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Struve Geodetic Arc

January 01, 1970

The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over 2,820 kilometres (1,750 mi), which yielded the first accurate measurement of a meridian arc.[1]

Struve Geodetic Arc
The northernmost station of the Struve Geodetic Arc is located in Fuglenes, Norway.
Map of the Struve Geodetic Arc where red points identify the World Heritage Sites.
General information
TypeEnsemble of memorable sites
LocationEstonia, Belarus, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldova, Russia, Sweden, and Ukraine
Coordinates59°3′28″N 26°20′16″E / 59.05778°N 26.33778°E / 59.05778; 26.33778
OpenedGeodetic Arc
Design and construction
Architect(s)Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
Official nameStruve Geodetic Arc
Criteriaii, iii, vi
Reference1187
Inscription2005 (29th Session)
Tartu Old Observatory, the first point of the arc.
Point Z, situated on Hogland, Russia.
The commemorative plaque of the arc in Felshtyn, Ukraine
The Geodetic Point in Rudi, Moldova

The chain was established and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855 to establish the exact size and shape of the earth. At that time, the chain passed merely through three countries: Norway, Sweden and the Russian Empire. The Arc's first point is located in Tartu Observatory in Estonia, where Struve conducted much of his research.[1] Measurement of the triangulation chain comprises 258 main triangles and 265 geodetic vertices.[2] The northernmost point is located near Hammerfest in Norway and the southernmost point near the Black Sea in Ukraine.

In 2005, the chain was inscribed on the World Heritage List, because of its importance in geodesy and its testimony to international scientific cooperation.[2] The World Heritage site includes 34 commemorative plaques or built obelisks out of the original 265 main station points which are marked by drilled holes in rock, iron crosses, cairns, others.[1] This inscription is located in ten countries, the second most of any UNESCO World Heritage after the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe.[1][3]

The measurements of the 30° Meridian Arc in 1816–1852 as well the description of the geodesic, topographical, and map making works in the Balkans from the nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century by Russian Czarist Army was described in Astronomy, geodesy and map- drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I.[4]

Chain edit

Norway edit

Sweden edit

Finland edit

Russia edit

Estonia edit

Latvia edit

Lithuania edit

Belarus edit

Moldova edit

Ukraine edit

Results edit

Historical edit

At publication in 1858, the flattening of the earth was estimated at one part in 294.26. The earth's equatorial radius was estimated at 6,378,360.7 meters (20,926,380 ft).[1]

In 2005, the work was repeated using satellite navigation. The new flattening estimate was one part in 298.257 222 101 and the equatorial radius was 6,378,136.8 metres (20,925,646 ft).[1]

An earlier survey, in 1740, had given flattening at one part in 178 and an equatorial radius of 6,396,800 metres (20,986,900 ft).[1]

Modern edit

Northernmost point: Hammerfest (Fuglenes): 70° 40' 11.23″ N[1]

Southernmost point: Ismail (Staro-Nekrassowka): 45° 20' 02.94″ N[1]

Difference in Geodetic Latitude: 25° 20' 08.29″[1]

Distance in kilometres: 2,821.853 ± 0.012[1]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, Oslo, Norway (2005), Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc (pamphlet)
  2. ^ a b "Struve Geodetic Arc". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  3. ^ "Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  4. ^ A. Găină, Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World WarI, Serbian Astron. J., N.162 (2000), pp. 121–125

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Struve Geodetic Arc.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Struve Geodetic Arc.
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

  • Listing on UNESCO website
  • A UNESCO article about the chain
  • FIG – Proposal to UNESCO for the Struve Geodetic Arc to become a World Heritage Monument
  • J.R. Smith. The Struve Geodetic Arc
  • Latvia Struve arc webpage
  • Estonian souvenir sheet and first day cover dedicated to Struve and Struve Geodetic Arc (2011)

