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Socialist Appeal (Britain)

February 17, 2023

Socialist Appeal is the British section of the International Marxist Tendency. It describes itself as a "Marxist organisation which stands for the socialist transformation of society." Its stated aim is to build a revolutionary leadership capable of leading the working class in a struggle against capitalism.[1]

Socialist Appeal
Founded1992
NewspaperSocialist Appeal
Youth wingMarxist Student Federation
Ideology
International affiliation
Website
www.socialist.net

It was founded by supporters of Ted Grant and Alan Woods after they were expelled from the Militant group in the early 1990s.[2][3][4][5]

Socialist Appeal is a fortnightly newspaper published by the group. Socialist Appeal also produces books, pamphlets, magazines and other Marxist educational material, sold through the Wellred Books Britain bookstore, which it operates.[6]

Socialist Appeal describes its politics as descending from Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky.[7]

Socialist Appeal and Marxist Student Federation activists at a climate change march in 2021.

In 2013, Socialist Appeal officially launched its youth wing, the Marxist Student Federation (MSF), to provide a "national platform for Marxist ideas in the student movement."[8] As of 2022, the MSF claims a presence at over 50 campuses across Britain.[9] The youth wing of Socialist Appeal focuses on political discussions at university 'Marxist Societies', as well as campaigning within the labour movement.[10]

History

Main article: Militant (Trotskyist group)

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Trotskyist Militant tendency had been a significant force within the British Labour Party.[11] At the height of its influence in the mid-to-late 1980s, Militant had three Labour MPs, control of Liverpool City Council and later initiated the campaign that they claim forced the abandonment of the Poll tax.[12][13] Grant had been one of the founders[14] and the theoretical leader of the Militant group, but he was expelled with other supporters after the 1991 debate on the Open Turn.[15]

A special conference decision to endorse the Open Turn by 93% to 7% entailed Militant supporters abandoning the entryist strategy of working within the Labour Party and leaving to form an independent organisation. The new party was initially known as Militant Labour, changing its name in 1997 to the Socialist Party in England and Wales while in Scotland Scottish Militant Labour instigated the formation of the Scottish Socialist Party.[16]

The split was caused by the Militant tendency's majority adoption of the Open Turn, Grant's continued support for the tactic of entryism within the Labour Party and what Grant and Woods claimed was the bureaucratic centralist degeneration of Militant's internal regime.[17][18] After the debate and conference decision, the Militant tendency claimed that Grant and Woods had begun a separate organisation and had split from Militant whilst Grant and Woods claimed to have been expelled.[19] The Socialist Party drew the conclusions that owing to the policies followed by Labour under Neil Kinnock, it was effectively a bourgeois political party. Conversely, supporters of Socialist Appeal argued that the Labour Party was still based on trade unions and that the Labour Party retained support in the working class.

As Labour under Tony Blair embraced the Third Way and moved away from its traditional socialist roots, most Trotskyist tendencies in Britain that employed the tactic of entrism left Labour and either ran candidates under their own banner, such as the Socialist Party, or joined electoral coalitions such as the Scottish Socialist Party or the Socialist Alliance. The Socialist Party, along with other left-wing organisations, initiated the Campaign for a New Workers' Party in 2006, arguing that trade unions should break with Labour and construct their own political formation.[20] Socialist Appeal began publishing their own journal in 1992. In 2000, the group was estimated to have around 250 supporters.[21]

In 2013, the tendency in Britain made a turn towards the student movement by launching the Marxist Student Federation.

Following the Scottish independence referendum in which Scots voted to retain the union with the rest of the United Kingdom, the International Marxist Tendency called for "the building of those forces on the left in Scotland, on a revolutionary and internationalist basis, beginning with the Scottish Socialist Party".[22][23][24]

In June 2017, Socialist Appeal editor Rob Sewell claimed that "the movement in the direction of revolution is being reflected on the political plane" in Britain and that "the events in Britain have a striking resemblance to the situation that existed in 1931, which Trotsky described as a pre-revolutionary situation".[25]

In July 2021, the Labour Party's National Executive Committee banned Socialist Appeal and ruled that its members could be automatically expelled from the Labour Party.[26][27]

Economy

 
Leading theoretician of the International Marxist Tendency Alan Woods in a meeting with Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez

