and Queen of the Scots'. Source is the Registrum of the Priory of St Andrews, and the document is a Latin translation from an earlier Gaelic document, so the rex Scottorum style is not reliable
  • Malcolmus Dei gratia Scottorum basileus (X)
    • 'Malcolm by the Grace of God, High King of the Scots'
  • Edgarus Dei gratia Rex Scottorum (XVII: 1095)
    • 'Edgar by the Grace of God, King of the Scots'
  • Alexander Dei gratia Rex Scottorum (XXVII)
    • 'Alexander by the Grace of God, King of the Scots'
  • David Dei gratia Rex Scotiae (LXIX)
    • 'David by the Grace of God, King of Scotland'
  • David Dei gratia Rex Scottorum (CIV)
    • 'David by the Grace of God, King of the Scots'

From David I onwards, the royal style is either rex Scottorum or rex Scotiae.

From the late Middle Ages to the Acts of Union edit

In the late Middle Ages, the titles "rex Scottorum" meaning 'king of the Scots' and "rex Scotiae" meaning 'king of Scotland' were used interchangeably. Similarly, the monarchs of England were sometimes called the "king of the English," as was the case with Edward II of England in the Declaration of Arbroath (1320). The term "King of the Scots" was used in "The Declaration of the Clergy in favour of Robert the Bruce" (1334) and in the charter where Edward Balliol gave up the southern counties of Scotland to England. However, in other documents, "King of Scotland" was the preferred title, including "The Letter of the Magnates of Scotland to the King of France" (1308), "The Settlement of Succession on Robert the Bruce" (1315), the Treaty of Corbeuil (1326), the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton (1328), the Papal Bull authorizing the anointing of Scottish Kings (1329), and the Treaty of Berwick (1357). This continued until the last three monarchs of Scotland, William II, Mary II and Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain after the Acts of Union in 1707.

Your Grace edit

Main article: Grace (style)

Scottish monarchs were addressed as "Your Grace" before the Acts of Union of 1707, when Scotland became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain. From then on, British monarchs were addressed as "Your Majesty".

Notes edit

  1. ^ , Anderson, Kings, (1973), p. 249

References edit

  • Anderson, Marjorie O., Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1973)
  • Lawrie, Archibald C., Early Scottish Charters: Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905):

External links edit

  • Annals of Tigernach
  • Annals of Ulster
  • Chronicon Scotorum
  • Gaelic Notes on the Book of Deer

