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Spiny mouse

April 16, 2024

The term spiny mouse refers to any species of rodent within the genus Acomys.[1] Similar in appearance to mice of the genus Mus, spiny mice are small mammals with bare tails which contain osteoderms, a rare feature in mammals.[2] Their coats are endowed with unusually stiff guard hairs similar to the spines of a hedgehog; this trait is the source of the common name, spiny mouse.

Spiny mouse
Temporal range: Early Pliocene – Recent
Eastern spiny mouse (Acomys dimidiatus)
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Muridae
Subfamily: Deomyinae
Genus: Acomys
I. Geoffroy, 1838
Type species
Mus cahirinus
Species

21, see text

Despite their anatomic similarity to members of the genus Mus, genetic evidence suggests that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice.[3]

Classification edit

Genus Acomys – spiny mice

As exotic pets edit

 
Desiccated spiny mouse (Acomys) corpse. Note the shorted tail, probably the result of a degloving injury.

Though African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa, they are frequently kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world, particularly Western nations such as the United States. In the pet trade, they are most commonly referred to as Egyptian spiny mice or, more simply, spiny mice. Though these animals are similar to pet mice and rats, the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate. Therefore, the spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury. Their diet is also rather hard to maintain because their bodies have odd reactions to certain foods.

Housing edit

Due to their desert origin, spiny mice thrive at hot temperatures and should be maintained around 27 °C (81 °F). These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible. As spiny mice are prone to obesity, it is important to provide ample space and environmental enrichment to encourage exercise.

Reproduction edit

Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days. Litters normally consist of 2 to 3 pups, but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter. Other females within the social group may assist in the birthing process and tend to the newborns. Pups are born with their eyes open; they will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age. Babies are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks. A female can conceive throughout the year and may produce up to 9 litters in a year. Lifespan for spiny mice is 4 to 7 years. The mother is able to become pregnant right after birth.[4][5]

One species of spiny mouse, the Cairo spiny mouse (A. cahirinus), was discovered to have a menstrual cycle, which would make them important as a model organism to study menstruation and reproductive disorders, as Mus musculus, the common laboratory mouse, does not menstruate.[6]

Diabetes edit

Captive housing of spiny mice in the mid-1960s uncovered their sensitivity to developing diabetes.[7] That is, spiny mice were kept as pets and maintained on bird food consisting of fat-rich pumpkin, sesame, and sunflower seeds. This diet was associated with obesity, glucosuria, and ketosis. Further studies, in the Institute of Biochemistry in Geneva, revealed that spiny mice manifest low insulin secretion capacity, low response to glucose, and faint first-phase insulin release, despite pancreatic islet hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Notably, they do not show the common symptom of insulin resistance. A. russatus is not known to develop symptoms of diabetes under a similar diet.

Autotomy and tissue regeneration edit

All studied species of spiny mice, Acomys kempi, A. percivali, A. cahirinus, A. dimidiatus, and A. russatus, are capable of autotomic release of skin upon being captured by a predator. To date, spiny mice are the only mammals known to do so.[8] They can completely regenerate the automatically released or otherwise damaged skin tissue – regrowing hair follicles, skin, sweat glands, fur and cartilage with little or no scarring. It is believed that the corresponding regeneration genes could also function in humans.[9]

In a research article published on May 16, 2017, in eLife, a team from the University of Kentucky described the role of macrophages in epimorphic regeneration.[10] The subtype of macrophages found in African spiny mice produces a different immune response than the subtype that elicits scarring.

Disease edit

Because spiny mice are highly prevalent throughout Africa and rodents are known to be carriers of disease, an investigation into whether spiny mice may carry disease was done in Egypt in 1912.[11] In this investigation it was determined that Acomys harbored only a tenth of the number of fleas that wild rats do and is thus of little importance of spreading disease.

