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Steven Reiss

Steven Reiss (1947–2016) was an American psychologist who contributed original ideas, new assessment methods, and influential research studies to four topics in psychology: anxiety disorders, developmental disabilities, intrinsic motivation, and the psychology of religion.

Steven Reiss
Born(1947-04-10)April 10, 1947
DiedOctober 28, 2016(2016-10-28) (aged 69)
Alma materDartmouth College
Yale University
Harvard University
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
InstitutionsOhio State University
University of Illinois Chicago

Biography edit

He was born in New York City in 1947 and was educated at Dartmouth College, Yale University, and Harvard University. At Dartmouth he was one of 16 members of his undergraduate class to be awarded Senior Fellow status. He served as a tenured professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago (1972–1991) and at Ohio State University (1991–2008), where for 16 years he directed the developmental disabilities center at Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center.

Reiss died, 28 October 2016, at age 69.[1]

Anxiety disorders edit

Reiss led the research team that discovered anxiety sensitivity, eventually overcoming fierce opposition to his idea that the fear of fear arises from beliefs about the consequences of anxiety and not just from Pavlovian associations with panic attacks.[2][3] In the 1990s anxiety sensitivity became one of the most widely studied and important topics in clinical psychology, with more than 1,800 published studies. It changed how therapists evaluate and treat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder[4] and Panic Disorder,[5] disorders that affect 10 million Americans. Therapists now treat anxiety sensitivity cognitions they had erroneously dismissed as unimportant. Anxiety sensitivity sometimes predicts anxiety disorders before clinical symptoms can be observed, thereby creating new opportunities for prevention research. Reiss introduced the term “anxiety sensitivity,” defined the construct in terms of an information processing model, mentored graduate students who went on to study the construct, and wrote the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, which is widely used in the assessment of anxiety disorders.[3]

Developmental disabilities edit

Reiss was an authority on "dual diagnosis" or the co-occurrence of mental illness and intellectual disabilities.[6] About one million Americans have a dual diagnosis, but in severe form the prevalence is closer to about 200,000 people, many of whom also have autism.[citation needed]

In 1980 Reiss founded an outpatient clinic for dual diagnosis in the Chicago metropolitan area,[7] one of the first outpatient programs for dual diagnosis in the nation. Mental health professionals cited the success of this clinic to help justify and fund hundreds of new psychiatric services in North America and Europe. [citation needed]

Reiss introduced the term "diagnostic overshadowing" to refer to the tendency to overlook the mental health needs of people with developmental disabilities.[8] In 1987, he organized the first international conference on the mental health aspects of intellectual disabilities. The director of the National Institute of Mental Health convened an ad hoc panel to fast-track funding for Reiss's conference. In 1987, Reiss also published the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior, which became the leading method in North America for screening for dual diagnosis.[9] The tool greatly reduced the cost of identifying service needs for many thousands of people with a dual diagnosis. This was followed by a children's version, the Reiss Scales, in 1994.[10]

In 1998 Reiss and Ohio State University professor Michael Aman convened a panel of 105 physicians and scientists from ten nations to write a consensus handbook of best practices aimed at reducing the abuse of psychiatric overmedication.[11]

Reiss was among the scientists, therapists, and advocates who replaced custodial institutional care with community supports and appropriate education. Although his efforts were concentrated on dual diagnosis, he also served on official classification and terminology committees, advocated nationally to lessen discrimination for organ transplant operations, and helped build the Human Development Institute in Chicago. He received the 2008 Distinguished Research Award from the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), the 2006 Frank J. Menolascino Award for Career Research from the National Association on Dual Diagnosis, the 1991 Distinguished Award for Career Research from the Arc of the United States, and the 1987 Distinguished Services Award from AAIDD.[citation needed]

Intrinsic motivation edit

Previous scholars answered the question, "What makes people tick", by observing primitive tribes, studying the unconscious mind, or through philosophical inquiry. Reiss and his colleagues executed the first[citation needed] large-scale, cross-cultural, scientific research surveys of what people say motivates them. More than 6,000 people from four continents were assessed. The results identified 16 psychological needs or "basic desires", goals common to everyone and deeply rooted in human nature. According to the study, everyone embraces the 16 basic desires, but individuals prioritize them differently.[12] Reiss wrote the Reiss Motivation Profile psychological tool to assess what motivates a person.[13]

In two books Reiss applied these concepts to a new method of life coaching.[13][14] His methods have been used for leadership training and conflict resolution by multinational companies such as Comcast, Kraft, Chrysler, and Siemens.[citation needed] Reiss created an international network of seven training institutes located in Europe and Asia to train business consultants in his methods of life coaching. Reiss applied the 16 basic desires to assessing academic underachievement and motivating students.[15] Many public schools located throughout the United States use the Reiss School Motivation Profile assessment tool.[citation needed]

In 2000 and 2004 Reiss first presented his scientific theory of what motivates religious experiences and practices.[16][17] This theory holds that all religious experiences express one or more of the 16 basic desires.

