fbpx
Wikipedia

Mongolia–Russia relations

April 18, 2024

Mongolia–Russia relations have been traditionally strong since the Communist era, when the Soviet Union supported the Mongolian People's Republic. Mongolia and Russia remain allies in the post-communist era. Russia has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar and two consulates general (in Darkhan and Erdenet). Mongolia has an embassy in Moscow, three consulates general (in Irkutsk, Kyzyl and Ulan Ude), and a branch in Yekaterinburg. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (Russia is a participating state, while Mongolia is a partner).

Russo-Mongolian relations

Mongolia
Russia

According to a 2017 survey, 90% of Mongolians have a favorable view of Russia (38% "strongly" and 52% "somewhat" favorable), with 8% expressing a negative view (2% "strongly" and 6% "somewhat" unfavorable).[1]

Background edit

 
A group of Russian and Mongolian officials, in a photo taken following the signing of the Russo-Mongol agreement in Urga in November 1912, by which Russia cautiously recognized the autonomy of Mongolia and obtained trade concessions

Russia and Mongolia share a 3,500-kilometer border.[2] When Chinese forces attacked Mongolia in 1919 to negate its independence from China, the Russian Asiatic Cavalry Division commanded by Roman von Ungern-Sternberg helped Mongolia ward off the invasion. The Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1921 with Soviet military support and under Soviet influence.

 
Embassy of Mongolia in Moscow
 
Embassy of Russia in Ulaanbaatar

Soviet Union and the Mongolian People's Republic edit

Main article: Soviet intervention in Mongolia

The Soviet Union supported the Mongolian Revolution of 1921 which brought the Mongolian People's Party (later the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) to power[3] as the ruling party of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR), established in 1924.[4] Over the next seventy years, Mongolia "pursued policies in imitation of the devised by the USSR" as a Soviet satellite state.[4] Mongolian supreme leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan, acting under Soviet instructions, carried out a mass terror from 1936 to 1952 (see Stalinist repressions in Mongolia), with the greatest number of arrests and executions (targeting in particular the Buddhist clergy) occurring between September 1937 and November 1939.[3] Soviet influences pervaded Mongolian culture throughout the period, and schools through the nation, as well as the National University of Mongolia, emphasized Marxism-Leninism.[3] Nearly every member of the Mongolian political and technocratic elite, as well as many members of the cultural and artistic elite, were educated in the USSR or one of its Eastern European allies.[4] The Mongolian economy was heavily reliant on the Soviet bloc for electric power, trade, and investment.[4] The MPR collapsed in 1990 and the first democratically elected government took office the same year, leading to "a wedge in the previously close relationship between Mongolia and the Soviet bloc."[4] After 1992, Russian technical aid stopped, and Russia made a request to Mongolia to pay back all the aid which it had received from the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1990, a figure which the Soviets estimated at 11.6 billion transferable roubles (disputed by the Mongolians).[5]

The communist regimes of Mongolia and the USSR forged close bilateral relations and cooperation.[2][6] Both nations established close industrial and trade links, especially with the Soviet republics in Central Asia and Mongolia consistently supported the Soviet Union on international issues.[6] Mongolia sought Russian aid to allay fears of Chinese expansionism and a large number of Soviet forces were permanently deployed in Mongolia.[7] In 1986, both countries signed a treaty of peace, friendship and cooperation.[6] Mongolia sided with the Soviet Union following the Sino-Soviet split in the 1950s. Following the example of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of improving ties with the West and China, Mongolia improved its relations with the United States and China.[6] In 1989, Mongolia and the Soviet Union finalized plans for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Mongolia.[6]

Contemporary times edit

 
Russian, Mongolian and Chinese troops and military equipment parade during the Vostok 2018 military exercises.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, Mongolia's trade with Russia declined by 80% and China's relations and influence over Mongolia increased.[7] However, Russia has sought to rebuild strong relations with Mongolia in recent years to enhance its standing as a regional power.[7] In 2000, then Russian President Vladimir Putin made a landmark visit to Mongolia —the first by a Russian head of state since Leonid Brezhnev in 1974[8] and one of the first of Putin's presidency— and renewed a major bilateral treaty.[2][7] The visit and improvement in bilateral relations was popularly welcomed in Mongolia as countering China's influence.[7] Russia lowered the prices of oil and energy exports to Mongolia and enhanced cross-border trade.[7] The Russian government wrote off 98% of Mongolia's state debt and an agreement was signed to build an oil pipeline from Russia to China through Mongolia.[2]