References edit

  1. ^ Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Genus Acomys". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1194–1201. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Maden, Malcolm; Polvadore, Trey; Polanco, Arod; Barbazuk, W. Brad; Stanley, Edward (2023-05-24). "Osteoderms in a mammal the spiny mouse Acomys and the independent evolution of dermal armor". iScience. 26 (6). Bibcode:2023iSci...26j6779M. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106779. PMC 10291248. PMID 37378333.
  3. ^ Steppan, S.; Adkins, R.; Anderson, J. (2004). "Phylogeny and Divergence-Date Estimates of Rapid Radiations in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes". Systematic Biology. 53 (4): 533–553. doi:10.1080/10635150490468701. PMID 15371245.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-12-06. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
  5. ^ The Oregon Zoo
  6. ^ Bellofiore, N.; et al. (January 1, 2017). "First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 216 (1): 40.e1–40.e11. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.041. PMID 27503621. S2CID 88779. originally published with the same authors as Bellofiore, N.; Ellery, S.; Mamrot, J.; Walker, D.; Temple-Smith, P.; Dickinson, H. (June 3, 2016). "First evidence of a menstruating rodent: the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus)". bioRxiv. 216 (1): 40.e1–40.e11. doi:10.1101/056895. PMID 27503621.
  7. ^ Shafrir, Eleazar; Ziv, Ehud; Kalman, Rony (2006). "Nutritionally Induced Diabetes in Desert Rodents as Models of Type 2 Diabetes: Acomys cahirinus (Spiny Mice) and Psammomys obesus (Desert Gerbil)". ILAR Journal. 47 (3): 212–24. doi:10.1093/ilar.47.3.212. PMID 16804196.
  8. ^ Seifert, A. W.; Kiama, S. G.; Seifert, M. G.; Goheen, J. R.; Palmer, T. M.; Maden, M. (2012). "Skin shedding and tissue regeneration in African spiny mice (Acomys)". Nature. 489 (7417): 561–565. Bibcode:2012Natur.489..561S. doi:10.1038/nature11499. PMC 3480082. PMID 23018966.
  9. ^ Cormier, Zoe (2012-09-26). "African spiny mice can regrow lost skin". Nature. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
  10. ^ Simkin, Jennifer; Gawriluk, Thomas R; Gensel, John C; Seifert, Ashley W (2017-05-16). "Macrophages are necessary for epimorphic regeneration in African spiny mice". eLife. 6. doi:10.7554/eLife.24623. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 5433844. PMID 28508748.
  11. ^ Petrie, G.F.; Todd, Ronald E.; Skander, Riad; Hilmy, Fouad (1924). "A report on plague investigations in Egypt". The Journal of Hygiene. 23 (2): 117–50. doi:10.1017/s0022172400008548. PMC 2167619. PMID 20474833.
  • VERHEYEN, W.; HULSELMANS, J.; WENDELEN, W.; LEIRS, H.; CORTI, M.; BACKELJAU, T.; VERHEYEN, E. (2011). "Contribution to the systematics and zoogeography of the East-African Acomys spinosissimus Peters 1852 species complex and the description of two new species (Rodentia: Muridae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3059: 1–35. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3059.1.1.

External links edit

  • ARKive –
  • List of Rodent/Lagomorph Scientific Names – Includes several species of African spiny mouse

