Twenty-five (card game)
Twenty-five is the Irish national card game, which also underlies the Canadian game of Forty-fives. Charles Cotton describes it in 1674 as "Five Fingers", a nickname applied to the Five of Trumps extracted from the fact that the Irish word cúig means both 'five' and 'trick'.[1] It is supposed to be of great antiquity, and widely believed to have originated in Ireland, although "its venerable ancestor", Maw,[2] of which James I of England was very fond, is a Scottish game.[3]
A hand of five cards from an Irish deck | |
| Origin | Scotland (Maw) and Ireland (Twenty-five) |
|---|---|
| Type | Trick-taking |
| Players | 3–8 |
| Skills | Tactics & Strategy |
| Cards | 52 |
| Deck | French |
| Play | Clockwise |
| Playing time | 25 min. |
| Chance | Medium |
| Related games | |
| Forty-five | |
Name
The game goes under a variety of names and spellings including Spoil Five,[4] Spoil-Five,[5] Spoilt Five and Five and Ten.[6]
History
The earliest records of the Scottish game of Maw date from 1550 and then frequently up to about 1650.[7]
Twenty-five, or Spoil Five was the name under which Maw resurfaced during the 19th century.[7] It is considered as the national card game of Ireland and is related to the Spanish game of ombre. Twenty-five has also been known as Maw by the British King James I; it was only later called Spoil Five as a result of its objective to stop the five of trumps. The Canadian game of Forty-fives derives from Twenty-five.[5]
Object
Edmund Hoyle in his The Complete Gamester describes it as Five-cards. In the game of Five Cards, for example, when played by only two persons, Five and Ten, the card second in value is stated to be the ace of hearts, instead of the knave of trumps.[8]
Spoil Five or Twenty-five, is a member of one of the most common families of card games based on this pattern: each player receives five cards, or six or nine, and another is turned up to fix the trump suit. The object of the play is to win one trick, or at least three of five.
The game is played by 2–8 persons, five being the best number. When three play at this game, it is still necessary that one of them should win the three tricks in order to make a Five, as the stakes must remain for the next game if two of the players get two tricks each, and the other one. If the party consists of four, they play in two partnerships, which are determined by cutting the cards, the two lowest playing against the two highest, or by agreement among the parties. When six people play, it is usual to play in three partnerships, and when eight people play, in four.
Preliminaries
A full pack of 52 cards is used and each player receives five cards, dealt in pairs and triplets, being the next card on the top of the pack turned up for trumps. Each player starts with a prearranged amount, which may be of 20 chips or counters, and puts up one chip upon the table to form a pool. The pool is usually limited to a certain maximum, which once reached there is no further subscription, though each dealer is required to "tit-up" the pool.[9]
The turn to deal and play always passes to the left, and after the first hand, each player deals in rotation. Where the game is strictly played, the person who misdeals, or who departs from the order with which the game began, of dealing either the three or the two cards first, forfeits his stake. Stack the rest face down, turning the topmost card for trumps.
Robbing
If the turn-up is an ace, the dealer may "rob the trump" by putting out, face downwards, any card from his hand and take in the ace, but the trump suit remains unaltered. Similarly, a player who holds the ace of trumps may himself rob the trump at any time before playing to the first trick, putting out any card and taking in the turn-up, but need not disclose the fact until it is his turn to play. If the holder of the trump ace does not wish to rob, and does not announce the fact that he holds it before playing to the first trick, then, whenever he does play it, it counts as the lowest trump. A player who fails to rob cannot go out that hand. The card put out may not be seen. Robbing must take place before the first player on the dealer's left leads. Some players make "robbing" optional.[10]
Ranking of cards
Trump diamonds 5♦ J♦ A♥ A♦ K♦ Q♦ 10♦ 9♦ 8♦ 7♦ 6♦ 4♦ 3♦ 2♦ Trump hearts 5♥ J♥ A♥ K♥ Q♥ 10♥ 9♥ 8♥ 7♥ 6♥ 4♥ 3♥ 2♥ Off-suit diamonds K♦ Q♦ J♦ 10♦ 9♦ 8♦ 7♦ 6♦ 5♦ 4♦ 3♦ 2♦ A♦ Off-suit hearts K♥ Q♥ J♥ 10♥ 9♥ 8♥ 7♥ 6♥ 5♥ 4♥ 3♥ 2♥ Trump clubs 5♣ J♣ A♥ A♣ K♣ Q♣ 2♣ 3♣ 4♣ 6♣ 7♣ 8♣ 9♣ 10♣ Trump spades 5♠ J♠ A♥ A♠ K♠ Q♠ 2♠ 3♠ 4♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠ Off-suit clubs K♣ Q♣ J♣ A♣ 2♣ 3♣ 4♣ 5♣ 6♣ 7♣ 8♣ 9♣ 10♣ Off-suit spades K♠ Q♠ J♠ A♠ 2♠ 3♠ 4♠ 5♠ 6♠ 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠
So it will be seen that when diamonds are not trump, the A♦ is the worst card in the pack; when diamonds are trump it is the fourth best card in the game. When hearts are trumps, there is no second ace in the trump ranking, and whether trumps or not, the 2♣ or 2♠ is better than all plain cards in their respective suit.