Reiss and colleague James Wiltz published a seminal and widely publicized study on the popularity of reality television based on the 16 basic desires.[18] This work was discussed on BBC television in the UK.

Peter Boltersdorf, a German coach, applied Reiss’s 16 basic desires to a comprehensive analysis of sports psychology.[19] Boltersdorf’s clients have won an Olympic Gold Medal (Mathias Steiner, weightlifting, Beijing) and a world championship (handball, 2007).

Reiss was a critic of the social psychology attack on the profit motive. He exposed flaws in the underlying science and the failure to consider contradictory data.[20][21] Reiss argued that the so-called undermining effect of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation is actually a trivial distraction effect (i.e. the reward mechanism distracts people from the task at hand), of no scientific significance.

Psychology of religious experiences edit

In October 2015 Reiss published The 16 Strivings for God, the book-length treatment of his theory on the psychology of religious experiences.[22] In this work Reiss proposed a peer-reviewed, original theory of mysticism, asceticism, spiritual personality, and religious beliefs and practices.

Reiss' theory of the psychology of religious experiences provides a link between personality, motivation and the often contradictory teachings and practices of the world's religions. Unlike previous theories that posit a single source and essence of religion such as fear of death, mysticism, sacredness, communal bonding, magic, or peak experiences, Reiss presented detailed support for his theory that religion is about the values motivated by the sixteen basic desires of human nature.

In The 16 Strivings for God Reiss develops the theory that people embrace religion because it provides them with opportunities to satisfy all 16 basic desires both in strong form and in weak form. For example, a person with a weak basic desire for social contact might be attracted to religious retreats, while a person with a strong basic desire for social contact might be attracted to religious festivals. A person with a weak basic desire for vengeance might be attracted to passages in scriptures that speak of peace and forgiveness, while a person with a strong basic desire for vengeance might be attracted to passages that speak of revenge.

