Spirit Mound Historic Prairie
Spirit Mound Historic Prairie is a state park of South Dakota, USA, featuring a prominent hill on the Great Plains. The Plains Indians of the region considered Spirit Mound the home of dangerous spirits or little people; members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition climbed it on August 25, 1804. The park was established in 2002.[2] It is located about 6.5 miles (10.5 km) north of Vermillion, South Dakota.[3]
| Spirit Mound Historic Prairie | |
|---|---|
Spirit Mound | |
Location of Spirit Mound Historic Prairie in South Dakota | |
| Location | Clay, South Dakota, United States |
| Nearest city | Vermillion, South Dakota |
| Coordinates | 42°52′28″N 96°57′33″W / 42.87444°N 96.95917°WCoordinates: 42°52′28″N 96°57′33″W / 42.87444°N 96.95917°W |
| Area | 320 acres (130 ha) |
| Elevation | 1,280 ft (390 m)[1] |
| Established | 2001 |
| Governing body | South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks |
Spirit Mound
Stories and religious beliefs about "Little People" are common to many if not most Native American tribes in the West.[4][5][6] In 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition stayed for a time with a band of Wičhíyena Sioux on the Vermillion River in modern-day South Dakota. On August 25, Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and 10 other men traveled about 9 miles (14 km) north of the river's junction with the Missouri River to see the "mountain of the Little People".[7] Lewis wrote in his journal that the Little People were "deavals" (devils) with very large heads, about 18 inches (46 cm) high, and very alert to any intrusions into their territory.[8] The Sioux said that the devils carried sharp arrows which could strike at a very long distance, and that they killed anyone who approached their mound.[8][9] The Little People so terrified the local population, Lewis reported, that the Maha (Omaha), Ottoes (Otoe), and Sioux would not go near the place.[8] The Lakota people who came to live near the "Spirit Mound" after the Wičhíyena Sioux have a story no more than 250 years old which describes how a band of 350 warriors came near the mound late at night and were nearly wiped out by the ferocious Little People (the survivors were crippled for life).[10]
Due to extensive damming of the Missouri River, Spirit Mound is one of the few places which historians can identify as precisely a spot upon which Lewis and Clark stood.[11]
History
Spirit Mound was in private hands for many decades, leading to extensive degradation of the site's original status.[12] White settlers first came to the area in 1868, and used it for grazing livestock and for farming.[13] Five separate landowners owned parts of the site in the early 1980s.[14] More than 20 buildings, a feedlot, soybean fields, cornfields, several roads, 1,500 non-native trees, and 5 miles (8.0 km) of fence dotted the site.[14]
Several local citizens formed the Spirit Mound Trust in 1986 in an attempt to preserve the site.[14][15] The group received funding boosts and publicity with the 1996 publication of the book Undaunted Courage (about the Lewis and Clark Expedition) and the 1997 Ken Burns documentary Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery.[16] After years of lobbying, the federal government's Land and Water Conservation Fund provided $600,000 to acquire the site.[17] The donation required that the State of South Dakota establish the site as a state park, while the Spirit Mound Trust would restore it, provide interpretational signage and tours, and raise $500,000 for the site's long-term preservation.[16] The 320-acre (130 ha) site was purchased from the private landowners in 2001.[18] On July 29, 2001, Senator Tim Johnson presented a symbolic check for $600,000 for the purchase of Spirit Mound and the surrounding land.[19]
In 2004 the United States Department of the Interior designated the trail leading to the summit of Spirit Mound as a National Recreation Trail.[20]
The Spirit Mound Creek runs right past the Mound, on its southern side.[21]
Some controversy has surrounded the establishment of the state park. In 2001 a few local Native American leaders expressed dismay that a site sacred and terrifying to local tribes would be treated as a "fun" place to visit.[22]
See also
References
- ^ "Spirit Mound". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1980-02-13. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
- ^ Sapp, Methea; Enright, Kelly; Nichols, Terri; Ney, Jason; and Dreese, Donelle N. America's Natural Places. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood/ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 102.
- ^ McMacken, Robin. The Dakotas: Off the Beaten Path. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press, 2008, p. 44.
- ^ Saindon, Robert A. "Lewis and Clark and the Legend of the 'Little People'." In Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark. Robert A. Saindon, ed. Great Falls, Mont.: Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, 2003, p. 478.
- ^ Plenty Coups and Linderman, Frank Bird. Plenty-Coups, Chief of the Crows. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 2002, p. 23.
- ^ Lawrence, Edward. Mysteries and Legends of Montana: True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained. Helena, Mont.: Twodot, 1997, p. 17.
- ^ Saindon, "Lewis and Clark and the Legend of the 'Little People'," in Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark, 2003, p. 479-480.
- ^ a b c Lewis, Meriwether and Clark, William. The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, Vol. 3: August 25, 1804 – April 6, 1805. Gary E. Moulton, ed. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1987, p. 505.
- ^ Lawrence, Mysteries and Legends of Montana: True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained, 1997, p. 18.
- ^ Saindon, "Lewis and Clark and the Legend of the 'Little People'," in Explorations Into the World of Lewis and Clark, 2003, p. 481.
- ^ Fanselow, Julie. Traveling the Lewis and Clark Trail. Guilford, Conn.: Falcon Guides, 2007, p. 72.
- ^ Sioux City Journal, "Is Spirit Mound shrinking?," by Michele Linck (November 7th, 2010 - retrieved on November 6th, 2013).
- ^ Wilson, Norma C. "Grass Dance Special for Spirit Mound." Spirit Mound Trust News. 2005.
- ^ a b c "In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark." Lewis and Clark - Spirit Mound Trust News. 2003.
- ^ Harriman, Peter. "Federal Money Boosts Spirit Mound." Sioux Falls Argus Leader. April 22, 2001.
- ^ a b "Spirit Mound Trust History." No date. Accessed 2010-09-02.
- ^ "Lewis and Clark Exploration Site Gets Federal Money for Restoration." Associated Press. October 21, 1998.
- ^ "Spirit Mound Land Has Been Purchased." Associated Press. April 21, 2001.
- ^ Morast, Robert. "Ceremony Marks Purchase by State." Sioux Falls Argus Leader. July 30, 2001.
- ^ Heisinger, Jim. "National Designation for Spirit Mound Summit Trail." Spirit Mound Trust News. 2004.
- ^ Aliens in American History: Book I - Spirit Mound, by John Clark Craig and E.J. Thornton, Phenomenon Publishing, 2011 (page 50).
- ^ "Some American Indians Not Pleased With Plans for Spiritual Site." Associated Press. April 6, 2001.
External links
- Spirit Mound Historic Prairie
- Spirit Mound Trust
- Spirit Mound - Missouri National Recreational River
- Spirit Mound--Lewis and Clark Expedition (National Park Service)