Socialist Appeal is in broad agreement with the classical Marxist view that capitalism inherently results in "boom and bust" cycles as a result of overproduction and thus attempts to prevent this through monetarism or Keynesianism are not possible.[28] Therefore, they believe the only solution to this is the introduction of democratic socialism, based on a planned and nationalised economy as well as on the socialisation of its "commanding heights" (i.e. the top 150–200 financial institutions and companies). They argue that a planned economy is able to replace production on the basis of profit with production on the basis of need.[29]

Publications

Socialist Appeal refers to the fortnightly newspaper of the same name. In September 2009, the publication Socialist Appeal changed from a magazine journal format to a full colour tabloid.[30] An issue of Socialist Appeal typically contains theoretical articles, industrial reports and political analysis.

 
The front cover of issue 381 of Socialist Appeal, released in January 2023.

The group also produce and publish a number of pamphlets and books through their Wellred Books publishing arm.[31]

Socialist Appeal was also the name of two British Trotskyist newspapers associated with Ted Grant in the 1940s: one was the newspaper of the Workers International League and immediately following that of the Revolutionary Communist Party.[32]

It was also the name of the paper of the Trotskyist Workers Party of the United States during its period of entryism in the Socialist Party of America in 1936–1938.[33]

Socialist Appeal is the name of the English-language newspaper of the Workers' International League, the United States section of the International Marxist Tendency and a newspaper in New Zealand which is also affiliated.

International Marxist Tendency

Main article: International Marxist Tendency
 
Socialist Appeal is the British section of the International Marxist Tendency

Although they remain small in Britain, they are growing rapidly in size and significance and the international group to which they are affiliated known as the International Marxist Tendency (the modern International) has grown in number especially in the Indian subcontinent, as well as Latin America where they rally support for the Bolivarian Revolution and instigated the formation of the Hands Off Venezuela campaign group.[34][35][36] As well as publishing their paper Socialist Appeal, the group has also published a number of books by Trotsky, Grant and Woods.[31] The group has devoted much of their time to developing the multilingual website In Defence of Marxism.

Supporters of Socialist Appeal value the importance of theory highly and dedicate a large amount of space in their paper and website to theoretical articles.[37] Socialist Appeal's editors argue that a thorough understanding of Marxism, history, economics and politics is necessary to understand the world today.[38] They also argue that the neglect of theory in the late 1980s led to the Militant tendency turning in an ultraleft direction.[39]