In March 2022, Mongolia abstained from the UN vote to condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[9]

In September 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the Vostok-2022 [ru] military exercise in the Russian Far East. Beyond Russian troops, the exercises also included military forces from Mongolia, among others.[10]

Due to Mongolia being the signatory of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Putin could be placed under arrest by the Mongolian authorities if he sets foot on Mongolian territory. This was issued on 17 March 2023, as the ICC has issued an arrest warrant for Putin due to his alleged role of the unlawful deportation and transfer of children amidst the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[11][12]

Most prominent economic collaboration between Russia and Mongolia is the Power of Siberia 2 natural gas pipeline, construction of which is expected to begin in 2024.[13] The planned 2,600 km pipeline connecting Russia and China via Mongolia will have a capacity of 50 billion cubic meters of gas per year and could be operational by 2030, generating transit fees and gas supplies for Mongolia.

State visits edit

From Soviet and Russian leaders to Mongolia edit

From Mongolian leaders to Russia edit

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Pre-Presidential Election National Survey of Mongolian Public Opinion" (PDF). iri.org. July 23, 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d Blagov, Sergei (May 2005). . China Brief. 5 (10). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on March 22, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
  3. ^ a b c Balazs Szalontai, "From the Demolition of Monasteries to the Installation of Neon Lights: The Politics of Urban Construction in the Mongolian People's Republic" in Sites of Modernity: Asian Cities in the Transitory Moments of Trade, Colonialism, and Nationalism (ed. Wasana Wongsurawat), pp. 165-66.
  4. ^ a b c d e Morris Rossabi, Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists (University of California Press, 2005), pp. 31-37.
  5. ^ Alan J. K. Sanders, "Russia: Relations With Mongolia" in Historical Dictionary of Mongolia (3d ed.: Scarecrow Press, 2010), pp. 616-23.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Mongolia — Soviet relations". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  7. ^ a b c d e f . Eurasianet.org. 2000-11-17. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
  8. ^ Montsame News Agency. Mongolia. 2006, Foreign Service Office of Montsame News Agency, ISBN 99929-0-627-8, p. 55
  9. ^ "How Did Asian Countries Vote on the UN's Ukraine Resolution?". The Diplomat. 3 March 2022.
  10. ^ "Kremlin says Putin attends military exercises with Chinese forces". Al Jazeera. 6 September 2022.
  11. ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova". International Criminal Court. 17 March 2023. from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  12. ^ Flacks, Marti (20 March 2023). "The ICC Wants Putin. Now What?".
  13. ^ Adiya, Amar (2022-08-26). "Mongolia Maintains Neutrality After 6 Months of Ukraine War". Mongolia Weekly. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  14. ^ "Wilson Center Digital Archive".
  15. ^ "Soviet Helps Mongolia Shed Feudalism". The New York Times. 14 December 1974.
  16. ^ "Foreign heads of state, governments and international organisations participating in the celebration of the 65th Anniversary of the Victory". Presidential Press and Information Office. 9 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010. [dead link]
  17. ^ Lucy Westcott (May 9, 2015). "Russia flexes military might as foreign leaders stay away from V-E parade". Newsweek. from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Mongolia and Russia.
  • (in Russian) Documents on the Mongolia–Russia relationship at the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Diplomatic missions edit

  • (in Russian, English, and Mongolian)
  • (in Russian, English, and Mongolian) Embassy of Mongolia in Moscow