May 02, 2024
style, scottish, sovereign, this, article, should, specify, language, english, content, using, lang, transliteration, transliterated, languages, phonetic, transcriptions, with, appropriate, code, wikipedia, multilingual, support, templates, also, used, septemb. This article should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why September 2021 The style of the Scottish sovereign refers to the styles and forms of address used by Scottish royalty specifically the monarchs of Scotland from the earliest to the present including monarchs from the Pictish period to the British period The Royal Banner of Scotland used as a personal flag of the monarchs of Scotland since the early 12th century Contents 1 Earliest styles 1 1 Traditional Pictish period 1 2 Traditional Scottish period 2 Medieval Charter styles 3 From the late Middle Ages to the Acts of Union 4 Your Grace 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksEarliest styles editSee also Ri Examples of the earliest styles are primarily found in sources originating from Ireland For the earlier medieval period the Annals of Ulster AU and Annals of Tigernach AT derive from the Iona Chronicle a chronicle kept in Scotland The Annals of Innisfallen are less reliable and the forms given in that source when in doubt do not need to be trusted Other sources used here are the Annals of Connacht AC and the Chronicon Scotorum CS The style almost always King s name followed by patronymic followed by title The source of each style is given in brackets followed by the year under which it follows s a sub anno it is usually the year in which the king died Until the eleventh century there is no one fixed term for Scotland in Gaelic Before tenth century the kings the area now comprising modern Scotland are either of Picts of Fortriu or of Alba standardising after 900 but the rulers of Moray not by historiographical tradition called King are called king in the sources moreover they are sometimes called kings of Alba Traditional Pictish period edit Domangurt mac Nissi ri Alban AT506 Comgall mac Domanguirt ri Alban AT537 Gabrain maic Domanguirt rig Alban AT559 Cindaeladh rex Pictorum AT578 Cennalath rex Pictorum AU s a 580 Bruidhe mac Maelchon ri Cruithneach AT s a 581 Bruide mc Maelcon regis Pictorum AU584 Bridei mac Maelchon Ard Rig Toi ACC Ceannath K of the Picts AClon580 Garnat King of the Picts AClon590 Gartnaidh regis Pictorum AT597 Aedhain m Gabrain mc Domangairt righ Alban AU606 AEgthan Scotta cyng ASC603 Echdach Buidhe regis Pictorum filii Aedain AU629 Conid Cerr rex Dal Riati AU629 Cinedon filii Lugthreni regis Pictorum AU631 Cined mac Luchtren rex Pictorum CS631 Cenay mc Lachtren king of the Picts AClon632 Cinaed ri Alban AI 633 Cinaetha maic Luchtren regis Pictorum AT633 Octlarge m c Fogith K of Picts AClon649 Tolairg m Fooith regis Pictorum AU653 Tolairg mac Fooith regis Pictorum AT653 Tolorchan mc Anfrith K of the Picts AClon653 Tolargain mc Anfrith regis Pictorum AU657 Tolorcan mac Ainfrith ri Cruithne AT656 Gartnait maic Domnaill rig Cruithneach AT663 Gartnayt son of Donall king of Picts AClon659 Bruidhe mac Bile rex Fortrend AT693 Bruide m Bili rex Fortrend AU693 Brude mac Derilei ri Cruithintuathi 697 Cain Adomnain Neactain reigis Pictorum AT724 Drust regem Pictorum AU729 Aongas ri Foirtreann FA 729 Drust righ Alban FA 729 Aengus mac Fergusa rex Picctorum AT736 Oengus m Fergusso rex Pictorum AU736 Owinus rex pictorum ACamb 741 Talargan rex pictorum ACamb 750 Aengus ri Alban AT759 Aengus mac Fergusa rex Pictorum AT761 Oengus m Fherghussa rex Pictorum AU761 Bruidhi ri Fortrenn AT763 Bruide rex Fortrenn AU763 Cinadhon regis Pictorum AU775 Cemoid rex pictorum ACamb 775 Dub Tholargg rex Pictorum citra Monoth AU782 Causantin mac Fergussa ri Alban AI820 Custantin m Fergusa rex Fortreinn AU820 Oengus m Fergusa rex Fortrenn AU834 Eoganan mac Oengusa ri Dail Riatai CGG Cinaed mac Alpin ri Alban AI858 Cinaedh m Ailpin rex Pictorum AU858 Ceinod rex pictorum ACamb 858 Traditional Scottish period edit Constantin mac Cinaeda ardri Alban CGG Domnall m Caustantin ri Alban AU 900 Custantin m Aedha ri Alban AU 952 Mael Coluim m Domnaill ri Alban AU 954 Dub m Mael Coluim ri Alban AU 967 Culen m Illuilb ri Alban AU 971 Amhlaim m Ailuilbh i ri Alban AU 977 Amlaim mac Illuilb ri Alban AT 977 Cinaedh m Mael Cholaim ri Alban AU 995 Cinaeth mac Mail Cholaim ri Alban AT 995 Constantin mac Cuilindain ri Alban AT 997 ri Alban i Cinaedh m Duibh AU 1005 Finnloech m Ruaidhri ri Alban AU 1020 Findlaech mac Ruadri