Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)

Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)
Part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign of the Syrian Civil War and Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War
Map of the operation
Date 19 April^[6] – 21 May 2018^[7]^[8] (1 month and 2 days) Location Yarmouk Camp, al-Hajar al-Aswad, Qadam, and Tadamon, southern Damascus, Damascus Governorate, Syria Result Decisive Syrian Army and allies victory The Syrian Army captured the entire rebel-held pocket in south Damascus after reaching an evacuation agreement^[9] After major advances^[10]^[11] the Syrian Army reaches an evacuation agreement with ISIL^[9] Following ISIL's evacuation, the Syrian military fully took control of the capital and its nearby governorate after 6 years, successfully ending the Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign
Belligerents
Syria Palestinian Syrian militias^[1] Hezbollah^[2] Arab Nationalist Guard^[3]  Russia^[4]	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)  Wilayat Dimashq Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham  Jaysh al-Islam ^[5] Aknaf Bait al-Maqdis (remnants) ^[2]
Commanders and leaders
Hassan Yusuf Mohammad †^[12] Saed Abd Al-Aal (WIA) (Free Palestine Movement)^[13]	Unknown
Units involved
Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Army 4th Armoured Division 42nd Brigade National Shield 7th Mechanized Division 9th Armoured Division^[14] Republican Guard National Defence Forces^[1] Palestinian Syrian militias Palestine Liberation Army^[1]^[15] PFLP-GC^[1]^[13]^[16] Liwa al-Quds^[1]^[16] Fatah al-Intifada^[15]^[16] Galilee Forces^[1] Free Palestine Movement^[15] As-Sa'iqa^[2] Palestinian Popular Struggle Front^[2] Return Forces (Palestinian Hezbollah affiliate)^[2]  Russia Russian Air Force^[4]	Military of ISIL
Strength
Unknown	1,500–2,500^[17]
Casualties and losses
273 killed^[18]^[5]	233–350+ killed^[18]^[19] 19 killed^[5] 10 killed^[5]
73 civilians killed^[18]^[20]

The Southern Damascus offensive began on 19 April 2018 when the Syrian Armed Forces began to clear an enclave held by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in southern Damascus in the Yarmouk Camp.

Background

See also: Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018) and Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)

In March 2018, ISIL massacred dozens of Syrian soldiers in an offensive for al-Qadam.^[21] On 14 April, ISIL then began an offensive on the western axis of the al-Qadam neighborhood^[22] and on 15 April, ISIL's forces in the Yarmouk Camp shelled areas held by the government.^{[23][better source needed]} On the same day, the Syrian government began redeploying soldiers from East Ghouta to the area in an attempt to surround the camp.^[24][25][26]

Offensive

 

The Syrian Air Force bombs rebel positions in southern Damascus, April 2018

On 19 April, after a week of intermittent escalations, the Syrian Arab Army and allied Palestinian militias launched an offensive against the ISIL-held al-Hajar al-Aswad neighborhood and the Palestinian Yarmouk Camp. Barrages of missiles and artillery shells bombarded ISIL positions in the Yarmouk Camp, Qadam, and Tadamon districts of the ISIL pocket in more than 580 air raids, with local activists reporting at least 15 civilians killed and more than 100 wounded.^[27] The Russian air force also provided heavy support to the offensive.^[4] Following the barrages, the Syrian Army and allies stormed the western axis of al-Qadam. On 20 April, the army captured the Imam Ali mosque in Tadamon.^[28]

While state media and SOHR reported on 20 April that ISIL had agreed to surrender, fighting continued on 23 April. SOHR stated that some militants had rejected the agreement.^[29] On 22 April, it was reported that the Syrian army managed to capture Al-Zain neighborhood south of Al-Hajar Al-Aswad.^[30] The next day, two Army tanks were reportedly destroyed in the clashes^[31] which also left three pro-government Palestinian officers dead.^[31] On 24 April, the Syrian Army began dropping leaflets over Al-Hajar Al-Aswad, urging ISIL militants to surrender.^[32] The army had also reportedly entered the Joura district of al-Qadam, seizing some buildings and capturing the orchards.^[33]

The UNRWA reported around 5,000 Palestinians from Yarmouk were displaced to Yalda between 19 and 24 April, leaving 1,200 residents,^[27] although local sources reported 2,500 families^[34] or 3,000 people^[35] were still there. By 25 April, local sources said that at least 20 civilians had been killed.^[34] The UN described Yarmouk Camp as "transformed into a death camp", reporting thousands of homes and the last functioning hospital destroyed.^[36] The UK-based Action Group for Palestinians of Syria said 60% of the camp had been destroyed in the government offensive by 27 April.^[35]