April 18, 2024
mongolia, russia, relations, have, been, traditionally, strong, since, communist, when, soviet, union, supported, mongolian, people, republic, mongolia, russia, remain, allies, post, communist, russia, embassy, ulaanbaatar, consulates, general, darkhan, erdene. Mongolia Russia relations have been traditionally strong since the Communist era when the Soviet Union supported the Mongolian People s Republic Mongolia and Russia remain allies in the post communist era Russia has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar and two consulates general in Darkhan and Erdenet Mongolia has an embassy in Moscow three consulates general in Irkutsk Kyzyl and Ulan Ude and a branch in Yekaterinburg Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe Russia is a participating state while Mongolia is a partner Russo Mongolian relationsMongolia RussiaYou can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian January 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Rossijsko mongolskie otnosheniya see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Rossijsko mongolskie otnosheniya to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation According to a 2017 survey 90 of Mongolians have a favorable view of Russia 38 strongly and 52 somewhat favorable with 8 expressing a negative view 2 strongly and 6 somewhat unfavorable 1 Contents 1 Background 2 Soviet Union and the Mongolian People s Republic 3 Contemporary times 4 State visits 4 1 From Soviet and Russian leaders to Mongolia 4 2 From Mongolian leaders to Russia 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8 1 Diplomatic missionsBackground edit nbsp A group of Russian and Mongolian officials in a photo taken following the signing of the Russo Mongol agreement in Urga in November 1912 by which Russia cautiously recognized the autonomy of Mongolia and obtained trade concessionsRussia and Mongolia share a 3 500 kilometer border 2 When Chinese forces attacked Mongolia in 1919 to negate its independence from China the Russian Asiatic Cavalry Division commanded by Roman von Ungern Sternberg helped Mongolia ward off the invasion The Mongolian People s Republic was established in 1921 with Soviet military support and under Soviet influence nbsp Embassy of Mongolia in Moscow nbsp Embassy of Russia in UlaanbaatarSoviet Union and the Mongolian People s Republic editMain article Soviet intervention in Mongolia The Soviet Union supported the Mongolian Revolution of 1921 which brought the Mongolian People s Party later the Mongolian People s Revolutionary Party to power 3 as the ruling party of the Mongolian People s Republic MPR established in 1924 4 Over the next seventy years Mongolia pursued policies in imitation of the devised by the USSR as a Soviet satellite state 4 Mongolian supreme leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan acting under Soviet instructions carried out a mass terror from 1936 to 1952 see Stalinist repressions in Mongolia with the greatest number of arrests and executions targeting in particular the Buddhist clergy occurring between September 1937 and November 1939 3 Soviet influences pervaded Mongolian culture throughout the period and schools through the nation as well as the National University of Mongolia emphasized Marxism Leninism 3 Nearly every member of the Mongolian political and technocratic elite as well as many members of the cultural and artistic elite were educated in the USSR or one of its Eastern European allies 4 The Mongolian economy was heavily reliant on the Soviet bloc for electric power trade and investment 4 The MPR collapsed in 1990 and the first democratically elected government took office the same year leading to a wedge in the previously close relationship between Mongolia and the Soviet bloc 4 After 1992 Russian technical aid stopped and Russia made a request to Mongolia to pay back all the aid which it had received from the Soviet Union from 1946 to 1990 a figure which the Soviets estimated at 11 6 billion transferable roubles disputed by the Mongolians 5 The communist regimes of Mongolia and the USSR forged close bilateral relations and cooperation 2 6 Both nations established close industrial and trade links especially with the Soviet republics in Central Asia and Mongolia consistently supported the Soviet Union on international issues 6 Mongolia sought Russian aid to allay fears of Chinese expansionism and a large number of Soviet forces were permanently deployed in Mongolia 7 In 1986 both countries signed a treaty of peace friendship and cooperation 6 Mongolia sided with the Soviet Union following the Sino Soviet split in the 1950s Following the example of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev s policy of improving ties with the West and China Mongolia improved its relations with the United States and China 6 In 1989 Mongolia and the Soviet Union finalized plans for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Mongolia 6 Contemporary times edit nbsp Russian Mongolian and Chinese troops and military equipment parade during the Vostok 2018 military exercises Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War Mongolia s trade with Russia declined by 80 and China s relations and influence over Mongolia increased 7 However Russia has sought to rebuild strong relations with Mongolia in recent years to enhance its standing as a regional power 7 In 2000 then Russian President Vladimir Putin made a landmark visit to Mongolia the first by a Russian head of state since