Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6×6 truck
The Studebaker US6 (G630) was a series of 2+1⁄2-ton 6×6 and 5-ton 6×4 trucks manufactured by the Studebaker Corporation and REO Motor Car Company during World War II. The basic cargo version was designed to transport a 2+1⁄2-short-ton (5,000 lb; 2,300 kg) cargo load over any type of terrain in any weather. Most of these were exported to the Soviet Union under Lend-Lease by the USA during World War II, since the competing GMC 6×6 CCKW design proved to be more suitable for Western Front conditions.
| Studebaker US6 | |
|---|---|
Studebaker US6 U4 Cargo truck | |
| Type | 2+1⁄2-ton 6×6 trucks and 5-ton 6×4 trucks |
| Place of origin | Studebaker Automotive Plant, South Bend, Indiana, USA Studebaker Chippewa Ave. Assembly, South Bend, Indiana, USA |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Studebaker |
| Designed | Before 1940 |
| Manufacturer | Studebaker and REO |
| Produced | 1941–1945 |
| No. built | More than 200,000 |
| Specifications (U1 Cargo[1]) | |
| Mass | 9,875 lb (4,479 kg) empty |
| Length | 20 ft 11 in (6.38 m) |
| Width | 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) |
| Height | 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) top of cab 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m) overall |
| Engine | Hercules JXD inline-6 gasoline motor 86 hp (64 kW) |
| Transmission | 5 spd. × 2 range trf. case |
| Suspension | Beam axles on leaf springs |
Operational range | 236 mi (379.8 km) |
| Maximum speed | 45 mph (72 km/h) |
History edit
Design and development edit
In 1939–1940 the US Army Ordnance Corps was developing 2+1⁄2-short-ton (2,300 kg) tactical 6×6 trucks that could operate off-road in all weather. Studebaker, Yellow Coach (a GM company) and International Harvester all submitted designs that were accepted and went into production in 1941.
A total of 219,882 2+1⁄2-ton 6×6 trucks and similar 5-short-ton (4,500 kg) 6×4 versions in thirteen variations were built. Studebaker was the primary manufacturer, which built 197,678 of them at its South Bend IN plant, while Reo produced 22,204 more at its Lansing, Michigan plant from 1944 under a sub-contract. Reo trucks are identical to Studebakers, but Reo built only cargo-model trucks with the long wheelbase and without the front-mounted winch, more specifically referred to as the US6 U9. All production by both manufacturers ended in 1945.[2][3]
Service edit
The US6 was manufactured primarily for export under Lend-Lease. The Soviet Union would become the largest foreign operator. The first Studebaker US6 trucks arrived in the USSR in the autumn of 1941. The Red Army organized a test of eleven 6×6 "Studebekkers" (as they were known in the USSR) which took place between July 1942 and May 1943. The results were used to direct the enlargement of the payload from 2+1⁄2 to 4 short tons (2,300 to 3,600 kg).[4] In 1945, it was lowered to 3+1⁄2 tons (3,200 kg), although on improved roads they could carry up to a maximum of 5 tons (4,500 kg).
Large numbers of Studebaker US6 trucks were supplied to the Soviet Union via the Persian Corridor in Iran under the USA's Lend-Lease program. The truck fulfilled many important roles in service with Soviet military forces during the war, such as towing artillery pieces and anti-tank guns and transporting troops over long distances. It was renowned for its overall ruggedness and reliability, including its ability to run on poor-quality fuel. The Soviet Red Army also found them to be a suitable platform for conversion into Katyusha rocket launchers, although this was not their main purpose. The truck became affectionately known as the Studer by Soviet troops and was even recognised of its importance (to the Soviet war effort) by Joseph Stalin, who sent a personal letter of appreciation to Studebaker, in which he thanked it for the superb quality of the US6 for Soviet service.
Studebaker US6 trucks were also used by the US military in the construction of the Ledo Road in Burma, and the Alcan Highway in North America, during WWII.