January 01, 1970
struve, geodetic, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Struve Geodetic Arc news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2012 Learn how and when to remove this message The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea through ten countries and over 2 820 kilometres 1 750 mi which yielded the first accurate measurement of a meridian arc 1 Struve Geodetic ArcThe northernmost station of the Struve Geodetic Arc is located in Fuglenes Norway Map of the Struve Geodetic Arc where red points identify the World Heritage Sites General informationTypeEnsemble of memorable sitesLocationEstonia Belarus Finland Latvia Lithuania Norway Moldova Russia Sweden and UkraineCoordinates59 3 28 N 26 20 16 E 59 05778 N 26 33778 E 59 05778 26 33778OpenedGeodetic ArcDesign and constructionArchitect s Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von StruveUNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameStruve Geodetic ArcCriteriaii iii viReference1187Inscription2005 29th Session Tartu Old Observatory the first point of the arc Point Z situated on Hogland Russia The commemorative plaque of the arc in Felshtyn Ukraine The Geodetic Point in Rudi Moldova The chain was established and used by the German born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855 to establish the exact size and shape of the earth At that time the chain passed merely through three countries Norway Sweden and the Russian Empire The Arc s first point is located in Tartu Observatory in Estonia where Struve conducted much of his research 1 Measurement of the triangulation chain comprises 258 main triangles and 265 geodetic vertices 2 The northernmost point is located near Hammerfest in Norway and the southernmost point near the Black Sea in Ukraine In 2005 the chain was inscribed on the World Heritage List because of its importance in geodesy and its testimony to international scientific cooperation 2 The World Heritage site includes 34 commemorative plaques or built obelisks out of the original 265 main station points which are marked by drilled holes in rock iron crosses cairns others 1 This inscription is located in ten countries the second most of any UNESCO World Heritage after the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe 1 3 The measurements of the 30 Meridian Arc in 1816 1852 as well the description of the geodesic topographical and map making works in the Balkans from the nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century by Russian Czarist Army was described in Astronomy geodesy and map drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I 4 Contents 1 Chain 1 1 Norway 1 2 Sweden 1 3 Finland 1 4 Russia 1 5 Estonia 1 6 Latvia 1 7 Lithuania 1 8 Belarus 1 9 Moldova 1 10 Ukraine 2 Results 2 1 Historical 2 2 Modern 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksChain editNorway edit Fuglenes in Hammerfest 70 40 12 N 23 39 48 E 70 67000 N 23 66333 E 70 67000 23 66333 1 Raipas in Alta 69 56 19 N 23 21 37 E 69 93861 N 23 36028 E 69 93861 23 36028 1 Luvdiidcohkka in Kautokeino 69 39 52 N 23 36 08 E 69 66444 N 23 60222 E 69 66444 23 60222 1 Baelljasvarri in Kautokeino 69 01 43 N 23 18 19 E 69 02861 N 23 30528 E 69 02861 23 30528 1 Sweden edit Pajtas vaara Tynnyrilaki in Kiruna 68 15 18 N 22 58 59 E 68 25500 N 22 98306 E 68 25500 22 98306 Kerrojupukka Jupukka in Pajala 67 16 36 N 23 14 35 E 67 27667 N 23 24306 E 67 27667 23 24306 Pullinki in Overtornea 66 38 47 N 23 46 55 E 66 64639 N 23 78194 E 66 64639 23 78194 Perra vaara Peravaara in Haparanda 66 1 5 N 23 55 21 E 66 01806 N 23 92250 E 66 01806 23 92250 Finland edit Stuor Oivi currently Stuorrahanoaivi in Enontekio 68 40 57 N 22 44 45 E 68 68250 N 22 74583 E 68 68250 22 74583 Avasaksa currently Aavasaksa in Ylitornio 66 23 52 N 23 43 31 E 66 39778 N 23 72528 E 66 39778 23 72528 Tornea currently Alatornio Church fi in Tornio 65 49 48 N 24 09 26 E 65 83000 N 24 15722 E 65 83000 24 15722 Puolakka currently Oravivuori in Korpilahti 61 55 36 N 25 32 01 E 61 92667 N 25 53361 E 61 92667 25 53361 Porlom II currently Tornikallio in Lapinjarvi 60 42 17 N 26 00 12 E 60 70472 N 26 00333 E 60 70472 26 00333 Svartvira currently Mustaviiri in