References edit

  1. ^ "Steven Reiss Obituary". Columbus Dispatch. 13 November 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  2. ^ Reiss, Steven (June 1980). "Pavlovian conditioning and human fear: An expectancy model". Behavior Therapy. 11 (3): 380–396. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(80)80054-2.
  3. ^ a b Reiss, Steven; Peterson, Rolf A; Gursky, David M; McNally, Richard J (1986). "Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 24 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9. PMID 3947307.
  4. ^ Marshall, Grant N; Miles, Jeremy N V; Stewart, Sherry H (February 2010). "Anxiety Sensitivity and PTSD Symptom Severity Are Reciprocally Related: Evidence From a Longitudinal Study of Physical Trauma Survivors". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 119 (1). American Psychological Association: 143–150. doi:10.1037/a0018009. PMC 2820125. PMID 20141251.
  5. ^ McNally, Richard J (15 November 2002). "Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 52 (10): 938–946. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01475-0. PMID 12437935. S2CID 28127437.
  6. ^ Reiss, Steven; Levitan, Grant W; McNally, Richard J (1982). "Emotionally disturbed mentally retarded people: An underserved population". American Psychologist. 37 (4). American Psychological Association: 361–367. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.37.4.361. PMID 7103238.
  7. ^ Reiss, S.; Trenn, E. (1984). "Consumer demand for outpatient mental health services for people with mental retardation". Mental Retardation. 22 (3): 112–6. PMID 6727643.
  8. ^ Reiss, S.; Szyszko, J. (1983). "Diagnostic overshadowing and professional experience with mentally retarded persons". American Journal of Mental Deficiency. 87 (4): 396–402. PMID 6829617.
  9. ^ Reiss, S. (1990). "The development of a screening measure for psychopathology in people with mental retardation". In E. Dibble and D.B. Gray (eds.), Assessment of behavior problems in persons with mental retardation living in the community. pp. 107–118. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
  10. ^ Corcoran, Jacqueline; Walsh, Joseph (2010). Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-19-974146-5. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  11. ^ Reiss, S., & Aman, M.G. (Eds.) (1998). Psychotropic medications and developmental disabilities: The international consensus handbook. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Nisonger Center. 368 pp.
  12. ^ Reiss, Steven; Havercamp, Susan M. (1998). "Toward a comprehensive assessment of fundamental motivation: Factor structure of the Reiss Profiles". Psychological Assessment. 10 (2): 97–106. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.97.
  13. ^ a b Reiss, S. (2000). Who Am I? The 16 basic desires that motivate our actions and define our personalities. Tarcher/Putnum.
  14. ^ Reiss, S. (2008). The Normal Personality: A New Way of Thinking about People. Cambridge University Press.
  15. ^ Reiss, Steven (2009). "Six Motivational Reasons for Low School Achievement". Child & Youth Care Forum. 38 (4): 219–225. doi:10.1007/s10566-009-9075-9. S2CID 53583037.
  16. ^ Reiss, Steven (2004). "The Sixteen Strivings for God". Zygon. 39 (2): 303–320. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2004.00575.x.
  17. ^ Reiss, Steven (2000). "Why People Turn to Religion: A Motivational Analysis". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 39 (1): 47–52. doi:10.1111/0021-8294.00004. JSTOR 1387926.
  18. ^ Reiss, Steven; Wiltz, James (2004). "Why People Watch Reality TV". Media Psychology. 6 (4): 363–378. doi:10.1207/s1532785xmep0604_3. S2CID 1235553.
  19. ^ Reiss, Steven; Wiltz, James; Sherman, Michael (2001). "Trait motivational correlates of athleticism". Personality and Individual Differences. 30 (7): 1139–1145. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00098-2.
  20. ^ Reiss, Steven; Sushinsky, Leonard W. (1975). "Overjustification, competing responses, and the acquisition of intrinsic interest". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 31 (6): 1116–1125. doi:10.1037/h0076936.
  21. ^ Reiss, S. (2013). Myths of Intrinsic Motivation. Columbus, OH: IDS Publishing Corporation.
  22. ^ Reiss, Steven (2015). The Sixteen Strivings for God. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0881465570.