Leonid Brezhnev in 1974 8 and one of the first of Putin s presidency and renewed a major bilateral treaty 2 7 The visit and improvement in bilateral relations was popularly welcomed in Mongolia as countering China s influence 7 Russia lowered the prices of oil and energy exports to Mongolia and enhanced cross border trade 7 The Russian government wrote off 98 of Mongolia s state debt and an agreement was signed to build an oil pipeline from Russia to China through Mongolia 2 In March 2022 Mongolia abstained from the UN vote to condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine 9 In September 2022 Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the Vostok 2022 ru military exercise in the Russian Far East Beyond Russian troops the exercises also included military forces from Mongolia among others 10 Due to Mongolia being the signatory of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Putin could be placed under arrest by the Mongolian authorities if he sets foot on Mongolian territory This was issued on 17 March 2023 as the ICC has issued an arrest warrant for Putin due to his alleged role of the unlawful deportation and transfer of children amidst the Russian invasion of Ukraine 11 12 Most prominent economic collaboration between Russia and Mongolia is the Power of Siberia 2 natural gas pipeline construction of which is expected to begin in 2024 13 The planned 2 600 km pipeline connecting Russia and China via Mongolia will have a capacity of 50 billion cubic meters of gas per year and could be operational by 2030 generating transit fees and gas supplies for Mongolia State visits editFrom Soviet and Russian leaders to Mongolia edit Leonid Brezhnev 13 15 January 1966 14 Leonid Brezhnev November 1974 15 Vladimir Putin 2000 Dmitry Medvedev 2 3 September 2009 Vladimir Putin 2 3 September 2014 Vladimir Putin 2 3 September 2019 From Mongolian leaders to Russia edit Damdin Sukhbaatar 1921 Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat 1993 Natsagiin Bagabandi 1999 Natsagiin Bagabandi 9 May 2005 Nambaryn Enkhbayar 2006 Nambaryn Enkhbayar 2008 Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj 9 May 2010 16 Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj 31 May 2011 Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj 9 May 2015 17 Khaltmaagiin Battulga 7 September 2017 Gallery edit nbsp Natsagiyn Bagabandi with Vladimir Putin in 2000 nbsp Nambaryn Enkhbayar with Vladimir Putin in 2005 nbsp Dmitry Medvedev with Tsakhiagiin Elbedorj in 2009 nbsp Khaltmaagiin Battulga with Vladimir Putin in 2017See also editBattle of Kulikovo Foreign relations of Mongolia Foreign relations of Russia Mongolia Russia border Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus References edit Pre Presidential Election National Survey of Mongolian Public Opinion PDF iri org July 23 2018 a b c d Blagov Sergei May 2005 Mongolia Drifts Away From Russia Toward China China Brief 5 10 The Jamestown Foundation Archived from the original on March 22 2007 Retrieved 2008 06 16 a b c Balazs Szalontai From the Demolition of Monasteries to the Installation of Neon Lights The Politics of Urban Construction in the Mongolian People s Republic in Sites of Modernity Asian Cities in the Transitory Moments of Trade Colonialism and Nationalism ed Wasana Wongsurawat pp 165 66 a b c d e Morris Rossabi Modern Mongolia From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists University of California Press 2005 pp 31 37 Alan J K Sanders Russia Relations With Mongolia in Historical Dictionary of Mongolia 3d ed Scarecrow Press 2010 pp 616 23 a b c d e Mongolia Soviet relations Library of Congress Retrieved 2008 06 17 a b c d e f Russia Seeks To Restore Position in Mongolia As Most Favored Neighbor Eurasianet org 2000 11 17 Archived from the original on 2017 08 31 Retrieved 2008 06 17 Montsame News Agency Mongolia 2006 Foreign Service Office of Montsame News Agency ISBN 99929 0 627 8 p 55 How Did Asian Countries Vote on the UN s Ukraine Resolution The Diplomat 3 March 2022 Kremlin says Putin attends military exercises with Chinese forces Al Jazeera 6 September 2022 Situation in Ukraine ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova Belova International Criminal Court 17 March 2023 Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 Retrieved 18 March 2023 Flacks Marti 20 March 2023 The ICC Wants Putin Now What Adiya Amar 2022 08 26 Mongolia Maintains Neutrality After 6 Months of Ukraine War Mongolia Weekly Retrieved 2022 09 25 Wilson Center Digital Archive Soviet Helps Mongolia Shed Feudalism The New York Times 14 December 1974 Foreign heads of state governments and international organisations participating in the celebration of the 65th Anniversary of the Victory Presidential Press and Information Office 9 May 2010 Retrieved 9 May 2010 dead link Lucy Westcott May 9 2015 Russia flexes military might as foreign leaders stay away from V E parade Newsweek Archived from the original on 10 May 2015 Retrieved May 10 2015 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Mongolia and Russia in Russian Documents on the Mongolia Russia relationship at the Russian Ministry of Foreign AffairsDiplomatic missions edit in Russian English and Mongolian Embassy of Russia in Ulan Batar in Russian English and Mongolian Embassy of Mongolia in Moscow Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mongolia Russia relations amp oldid 1201887105 Soviet Union and the Mongolian People s Republic, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.