ri Alban LL Mael Colaim mac Mael Brighdi mac Ruaidri ri Alban 1029 Mael Coluim m Cinaedha ri Alban AU 1034 Donnchad m Crinan ri Alban AU 1040 Donncadh mac Crinan aird ri Alban AT 1040 M Beathadh m Finnlaich airdrigh Alban AU 1058 Mac Bethadh mac Findlaich aird ri Alban AT 1058 Lulach ri Alban AT 1058 Mael Snechtai m Lulaigh ri Muireb AU 1085 Mael Coluim ri Alban AU 1085 Mael Coluim m Donnchadha airdri Alban AU 1093 Mael Colaim mac Donnchadha ri Alban AT 1093 Mael Coluim mac Dondchada ri Alban LL Donnchadh m Mael Coluim ri Alban AU 1094 Domnall mac Donnchada ri Alban AT 1099 Etgair ri Alban AU 1107 Alaxandair m Mael Choluim ri Alban AU 1124 Oenghus m ingine Luluigh ri Moreb AU 1130 Dabid ri Alban AT 1152 Dabid mac Mail Colaim ri Alban amp Saxan AT 1153 Mael Coluim Cennmor mac Eanric ardri Alban in cristaidhe as ferr do bai do Gaidhelaibh re muir anair AU 1165 Ri Alban Uilliam Garm AU 1214 Uilliam ri Alban AU 1214 Roibert a Briuis mormaer righ n Alban AU 1302 1306 Roberd a Briuis mormaer rig a nAlbain AC 1306 Edubart Mor Ri Saxan amp Bretan amp Alban amp Duice na Gascune amp tigerna na hErend AC 1307 Roibeat a Briuis ri Alban AU 1314 Righ Alban i Semus Sdibard AC 1499 Medieval Charter styles editThe Poppleton manuscript preserves a grant supposedly made by King Nechtan to the monastery of St Brigid at Abernethy c early sixth century Latin Nectonius magnus filius Uuirp rex omnium prouiciarum Pictorum 1 English Great Nechtan son of Uurp King of all the provinces of the Picts In the Scottish period the charter styles vary at first but later become more formulaic Here are some examples from the early charter period The Roman numeral which follows is the number given to the charter in Archibald C Lawrie s Early Scottish Charters Prior to A D 1153 Glasgow 1905 Machbet filius Finlach et Gruoch filia Bodhe rex et regina Scottorum Lawrie V English Macbeth son of Findlaech and Gruoch daughter of Bodhe King and Queen of the Scots Source is the Registrum of the Priory of St Andrews and the document is a Latin translation from an earlier Gaelic document so the rex Scottorum style is not reliable Malcolmus Dei gratia Scottorum basileus X Malcolm by the Grace of God High King of the Scots Edgarus Dei gratia Rex Scottorum XVII 1095 Edgar by the Grace of God King of the Scots Alexander Dei gratia Rex Scottorum XXVII Alexander by the Grace of God King of the Scots David Dei gratia Rex Scotiae LXIX David by the Grace of God King of Scotland David Dei gratia Rex Scottorum CIV David by the Grace of God King of the Scots From David I onwards the royal style is either rex Scottorum or rex Scotiae From the late Middle Ages to the Acts of Union editIn the late Middle Ages the titles rex Scottorum meaning king of the Scots and rex Scotiae meaning king of Scotland were used interchangeably Similarly the monarchs of England were sometimes called the king of the English as was the case with Edward II of England in the Declaration of Arbroath 1320 The term King of the Scots was used in The Declaration of the Clergy in favour of Robert the Bruce 1334 and in the charter where Edward Balliol gave up the southern counties of Scotland to England However in other documents King of Scotland was the preferred title including The Letter of the Magnates of Scotland to the King of France 1308 The Settlement of Succession on Robert the Bruce 1315 the Treaty of Corbeuil 1326 the Treaty of Edinburgh Northampton 1328 the Papal Bull authorizing the anointing of Scottish Kings 1329 and the Treaty of Berwick 1357 This continued until the last three monarchs of Scotland William II Mary II and Anne who became Queen of Great Britain after the Acts of Union in 1707 Your Grace editMain article Grace style This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2008 Scottish monarchs were addressed as Your Grace before the Acts of Union of 1707 when Scotland became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain From then on British monarchs were addressed as Your Majesty Notes edit Anderson Kings 1973 p 249References editAnderson Marjorie O Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland Edinburgh 1973 Lawrie Archibald C Early Scottish Charters Prior to A D 1153 Glasgow 1905 External links editAnnals of Tigernach Annals of Ulster Chronicon Scotorum Gaelic Notes on the Book of Deer Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Style of the Scottish sovereign amp oldid 1216595965, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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