steven, reiss, 1947, 2016, american, psychologist, contributed, original, ideas, assessment, methods, influential, research, studies, four, topics, psychology, anxiety, disorders, developmental, disabilities, intrinsic, motivation, psychology, religion, born, . Steven Reiss 1947 2016 was an American psychologist who contributed original ideas new assessment methods and influential research studies to four topics in psychology anxiety disorders developmental disabilities intrinsic motivation and the psychology of religion Steven ReissBorn 1947 04 10 April 10 1947DiedOctober 28 2016 2016 10 28 aged 69 Alma materDartmouth CollegeYale UniversityHarvard UniversityScientific careerFieldsPsychologyInstitutionsOhio State UniversityUniversity of Illinois Chicago Contents 1 Biography 2 Anxiety disorders 3 Developmental disabilities 4 Intrinsic motivation 5 Psychology of religious experiences 6 ReferencesBiography editHe was born in New York City in 1947 and was educated at Dartmouth College Yale University and Harvard University At Dartmouth he was one of 16 members of his undergraduate class to be awarded Senior Fellow status He served as a tenured professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago 1972 1991 and at Ohio State University 1991 2008 where for 16 years he directed the developmental disabilities center at Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Reiss died 28 October 2016 at age 69 1 Anxiety disorders editReiss led the research team that discovered anxiety sensitivity eventually overcoming fierce opposition to his idea that the fear of fear arises from beliefs about the consequences of anxiety and not just from Pavlovian associations with panic attacks 2 3 In the 1990s anxiety sensitivity became one of the most widely studied and important topics in clinical psychology with more than 1 800 published studies It changed how therapists evaluate and treat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 4 and Panic Disorder 5 disorders that affect 10 million Americans Therapists now treat anxiety sensitivity cognitions they had erroneously dismissed as unimportant Anxiety sensitivity sometimes predicts anxiety disorders before clinical symptoms can be observed thereby creating new opportunities for prevention research Reiss introduced the term anxiety sensitivity defined the construct in terms of an information processing model mentored graduate students who went on to study the construct and wrote the Anxiety Sensitivity Index which is widely used in the assessment of anxiety disorders 3 Developmental disabilities editReiss was an authority on dual diagnosis or the co occurrence of mental illness and intellectual disabilities 6 About one million Americans have a dual diagnosis but in severe form the prevalence is closer to about 200 000 people many of whom also have autism citation needed In 1980 Reiss founded an outpatient clinic for dual diagnosis in the Chicago metropolitan area 7 one of the first outpatient programs for dual diagnosis in the nation Mental health professionals cited the success of this clinic to help justify and fund hundreds of new psychiatric services in North America and Europe citation needed Reiss introduced the term diagnostic overshadowing to refer to the tendency to overlook the mental health needs of people with developmental disabilities 8 In 1987 he organized the first international conference on the mental health aspects of intellectual disabilities The director of the National Institute of Mental Health convened an ad hoc panel to fast track funding for Reiss s conference In 1987 Reiss also published the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior which became the leading method in North America for screening for dual diagnosis 9 The tool greatly reduced the cost of identifying service needs for many thousands of people with a dual diagnosis This was followed by a children s version the Reiss Scales in 1994 10 In 1998 Reiss and Ohio State University professor Michael Aman convened a panel of 105 physicians and scientists from ten nations to write a consensus handbook of best practices aimed at reducing the abuse of psychiatric overmedication 11 Reiss was among the scientists therapists and advocates who replaced custodial institutional care with community supports and appropriate education Although his efforts were concentrated on dual diagnosis he also served on official classification and terminology committees advocated nationally to lessen discrimination for organ transplant operations and helped build the Human Development Institute in Chicago He received the 2008 Distinguished Research Award from the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities AAIDD the 2006 Frank J Menolascino Award for Career Research from the National Association on Dual Diagnosis the 1991 Distinguished Award for Career Research from the Arc of the United States and the 1987 Distinguished Services Award from AAIDD citation needed Intrinsic motivation editPrevious scholars answered the question What makes people tick by observing primitive tribes studying the unconscious mind or through philosophical inquiry Reiss and his colleagues executed the first citation needed large scale cross cultural scientific research surveys of what people say motivates them More than 6 000 people from four continents were assessed The results identified 16 psychological needs or basic desires goals common to everyone and deeply rooted in human nature According to the study everyone embraces the 16 basic desires but individuals prioritize them differently 12 Reiss wrote the Reiss Motivation Profile psychological tool to assess what motivates a person 13 In two books Reiss applied these concepts to a new method of life coaching 13 14 His methods have been used for leadership training and conflict resolution by multinational companies such as Comcast Kraft Chrysler and Siemens citation needed Reiss created an international network of seven training institutes located in Europe and Asia to train business consultants in his methods of life coaching Reiss applied the 16 basic desires to assessing academic underachievement and motivating students 15 Many public schools located throughout the United States use the Reiss School Motivation Profile assessment tool citation needed In 2000 and 2004 Reiss first presented his scientific theory of what motivates religious