Steiner point (triangle)

In triangle geometry, the Steiner point is a particular point associated with a triangle.^[1] It is a triangle center^[2] and it is designated as the center X(99) in Clark Kimberling's Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers. Jakob Steiner (1796–1863), Swiss mathematician, described this point in 1826. The point was given Steiner's name by Joseph Neuberg in 1886.^[2][3]

Definition

 

Construction of the Steiner point.

  Triangle ABC

  Triangle A'B'C' (Brocard triangle of ABC)

  Circumcircle of triangle ABC, centered at O

  Brocard circle of triangle ABC

Lines concurring at the Steiner point:

  L_A: line through A parallel to B'C'

  L_B: line through B parallel to C'A'

  L_C: line through C parallel to A'B'

The Steiner point is defined as follows. (This is not the way in which Steiner defined it.^[2])

Let ABC be any given triangle. Let O be the circumcenter and K be the symmedian point of triangle ABC. The circle with OK as diameter is the Brocard circle of triangle ABC. The line through O perpendicular to the line BC intersects the Brocard circle at another point A'. The line through O perpendicular to the line CA intersects the Brocard circle at another point B'. The line through O perpendicular to the line AB intersects the Brocard circle at another point C'. (The triangle A'B'C' is the Brocard triangle of triangle ABC.) Let L_A be the line through A parallel to the line B'C', L_B be the line through B parallel to the line C'A' and L_C be the line through C parallel to the line A'B'. Then the three lines L_A, L_B and L_C are concurrent. The point of concurrency is the Steiner point of triangle ABC.

In the Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers the Steiner point is defined as follows;

 

Alternative construction of the Steiner point

Let ABC be any given triangle. Let O be the circumcenter and K be the symmedian point of triangle ABC. Let l_A be the reflection of the line OK in the line BC, l_B be the reflection of the line OK in the line CA and l_C be the reflection of the line OK in the line AB. Let the lines l_B and l_C intersect at A″, the lines l_C and l_A intersect at B″ and the lines l_A and l_B intersect at C″. Then the lines AA″, BB″ and CC″ are concurrent. The point of concurrency is the Steiner point of triangle ABC.

Trilinear coordinates

The trilinear coordinates of the Steiner point are given below.

${\displaystyle bc/(b^{2}-c^{2}):ca/(c^{2}-a^{2}):ab/(a^{2}-b^{2})}$ 

${\displaystyle =b^{2}c^{2}\csc(b-C):c^{2}a^{2}\csc(c-a):a^{2}b^{2}\csc(a-b)}$ 

Properties

1. The Steiner circumellipse of triangle ABC, also called the Steiner ellipse, is the ellipse of least area that passes through the vertices A, B and C. The Steiner point of triangle ABC lies on the Steiner circumellipse of triangle ABC.
2. Canadian mathematician Ross Honsberger stated the following as a property of Steiner point: The Steiner point of a triangle is the center of mass of the system obtained by suspending at each vertex a mass equal to the magnitude of the exterior angle at that vertex.^[4] The center of mass of such a system is in fact not the Steiner point, but the Steiner curvature centroid, which has the trilinear coordinates ${\displaystyle \left({\frac {\pi -A}{a}}:{\frac {\pi -B}{b}}:{\frac {\pi -C}{c}}\right)}$ .^[5] It is the triangle center designated as X(1115) in Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers.
3. The Simson line of the Steiner point of a triangle ABC is parallel to the line OK where O is the circumcenter and K is the symmmedian point of triangle ABC.

Tarry point

 

The line through A perpendicular to B'C', the line through B perpendicular to C'A', and the line through C perpendicular to A'B' concur at the Tarry point.

The Tarry point of a triangle is closely related to the Steiner point of the triangle. Let ABC be any given triangle. The point on the circumcircle of triangle ABC diametrically opposite to the Steiner point of triangle ABC is called the Tarry point of triangle ABC. The Tarry point is a triangle center and it is designated as the center X(98) in Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers. The trilinear coordinates of the Tarry point are given below:

${\displaystyle \sec(A+\omega ):\sec(B+\omega ):\sec(C+\omega )=f(a,b,c):f(b,c,a):f(c,a,b)}$ 

where ω is the Brocard angle of triangle ABC

and ${\displaystyle f(a,b,c)={\frac {bc}{b^{4}+c^{4}-a^{2}b^{2}-a^{2}c^{2}}}}$ 

Similar to the definition of the Steiner point, the Tarry point can be defined as follows:

Let ABC be any given triangle. Let A'B'C' be the Brocard triangle of triangle ABC. Let L_A be the line through A perpendicular to the line B'C', L_B be the line through B perpendicular to the line C'A' and L_C be the line through C perpendicular to the line A'B'. Then the three lines L_A, L_B and L_C are concurrent. The point of concurrency is the Tarry point of triangle ABC.

References

1. Paul E. Black. "Steiner point". Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures. U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
2. Kimberling, Clark. "Steiner point". Retrieved 17 May 2012.
3. J. Neuberg (1886). "Sur le point de Steiner". Journal de mathématiques spéciales: 29.
4. Honsberger, Ross (1965). Episodes in nineteenth and twentieth century Euclidean geometry. The Mathematical Association of America. pp. 119–124.
5. Eric W., Weisstein. "Steiner Curvature Centroid". MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. Retrieved 17 May 2012.