Pyhtaa 60 16 35 N 26 36 12 E 60 27639 N 26 60333 E 60 27639 26 60333 Russia edit Maki paalys Makipaallys Finland 1917 1920 1940 in Gogland Suursaari 60 4 27 N 26 58 11 E 60 07417 N 26 96972 E 60 07417 26 96972 Hogland Z Gogland Tochka Z in Gogland 60 5 9 8 N 26 57 37 5 E 60 086056 N 26 960417 E 60 086056 26 960417 Estonia edit Woibifer Voivere in Vaike Maarja Parish 59 03 28 N 26 20 16 E 59 05778 N 26 33778 E 59 05778 26 33778 Katko Simuna in Vaike Maarja Parish 59 02 54 N 26 24 51 E 59 04833 N 26 41417 E 59 04833 26 41417 Dorpat Tartu Old Observatory in Tartu 58 22 43 64 N 26 43 12 61 E 58 3787889 N 26 7201694 E 58 3787889 26 7201694 Latvia edit Sestu Kalns Ziestu in Erglu novads 56 50 24 N 25 38 12 E 56 84000 N 25 63667 E 56 84000 25 63667 Jacobstadt in Jekabpils 56 30 05 N 25 51 24 E 56 50139 N 25 85667 E 56 50139 25 85667 Lithuania edit Karischki Gireisiai in Panemunelis 55 54 09 N 25 26 12 E 55 90250 N 25 43667 E 55 90250 25 43667 Meschkanzi Meskonys in Nemencine 54 55 51 N 25 19 00 E 54 93083 N 25 31667 E 54 93083 25 31667 Beresnaki Paliepiukai in Nemezis 54 38 04 N 25 25 45 E 54 63444 N 25 42917 E 54 63444 25 42917 Belarus edit Tupischki Tupishki in Ashmyany district 54 17 30 N 26 2 43 E 54 29167 N 26 04528 E 54 29167 26 04528 Lopati Lopaty in Zelva district 53 33 38 N 24 52 11 E 53 56056 N 24 86972 E 53 56056 24 86972 Ossownitza Ossovnitsa in Ivanovo district 52 17 22 N 25 38 58 E 52 28944 N 25 64944 E 52 28944 25 64944 Tchekutsk Chekutsk in Ivanovo district 52 12 28 N 25 33 23 E 52 20778 N 25 55639 E 52 20778 25 55639 Leskowitschi Leskovichi in Ivanovo district 52 9 39 N 25 34 17 E 52 16083 N 25 57139 E 52 16083 25 57139 Moldova edit Rudi near Rudi village Soroca district 48 19 08 N 27 52 36 E 48 31889 N 27 87667 E 48 31889 27 87667 Ukraine edit Katerynivka in Antonivka Khmelnytskyi Oblast 49 33 57 N 26 45 22 E 49 56583 N 26 75611 E 49 56583 26 75611 Felshtyn in Hvardiiske Khmelnytskyi Oblast 49 19 48 N 26 40 55 E 49 33000 N 26 68194 E 49 33000 26 68194 Baranivka in Baranivka Khmelnytskyi Oblast 49 08 55 N 26 59 30 E 49 14861 N 26 99167 E 49 14861 26 99167 Staro Nekrasivka Stara Nekrasivka in Nekrasivka Odesa Oblast 45 19 57 5 N 28 55 40 E 45 332639 N 28 92778 E 45 332639 28 92778 Results editHistorical edit At publication in 1858 the flattening of the earth was estimated at one part in 294 26 The earth s equatorial radius was estimated at 6 378 360 7 meters 20 926 380 ft 1 In 2005 the work was repeated using satellite navigation The new flattening estimate was one part in 298 257 222 101 and the equatorial radius was 6 378 136 8 metres 20 925 646 ft 1 An earlier survey in 1740 had given flattening at one part in 178 and an equatorial radius of 6 396 800 metres 20 986 900 ft 1 Modern edit Northernmost point Hammerfest Fuglenes 70 40 11 23 N 1 Southernmost point Ismail Staro Nekrassowka 45 20 02 94 N 1 Difference in Geodetic Latitude 25 20 08 29 1 Distance in kilometres 2 821 853 0 012 1 See also editParis meridianReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage Dronningensg 13 P O Box 8196 Dep 0034 Oslo Norway 2005 Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc pamphlet a b Struve Geodetic Arc UNESCO World Heritage Centre United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Retrieved 11 September 2021 Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 13 March 2021 A Găină Astronomy geodesy and map drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World WarI Serbian Astron J N 162 2000 pp 121 125External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Struve Geodetic Arc nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Struve Geodetic Arc Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates Listing on UNESCO website A UNESCO article about the chain FIG Proposal to UNESCO for the Struve Geodetic Arc to become a World Heritage Monument J R Smith The Struve Geodetic Arc Latvia Struve arc webpage Estonian souvenir sheet and first day cover dedicated to Struve and Struve Geodetic Arc 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Struve Geodetic Arc amp oldid 1209882365, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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