On 25 April, despite facing heavy ISIL resistance, pro-government forces continued to advance on multiple axes of the pocket. Led by Republican Guard units, the Syrian Army continued their advance in the Al-Ma’edhiyah subdistrict, seizing more buildings near the Al-Asali axis.^[37]

On 26 April, the ISIL-affiliated Amaq Agency reported they killed three elements of the Syrian army including a lieutenant, while the government made limited gains in al-Hajar al-Aswad. While ISIL and SAA clashed, Tahrir al-Sham units repelled a separate SAA advance in the Yarmouk Camp.^[38]

On 27 April, ISIL shelled parts of the al-Qadam district. The SAA made additional advances in other areas in southern Damascus, 20 SAA soldiers were killed and 3 BMPs were damaged according to Amaq in the advances in al-Qadam. Another eight SAA soldiers were killed in advances in the al-Zayn neighborhood. On the same day, Syrian General Hassan Yusuf Mohammad was also killed in clashes in southern Damascus.^[12]

Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA) reported on 28 April that the SAA had fully captured al-Qadam, Mazniyeh, Asali, and Jourah.^[39] On 29 April, SANA announced that an agreement was made to evacuate Syrian opposition fighters and family members from rebel-held areas east of Yarmouk.^[40] It also announced on 30 April that an agreement to evacuate civilians and fighters from Yarmouk was reached with HTS.^[41] Evacuations began later in the day^[42] and were completed by 1 May, bringing the 15% of Yarmouk that was held by HTS under government control.^{[citation needed][43]}

On 3 May, the SAA reported it had captured Munif Al-Anidi school and the cemetery in Hajar-Al Aswad, thus successfully splitting the ISIL-held pocket into two parts.^{[citation needed]} On 4 May, Russian military police reportedly entered Beit Sahem^[44] as non-ISIL rebels continued evacuations from their previously-held areas east of Yarmouk.^[45] On 5 May, the Syrian Army and the Palestinian militia groups said they had fully captured the southern district of al-Hajar al-Aswad.^{[citation needed]} By 5 May, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced that the Syrian army controlled two-thirds of the camp.^[46]

Between 5 and 12 May, both sides suffered heavy casualties as government advances slowed due to ISIL militants being entrenched in tunnels and underground shelters. The militants had also conducted constant counter-attacks.^[47] Local sources reported pro-government airstrikes and artillery fire on Yarmouk camp and al-Hajar al-Aswad throughout 7 May, with the aim of separating the two neighbourhoods, with 500 meters of ground gained.^[48] Pro-government media reported the killing of Hezbollah's Muhammad Ahmad Hourani and wounding of war correspondent Wasim Aissa during clashes in Yarmouk.^[48]

On 16 May, a new pro-government assault on the camp with air strikes and surface-to-surface missiles, with only a few hundred, mainly elderly, residents left inside; dozens of civilians and over 100 fighters on both sides were reported killed.^[49] SOHR reported that the SAA fully captured al-Hajar-al-Aswad.^[11] On 19 May, Russian and pro-government sources reported a ceasefire between the government and ISIL,^[50] although this was denied by official government media, and busloads of ISIL fighters were reported to be evacuated by the government.^[51][52] Just after midnight on 20 May, buses entered the ISIL enclave to evacuate the ISIL fighters,^[53] while ISIL burned its bases in preparation for the withdrawal.^[54] Despite reports of some continuing clashes in the area,^[55] the first batch of militants and their family members was evacuated towards the eastern desert.^[56]

On 21 May, pro-government troops fully recaptured Yarmouk camp, as ISIL fighters pulled out to deserts east of the city, thus allowing the Syrian Arab Army to fully control the capital after 6 years.^[16][57]

Aftermath

In the month of fighting, a total of at least 73 civilians were reported killed in Yarmouk, and 7,000 people — including 6,200 Palestinians — displaced from their homes.^[16] An UNRWA spokesman said 100 to 200 civilians were estimated to still be in Yarmouk.^[57] Sheikh Mohammed al-Omari, a cleric loyal to the government, condemned government troops and allied militias for looting homes in the captured neighbourhood.^[57] According to The Economist, many Palestinians believe the government plans to redevelop Yarmouk for use by Syrians.^[58]

See also

• Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)