experiences and practices 16 17 This theory holds that all religious experiences express one or more of the 16 basic desires Reiss and colleague James Wiltz published a seminal and widely publicized study on the popularity of reality television based on the 16 basic desires 18 This work was discussed on BBC television in the UK Peter Boltersdorf a German coach applied Reiss s 16 basic desires to a comprehensive analysis of sports psychology 19 Boltersdorf s clients have won an Olympic Gold Medal Mathias Steiner weightlifting Beijing and a world championship handball 2007 Reiss was a critic of the social psychology attack on the profit motive He exposed flaws in the underlying science and the failure to consider contradictory data 20 21 Reiss argued that the so called undermining effect of extrinsic reward on intrinsic motivation is actually a trivial distraction effect i e the reward mechanism distracts people from the task at hand of no scientific significance Psychology of religious experiences editIn October 2015 Reiss published The 16 Strivings for God the book length treatment of his theory on the psychology of religious experiences 22 In this work Reiss proposed a peer reviewed original theory of mysticism asceticism spiritual personality and religious beliefs and practices Reiss theory of the psychology of religious experiences provides a link between personality motivation and the often contradictory teachings and practices of the world s religions Unlike previous theories that posit a single source and essence of religion such as fear of death mysticism sacredness communal bonding magic or peak experiences Reiss presented detailed support for his theory that religion is about the values motivated by the sixteen basic desires of human nature In The 16 Strivings for God Reiss develops the theory that people embrace religion because it provides them with opportunities to satisfy all 16 basic desires both in strong form and in weak form For example a person with a weak basic desire for social contact might be attracted to religious retreats while a person with a strong basic desire for social contact might be attracted to religious festivals A person with a weak basic desire for vengeance might be attracted to passages in scriptures that speak of peace and forgiveness while a person with a strong basic desire for vengeance might be attracted to passages that speak of revenge References edit Steven Reiss Obituary Columbus Dispatch 13 November 2016 Retrieved 19 February 2017 Reiss Steven June 1980 Pavlovian conditioning and human fear An expectancy model Behavior Therapy 11 3 380 396 doi 10 1016 S0005 7894 80 80054 2 a b Reiss Steven Peterson Rolf A Gursky David M McNally Richard J 1986 Anxiety sensitivity anxiety frequency and the prediction of fearfulness Behaviour Research and Therapy 24 1 1 8 doi 10 1016 0005 7967 86 90143 9 PMID 3947307 Marshall Grant N Miles Jeremy N V Stewart Sherry H February 2010 Anxiety Sensitivity and PTSD Symptom Severity Are Reciprocally Related Evidence From a Longitudinal Study of Physical Trauma Survivors Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119 1 American Psychological Association 143 150 doi 10 1037 a0018009 PMC 2820125 PMID 20141251 McNally Richard J 15 November 2002 Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder Biological Psychiatry 52 10 938 946 doi 10 1016 S0006 3223 02 01475 0 PMID 12437935 S2CID 28127437 Reiss Steven Levitan Grant W McNally Richard J 1982 Emotionally disturbed mentally retarded people An underserved population American Psychologist 37 4 American Psychological Association 361 367 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 37 4 361 PMID 7103238 Reiss S Trenn E 1984 Consumer demand for outpatient mental health services for people with mental retardation Mental Retardation 22 3 112 6 PMID 6727643 Reiss S Szyszko J 1983 Diagnostic overshadowing and professional experience with mentally retarded persons American Journal of Mental Deficiency 87 4 396 402 PMID 6829617 Reiss S 1990 The development of a screening measure for psychopathology in people with mental retardation In E Dibble and D B Gray eds Assessment of behavior problems in persons with mental retardation living in the community pp 107 118 Rockville MD National Institute of Mental Health Corcoran Jacqueline Walsh Joseph 2010 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice Oxford University Press p 62 ISBN 978 0 19 974146 5 Retrieved 14 November 2016 Reiss S amp Aman M G Eds 1998 Psychotropic medications and developmental disabilities The international consensus handbook Columbus OH The Ohio State University Nisonger Center 368 pp Reiss Steven Havercamp Susan M 1998 Toward a comprehensive assessment of fundamental motivation Factor structure of the Reiss Profiles Psychological Assessment 10 2 97 106 doi 10 1037 1040 3590 10 2 97 a b Reiss S 2000 Who Am I The 16 basic desires that motivate our actions and define our personalities Tarcher Putnum Reiss S 2008 The Normal Personality A New Way of Thinking about People Cambridge University Press Reiss Steven 2009 Six Motivational Reasons for Low School Achievement Child amp Youth Care Forum 38 4 219 225 doi 10 1007 s10566 009 9075 9 S2CID 53583037 Reiss Steven 2004 The Sixteen Strivings for God Zygon 39 2 303 320 doi 10 1111 j 1467 9744 2004 00575 x Reiss Steven 2000 Why People Turn to Religion A Motivational Analysis Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 39 1 47 52 doi 10 1111 0021 8294 00004 JSTOR 1387926 Reiss Steven Wiltz James 2004 Why People Watch Reality TV Media Psychology 6 4 363 378 doi 10 1207 s1532785xmep0604 3 S2CID 1235553 Reiss Steven Wiltz James Sherman Michael 2001 Trait motivational correlates of athleticism Personality and Individual Differences 30 7 1139 1145 doi 10 1016 S0191 8869 00 00098 2 Reiss Steven Sushinsky Leonard W 1975 Overjustification competing responses and the acquisition of intrinsic interest Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31 6 1116 1125 doi 10 1037 h0076936 Reiss S 2013 Myths of Intrinsic Motivation Columbus OH IDS Publishing Corporation Reiss Steven 2015 The Sixteen Strivings for God Mercer University Press ISBN 978 0881465570 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Steven Reiss amp oldid 1182871864, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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