Specifications edit
Engine and driveline edit
The US6 used a Hercules JXD engine, with an 320 cu in (5.2 L) L-head inline 6 cylinder gasoline engine developing 86 hp (64 kW) at 2800 rpm and 200 lbf⋅ft (271 N⋅m) of torque at 1150 rpm. A conservative-type and highly-reliable engine with a compression ratio of only 5.82:1, it could use 68-octane gasoline. This same engine was also used in the M3 Scout Car and, later, M8 Greyhound and M20 armoured cars (the latter was a variant (lacking the gun turret) of the M8 Greyhound).[5][2][3][6]
The Warner T 93 5 speed transmission had a very low first, a direct fourth and an overdrive fifth gear. A power take-off could be fitted to operate a winch (mounted just below in front of the radiator) and/or the hydraulic hoist on dump trucks (the U10/U11 and U12/U13 dump truck models).[7]
The Timken T-79 transfer case had high and low ranges, a neutral position and could either engage or disengage the front axle. There was one output shaft mounted forward to the front axle (not used in 6×4 trucks) and two to the rear, with one for each rear axle.[8]
Both front and rear axles were of the Timken split-type with a ratio of 6.6:1. The front axle had ball-type constant-velocity joints while the two at the rear were full-floating.[9]
Chassis edit
The US6 had a ladder frame with three beam axles, the front on semi elliptical leaf springs, the rear tandem on quarter elliptical leaf springs with locating arms.[10][11]
There were two wheelbases, the short 148 inches (3.76 m), used in semi tractors, dump trucks, and short cargo models, and the long 162 inches (4.11 m), used in tankers, long cargo models, and the U9 chassis cab (measurements are from the centerline of the front axle to the centerline of rear bogie). All models had 7.50-20" tires and dual rear tires. 6×4 models, intended for on road use only, were rated at 5 short tons (4,500 kg), twice the 6×6's off-road rating.[3][12]
Cab edit
The US6 carried the design of Studebaker's civilian truck cab, although it was modified for military use. Studebaker trucks were different from other 2+1⁄2 6×6 trucks built for the war effort of the USA because vent windows were included in each door. These vent windows were separate from the main window that rolled down into the door-frame and could be swung out to help with the truck cab's ventilation.
Studebaker also designed the open-type military truck cab which was featured on the GMC CCKW (later models), but their major customer, the USSR, preferred the closed cab for their generally harsh (cold-weather) climate. While Studebaker's open-type truck cab became the American standard, production of the US6 with the closed-type truck cab was restarted after only 10,000 units of the former.[3]
Models edit
- Cargo U4
- Tank U5
- Tractor U6
- Dump U11
- Dump U13
The U1 and the U2 cargo trucks (which had a frontally-mounted winch) had a short wheelbase and the spare tire was mounted behind the cab, thus allowing a truck-bed measuring only 9 ft (2.74 m) long. These "prime mover"-style bodies were not a success as the US6 was to be mainly used for transporting cargo.[2]
The U3/U4 and the 6×4 U7/U8 cargo trucks had a longer wheelbase, which allowed the spare tire to be mounted under the 12 ft (3.66 m) truck-bed. 197,000 trucks with the 12 ft (3.66 m) truck-bed were built.[2]
The U5 tank truck had a long wheelbase and a two-compartment 750 U.S. gal (2,800 L) tank mounted on the truck-bed. Tanker trucks were not equipped with winches.[2]
The 6×4 U6 semi-tractor was the only semi-tractor version in the entire US6 truck series. Semi-tractors have limited off-road performance and, therefore, the U6 was rated for a 5-ton load on improved roads. For this same reason, they had no frontally-mounted winch.
The U9 cargo truck had a long wheelbase and lacked a frontally-mounted winch. The Soviet Katyusha multiple rocket launcher could be mounted on their truck-beds (most of the US6 trucks in Red Army service were of the U9 model).