The play
The player on the dealer's left leads first. Players must follow suit whenever possible, and the highest card of the suit led or, if a trump is played, the highest trump wins the trick. You must lead with a trump if there are 5 or more players. Each player must follow suit when trump is led, under the penalty of forfeiting his stake, except in the case of the three best trump cards, the 5 and J of trumps and the A♥, each of which is privileged to renege. If a player takes three tricks he wins the game. If no one succeeds there is a spoil, and a fresh stake, smaller than the original one as a rule, is put into the pool for the next round.
Reneging
When trumps are led, the 5 and J of trumps, and the A♥, need not be played. This is called reneging (colloquially, "rejigging"). The 5 may always renege: if it is led, no card can renege. The J may renege if the 5 is played, not led. Only the 5 can renege to the J led. The A♥ can renege to any inferior card. If hearts are not trumps and the A♥ is led, a trump must be played if possible; if not, it is not necessary to play a heart.
Jinking
At Spoil Five a player winning the first three tricks straight off may claim the pool without further play. If however, he leads to the fourth trick (described as "jinking"), he thereby is obliged to win all five. If he elects to jink and fails, he cannot score during that hand. A player who jinks, if jinking is agreed upon, receives an extra stake all around.
Pay-off
If no one wins the three tricks, or if a player jinked and failed to win all five, the game is said to have been "spoiled". Everyone then adds another chip to the pool, which is carried forward to the next deal. Otherwise, whoever took three tricks wins the pool, with an additional chip from each opponent if he took all five.
Strategy
If the elder hand has a certain five, that is to say, if he holds three cards which will each take a trick, he ought to play them, as there is a great probability, if his two remaining cards are tolerable, that he may get the whole five, and thus win a double stake. But if he holds only indifferent cards, the best method is to throw the lead into his opponent's hand by playing an inferior card, in the hope of regaining it at the third trick, which is the critical stage of the game; and as three tricks constitute a five equally as four, it is reckoned better play to reserve the best cards till the third trick, than to risk the game by eagerness to secure the first two.
Variants
Twenty-five and Forty-five are varieties of Spoil-five and they are played for either of these numbers. The main feature between these two varieties and the game of Spoil Five is that there is no Spoil. Each trick counts five to the maker and the trick made by the highest trump out scores ten. If a player gets out before that trump is played, he wins the game all the same. The winning of all five tricks is called a jink and the player who jinks wins the game whether played for twenty-five or forty-five points.
See also
- Ombre, related Spanish card game
- The Revells of Christendome
References
- ^ David Parlett, Oxford Dictionary of Card Games, p. 284, Oxford University Press (1996), ISBN 0-19-869173-4
- ^ Maw and Spoil Five rules
- ^ Parlett, David (1991). A History of Card Games, Oxford: OUP. pp. 54, 55 and 188
- ^ Hoffmann (1891), pp. 244 ff.
- ^ a b "Twenty-five (card game)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
- ^ William Brisbane Dick, The modern pocket Hoyle: containing all the games of skill and chance, p. 191-193, Dick and Fitzgerald, NY (1868)
- ^ a b Maw at parlettgames.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
- ^ George Henry Lewes, John Morley, Thomas Hay Sweet Escott, The Fortnightly, vol. 2, p. 196, Chapman & Hall, London (1865)
- ^ Edmond Hoyle, Lawrence Hawkins Dawson, The complete Hoyle's games, p. 143, Wordsworth Editions (1994), ISBN 1-85326-316-8
- ^ Professor Hoffmann, The Cyclopaedia of Card and Table Games, p. 247, London, (1891)
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Spoil-five". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
- The Little Giant Encyclopedia of Card Games at Google Books
- Two Card Games from Tudor England and How to Play Them - History and rules of Maw.