References

1. Leith Aboufadel (24 April 2018). . al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
2. Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi (27 April 2018). "The South Damascus Campaign: Interview with Quwat al-Sa'iqa". Retrieved 29 April 2018.
3. "24 Resistance Axis on Twitter".
4. . 20 April 2018. Archived from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
5. "Tens of raids target the south of Damascus and the regime forces manage with their allies to advance again in the south of ISIS-controlled areas". SOHR. 27 April 2018.
6. . Al Masdar News. 19 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
7. ABC News. "Syrian government declares capital fully under its control". ABC News. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
8. "Syrian army takes last insurgent area near Damascus". Reuters. 21 May 2018.
9. . Al Masdar News. 5 May 2018. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
10. . 28 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
11. "More than two weeks after losing al-Kadam neighborhood and in conjunction of losing in Yarmouk Camp, ISIS loses al-Hajar al-Aswad neighborhood completely for the regime forces and allies". SOHR. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
12. Joško Barić (26 April 2018). "– 27th of April 2018". Syrian War Daily. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
13. "Victims and large-scale destruction after the hysterical bombardment of Yarmouk camp". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
14. . Al Masdar News. 29 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
15. "11 Palestinian refugees died in the ongoing clashes in south Damascus". Action Group for Palestinians of Syria. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
16. Osama Moussa and Tom Rollins Yarmouk, A Palestinian Tragedy Plays Out In Syria, Mada Masr, 24 May 2018
17. . Al-Masdar. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
18. "In preparation for finishing withdrawal of its members from the capital, ISIS burns its headquarters south of Damascus". SOHR. 20 May 2018.
19. . 29 April 2018. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
20. 2 killed (19 April),[1] 2 killed (27 April),[2]
    4 killed (9 May),[3] 2 killed (16 May),[4] 1 killed (18 May),[5] total of 11 reported killed in the center of Damascus
21. . Al-Masdar News. 8 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
22. . Al-Masdar News. 14 April 2018. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
23. . Syrian War Daily blog. 15 April 2018. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
24. . Al-Masdar News. 15 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
25. . www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2018.
26. . Al-Masdar News. 15 April 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
27. Farah Najjar Syria's Yarmouk camp: From a 'war on stomachs' to 'annihilation', Al-Jazeera, 24 Apr 2018
28. . Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
29. "Syrian army targets south Damascus insurgent enclave". Reuters. 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
30. "Map update: Syrian Army maintains control over key neighborhood in southern Damascus - Muraselon". Muraselon. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
31. . 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
32. "Syrian army helicopters dropping leaflets on Southern Damascus, urging ISIS fighters to surrender".
33. "Syrian War Daily – 24th of April 2018".
34. Syria regime kills 20 civilians in Yarmouk refugee camp, Middle East Monitor, 25 April 2018
35. Estimated 60 percent of Yarmouk destroyed amid violence: Group, Al-Jazeera27 April 2018
36. Raf Sanchez Palestinian refugee camp in Syria turns 'unimaginably brutal' as Assad regime drives Isil out of Yarmouk, Daily Telegraph 26 April 2018
37. . Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
38. ~ Joško Barić (26 April 2018). . Syrian War Daily. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
39. . Xinhua News Agency. 29 April 2018. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
40. "Syrian govt, rebels reach deal to evacuate fighters form Damascus area". Agence-France Presse. Dawn News Agency. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
41. "Syria announces Yarmouk camp evacuation agreement". Al Jazeera. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
42. "Parallel evacuations to begin in two besieged pockets as Syrian government moves to clear remaining rebels from capital". Syria Direct. 30 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
43. . Al Masdar News. 1 May 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
44. "Russian Military police entered Beit Sahm town in Southern Damascus".
45. . Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
46. Syrian army controls 65% of Yarmouk Refugee Camp, say Russians, Middle East Monitor 5 May 2018
47. "Syria fight against IS in Damascus stalls, dozens dead: monitor". AFP. 12 May 2018.
48. Assad’s Forces Advance in Southern Damascus, Further Regime Troops Killed, Enab Baladi, 6 May 2018
49. Josie Ensor Syrian and Russian forces launch large-scale attack on Palestinian refugee camp controlled by Isil, Daily Telegraph, 16 May 2018
50. A Ceasefire Agreement in Yarmouk Camp, Enab Baladi, 19 May 2018
51. Seth Frantzman Catastrophic destruction as Syrian regime pounds Palestinian refugee camp, Jerusalem Post, 20 May
52. Activists: ISIL fighters withdraw from Syria's Yarmouk, Al-Jazeera, 20 May 2018
53. "IS militants 'leave Damascus suburbs'". 20 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
54. "In preparation for finishing withdrawal of its members from the capital, ISIS burns its headquarters south of Damascus". Retrieved 22 May 2018.
55. . Al-Masdar. 20 May 2018. Archived from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
56. . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
57. Syrian cleric condemns 'flagrant looting' after regime captured Yarmouk, Al-Araby 24 May 2018
58. Syria is erasing the Palestinians’ largest refugee camp, The Economist, 3 May 2018