The U10/U11 (end-type) and the U12/U13 (side-type) dump trucks had a short wheelbase. Both types had the dump-body mounted on a sub-frame at the rear of the truck, with the end-type dump having a hydraulic cylinder attached to the chassis with a lever arrangement while the side-type dump had the hydraulic cylinder mounted directly to the truck body.[13]
Dimensions edit
| Model[12] | Wheelbase | Length[a] | Width | Height | Weight empty[b] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U1 Cargo (U2 with winch) | Short | 20 ft 11 in (6.38 m) | 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) | 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m)[c] | 9,875 lb (4,479 kg) |
| U3 Cargo (long) (U4 with winch) | Long | 27 ft 11 in (8.51 m) | 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) | 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m)[c] | |
| U5 Tank [14] | Long | 20 ft 11 in (6.38 m) | 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) | 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) [d] | 10,585 lb (4,801 kg) |
| U6 Tractor | Short (6×4) | 17 ft 3 in (5.26 m) | 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) | 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m)[d] | 8,190 lb (3,710 kg) |
| U7 Cargo (long) (U8 with winch) | Long (6×4) | 27 ft 11 in (8.51 m) | 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) | 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m)[c] | |
| U9 Cab/chassis | Long | 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m) | 7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)[d] | ||
| U10 End dump (U11 with winch) | Short | 18 ft 9 in (5.72 m) | 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) | 7 ft 7 in (2.31 m)[e] | 10,150 lb (4,600 kg) |
| U12 Side dump (U13 with winch) | Short | 18 ft 11 in (5.77 m) | 7 ft 4 in (2.24 m) | 7 ft 7 in (2.31 m)[e] | 10,150 lb (4,600 kg) |
- Cargo truck
(Privately owned and fully restored) - Cargo truck
(in Berlin, May 1945) - Cargo truck
(Museum exhibit) - Tractor-semitrailer
(Museum exhibit) - Tractor-semitrailers
(along the Persian Corridor, some time in 1943) - Katyusha mobile-type multiple rocket launcher
(Museum exhibit) - A battery of Katyusha MRLS firing
(at Stalingrad, some time in 1942)
Legacy edit
Some Studebaker US6 trucks that were shipped to the Soviet Union during WWII and decommissioned from service after 1945 had their cabs and plumage taken off and used in the prototypes of the GAZ-51 truck,[15] which eventually underwent mass production in 1946. The construction of the Studebaker US6 strongly influenced the construction of the postwar ZIS-151 truck, which then evolved into the ZIL-157 truck which remained in production up until 1994.
The Studebaker US6 truck became a legendary vehicle with its Soviet operators at the time and was called the "King of Roads" by soldiers[16] due to their reliability and dependability, and is still popular in Russian vehicle-collector circles and clubs. In the United States, these trucks are seen as the symbol for the Lend-Lease program to the USSR.[17] It is estimated that an unrestored US6 truck would cost around $11,000, while a restored one would cost around $24,000.[18] The most sought-after US6 trucks are the ones that were produced by REO Motors (U9 version), since only slightly over 20,000 units were built by them.[19]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ TM 9-807 (1943), pp. 14–16, 138.
- ^ a b c d e Crismon (2001), p. 184, 328-329.
- ^ a b c d Doyle (2003), pp. 122–124.
- ^ Jeghers (2000), pp. 18–19.
- ^ TM 9-807 (1943), pp. 138–139.
- ^ TM 9-2800 (1947).
- ^ TM 9-1807 (1944), pp. 22–23.
- ^ TM 9-1807 (1944), pp. 43–44.
- ^ TM 9-1807 (1944), pp. 84–87, 127–129.
- ^ TM 9-807 (1943), pp. 289–290.
- ^ TM 9-1807 (1944), pp. 177–179.
- ^ a b TM 9-807 (1943), p. 14.
- ^ TM 9-1807 (1944), pp. 211–216.
- ^ TM 9-2800 (1947), p. 280.
- ^ "drakony-s-zdanovich-a-m-gaz-51-osobennosti-raboty-dvigatelya". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
- ^ "Studebaker US6, US6x4. REO co-produced U3 modification in 1944–1945". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
- ^ "Studebaker US6". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
- ^ "Buyer's Guide: WWII Studebaker & Reo US6 Trucks". 13 July 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2021. were built by them.
- ^ "Studebaker US6: The Lend-Lease 'Deuce and a Half'". March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
References edit
- Crismon, Fred W (2001). US Military Wheeled Vehicles (3 ed.). Victory WWII Pub. ISBN 0-970056-71-0.
- Doyle, David (2003). Standard catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-508-X.
- Jeghers (2000). EV Cars Lend-Lease. Tornado.
- "TM 9-807 2 1/2-ton 6×6 Truck and 2 1/2 to 5-ton 6×4 truck (Studebaker US6 and US6×4)". US War Dept. 1943. Retrieved 24 Feb 2016.
- "TM 9-1807 Power Train, Chassis, and Body for 2 1/2 ton 6×6 Truck and 2 1/2 to 5-ton 6×4 Truck (Studebaker US6 and US6×4)" (PDF). US War Dept. 1944. Retrieved 25 Sep 2019.
- "TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles" (PDF). US Dept. of the Army. 1947. Retrieved 25 Sep 2019.
External links edit
- Australian Studebakers US6 2018-04-07 at the Wayback Machine
- US 2+1⁄2-ton at Engines of the Red Army
- Studebaker/Reo US6 at Olive-Drab.com
- Studebaker/Reo US6 at The-Bluprints.com