April 16, 2024
spiny, mouse, term, spiny, mouse, refers, species, rodent, within, genus, acomys, similar, appearance, mice, genus, spiny, mice, small, mammals, with, bare, tails, which, contain, osteoderms, rare, feature, mammals, their, coats, endowed, with, unusually, stif. The term spiny mouse refers to any species of rodent within the genus Acomys 1 Similar in appearance to mice of the genus Mus spiny mice are small mammals with bare tails which contain osteoderms a rare feature in mammals 2 Their coats are endowed with unusually stiff guard hairs similar to the spines of a hedgehog this trait is the source of the common name spiny mouse Spiny mouseTemporal range Early Pliocene RecentEastern spiny mouse Acomys dimidiatus Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder RodentiaFamily MuridaeSubfamily DeomyinaeGenus AcomysI Geoffroy 1838Type speciesMus cahirinusSpecies21 see textDespite their anatomic similarity to members of the genus Mus genetic evidence suggests that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice 3 Contents 1 Classification 2 As exotic pets 2 1 Housing 2 2 Reproduction 3 Diabetes 4 Autotomy and tissue regeneration 5 Disease 6 References 7 External linksClassification editGenus Acomys spiny mice Western Saharan spiny mouse Acomys airensis Cairo spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus Chudeau s spiny mouse Acomys chudeaui Asia Minor spiny mouse Acomys cilicicus Gray spiny mouse Acomys cineraceus Eastern spiny mouse Acomys dimidiatus Fiery spiny mouse Acomys ignitus Johan s spiny mouse Acomys johannis Kemp s spiny mouse Acomys kempi Louise s spiny mouse Acomys louisae Crete spiny mouse Acomys minous Mullah spiny mouse Acomys mullah Muze spiny mouse Acomys muzei Cyprus spiny mouse Acomys nesiotes Nguru spiny mouse Acomys ngurui Percival s spiny mouse Acomys percivali Golden spiny mouse Acomys russatus Seurat s spiny mouse Acomys seurati Southern African spiny mouse Acomys spinosissimus Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus Wilson s spiny mouse Acomys wilsoniAs exotic pets edit nbsp Desiccated spiny mouse Acomys corpse Note the shorted tail probably the result of a degloving injury Though African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa they are frequently kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world particularly Western nations such as the United States In the pet trade they are most commonly referred to as Egyptian spiny mice or more simply spiny mice Though these animals are similar to pet mice and rats the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate Therefore the spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury Their diet is also rather hard to maintain because their bodies have odd reactions to certain foods Housing edit Due to their desert origin spiny mice thrive at hot temperatures and should be maintained around 27 C 81 F These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible As spiny mice are prone to obesity it is important to provide ample space and environmental enrichment to encourage exercise Reproduction edit Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days Litters normally consist of 2 to 3 pups but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter Other females within the social group may assist in the birthing process and tend to the newborns Pups are born with their eyes open they will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age Babies are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks A female can conceive throughout the year and may produce up to 9 litters in a year Lifespan for spiny mice is 4 to 7 years The mother is able to become pregnant right after birth 4 5 One species of spiny mouse the Cairo spiny mouse A cahirinus was discovered to have a menstrual cycle which would make them important as a model organism to study menstruation and reproductive disorders as Mus musculus the common laboratory mouse does not menstruate 6 Diabetes editCaptive housing of spiny mice in the mid 1960s uncovered their sensitivity to developing diabetes 7 That is spiny mice were kept as pets and maintained on bird food consisting of fat rich pumpkin sesame and sunflower seeds This diet was associated with obesity glucosuria and ketosis Further studies in the Institute of Biochemistry in Geneva revealed that spiny mice manifest low insulin secretion capacity low response to glucose and faint first phase insulin release despite pancreatic islet hypertrophy and hyperplasia Notably they do not show the common symptom of insulin resistance A russatus is not known to develop symptoms of diabetes under a similar diet Autotomy and tissue regeneration editAll studied species of spiny mice Acomys kempi A percivali A cahirinus A dimidiatus and A russatus are capable of autotomic release of skin upon being captured by a predator To date spiny mice are the only mammals known to do so 8 They can completely regenerate the automatically released or otherwise damaged skin tissue regrowing hair follicles skin sweat glands fur and cartilage with little or no scarring It is believed that the corresponding regeneration genes could also function in humans 9 In a research article published on May 16 2017 in eLife a team from the University of Kentucky described the role of macrophages in epimorphic regeneration 10 The subtype of macrophages found in African spiny mice produces a different immune response than the subtype that elicits scarring Disease editBecause spiny mice are highly prevalent throughout Africa and rodents are known to be carriers of disease an investigation into whether spiny mice may carry disease was done in Egypt in 1912 11 In this investigation it was determined that Acomys harbored only a tenth of the number of fleas that wild rats do and is thus of little importance of spreading disease References edit Musser G G Carleton M D 2005 Genus Acomys In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press pp 1194 1201 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 Maden Malcolm Polvadore Trey Polanco Arod Barbazuk W Brad Stanley Edward 2023 05 24 Osteoderms in a mammal the spiny mouse Acomys and the independent evolution of dermal armor iScience 26 6 Bibcode 2023iSci 26j6779M doi 10 1016 j isci 2023 106779 PMC 10291248 PMID 37378333 Steppan S Adkins R Anderson J 2004 Phylogeny and Divergence Date Estimates of Rapid Radiations in Muroid Rodents Based on Multiple Nuclear Genes Systematic Biology 53 4 533 553 doi 10 1080 10635150490468701 PMID 15371245 The Bristol Zoo Archived from the original on 2006 12 06 Retrieved 2006 12 11 The Oregon Zoo Bellofiore N et al January 1 2017 First evidence of a menstruating rodent the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 216 1 40 e1 40 e11 doi 10 1016 j ajog 2016 07 041 PMID 27503621 S2CID 88779 originally published with the same authors as Bellofiore N Ellery S Mamrot J Walker D Temple Smith P Dickinson H June 3 2016 First evidence of a menstruating rodent the spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus bioRxiv 216 1 40 e1 40 e11 doi 10 1101 056895 PMID 27503621 Shafrir Eleazar Ziv Ehud Kalman Rony 2006 Nutritionally Induced Diabetes in Desert Rodents as Models of Type 2 Diabetes Acomys cahirinus Spiny Mice and Psammomys obesus Desert Gerbil ILAR Journal 47 3 212 24 doi 10 1093 ilar 47 3 212 PMID 16804196 Seifert A W Kiama S G Seifert M G Goheen J R Palmer T M Maden M 2012 Skin shedding and tissue regeneration in African spiny mice Acomys Nature 489 7417 561 565 Bibcode 2012Natur 489 561S doi 10 1038 nature11499 PMC 3480082 PMID 23018966 Cormier Zoe 2012 09 26 African spiny mice can regrow lost skin Nature Retrieved 2012 09 27 Simkin Jennifer Gawriluk Thomas R Gensel John C Seifert Ashley W 2017 05 16 Macrophages are necessary for epimorphic regeneration in African spiny mice eLife 6 doi 10 7554 eLife 24623 ISSN 2050 084X PMC 5433844 PMID 28508748 Petrie G F Todd Ronald E Skander Riad Hilmy Fouad 1924 A report on plague investigations in Egypt The Journal of Hygiene 23 2 117 50 doi 10 1017 s0022172400008548 PMC 2167619 PMID 20474833 VERHEYEN W HULSELMANS J WENDELEN W LEIRS H CORTI M BACKELJAU T VERHEYEN E 2011 Contribution to the systematics and zoogeography of the East African Acomys spinosissimus Peters 1852 species complex and the description of two new species Rodentia Muridae PDF Zootaxa 3059 1 35 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3059 1 1 External links editARKive images and movies of the Asia Minor spiny mouse Acomys cilicius List of Rodent Lagomorph Scientific Names Includes several species of African spiny mouse Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spiny mouse amp oldid 1180555679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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