See also

References

  1. ^ Appeal, Socialist. "About us". Socialist Appeal. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  2. ^ Crick, Michael (27 July 2006). "Socialist revolutionary who used Labour movement". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  3. ^ "Ted Grant: Trotskyist who gave the Labour Party a scare through his leadership of Militant Tendency". The Times. 26 July 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  4. ^ Wade, Bob (27 July 2006). "Ted Grant: Trotskyite behind the Militant Tendency's infiltration of the Labour party". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  5. ^ "Ted Grant". The Telegraph. London. 27 July 2006. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  6. ^ "About Us". Wellred Books. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  7. ^ "A Brief History of the International Marxist Tendency". In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  8. ^ Student, Marxist (4 October 2013). "Marxist Student Federation off to a flying start | Marxist Student Federation". Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  9. ^ "Find your Marxist Society | Marxist Student Federation". 9 September 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  10. ^ Federation, Marxist Student. "Marxist Student Federation: The voice of the labour movement on campus". Socialist Appeal. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  11. ^ Crick, Michael (1986). The March of Militant. London: Faber & Faber.
  12. ^ Taaffe, Peter (1995). The Rise of Militant. London: Militant Publications.
  13. ^ Sewell, Rob. "How the Militant was Built – and How it was Destroyed" (10 October 2004). In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  14. ^ Grant, Ted (1989). The Unbroken Thread. London: Fortress Books. pp. ix.
  15. ^ McSmith, Andy (9 August 2006). "Ted Grant: Founder of the Trotskyite group Militant Tendency who never abandoned his revolutionary ideals". The Independent. London. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  16. ^ "The University of Warwick". Retrieved 1 January 2019. In 1991 the two remaining Militant MPs were expelled from the Labour Party, and the tendency finally abandoned its entrist tactics and moved towards the formation of an open party - Militant Labour. Disagreements over the abandonment of work inside the Labour Party resulted in a split in Militant Labour, with the minority or opposition faction, led by Ted Grant, leaving to form Socialist Appeal in 1992. In 1997 Militant Labour changed its name to the Socialist Party (except in Scotland, where it remained Scottish Militant Labour).
  17. ^ "Against Bureaucratic Centralism". In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  18. ^ Taaffe, Peter (1995). The Rise of Militant. London: Militant Publications. p. 133.
  19. ^ . The Times. 26 July 2006. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2019. Finally, Peter Taaffe and other Militants, alongside whom Grant had stood shoulder to shoulder for so long, insisted that the principle should be dropped. When Grant, and another like-minded spirit, Alan Woods, refused to concede the point, both men were expelled from Militant in 1992.
  20. ^ "The Campaign for a New Workers' Party (CNWP)". Campaign for a New Worker's Party. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  21. ^ Peter Barberis et al, Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations, p.519
  22. ^ . 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  23. ^ "Socialist Appeal leaves Scottish Labour!". Alliance for Workers' Liberty. 4 November 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  24. ^ "Doing a Scottish jig". 27 November 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  25. ^ Sewell, Rob (23 June 2017). "Britain on the brink". Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  26. ^ Mason, Rowena (20 July 2021). "Labour votes to ban four far-left factions that supported Corbyn's leadership". The Guardian. from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  27. ^ Shalev, Asaf (22 July 2021). "UK Labour bans far-left factions in effort to change reputation on antisemitism". Times of Israel. from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  28. ^ "The Crisis: Make the bosses pay! - Manifesto of the International Marxist Tendency". Socialist Appeal. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  29. ^ "What We Are Fighting For". Socialist Appeal. Retrieved 12 January 2019. We demand that the banks, finance houses and insurance companies are nationalised without compensation, allowing for rents and mortgages to be drastically reduced. The building industry must be nationalised in order to build the houses and amenities so desperately needed. All public utilities must be re-nationalised, ending profiteering in our essential services. The national debt must be abolished and full funding provided for public services.
  30. ^ Editorial Board (September 2009). "Welcome to the new look Socialist Appeal!". Socialist Appeal (177): 2.
  31. ^ a b "Welcome to Wellred Online Bookshop!". Wellred Books. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  32. ^ Crick, Michael (1984). Militant. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 34, 38.
  33. ^ "Workers Party of the United States. Publications, 1933-1939". Cornell University Library. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  34. ^ "Venezuela's economy: Towards state socialism". The Economist. 20 November 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  35. ^ Yapp, Robin (5 December 2010). "Welsh Trotskyist in row over claims he is key adviser to Hugo Chavez". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  36. ^ Walker, Ross (13 April 2012). "London commemorates 10 years of the defeat of the coup". In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  37. ^ "Marxist Theory". Socialist Appeal. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  38. ^ Woods, Alan (15 October 2009). "In defence of theory — or Ignorance never yet helped anybody". In Defence of Marxism. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  39. ^ Grant, Ted. "Scotland—Socialism or Nationalism? A Marxist Analysis". Retrieved 27 June 2012.

External links

  • Socialist Appeal official website
  • In Defence of Marxism
  • Wellred online bookshop
  • Ted Grant Internet Archive
  • Marxist Student Federation

February 17, 2023
socialist, appeal, britain, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made, adding, inline, citations, statements, consisting, only, original, research, should, removed, march, 2012, learn, when, remove, this, t. This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed March 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Socialist Appeal is the British section of the International Marxist Tendency It describes itself as a Marxist organisation which stands for the socialist transformation of society Its stated aim is to build a revolutionary leadership capable of leading the working class in a struggle against capitalism 1 Socialist AppealFounded1992NewspaperSocialist AppealYouth wingMarxist Student FederationIdeologyMarxism Leninism TrotskyismInternational affiliationInternational Marxist TendencyWebsitewww wbr socialist wbr netIt was founded by supporters of Ted Grant and Alan Woods after they were expelled from the Militant group in the early 1990s 2 3 4 5 Socialist Appeal is a fortnightly newspaper published by the group Socialist Appeal also produces books pamphlets magazines and other Marxist educational material sold through the Wellred Books Britain bookstore which it operates 6 Socialist Appeal describes its politics as descending from Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky 7 Socialist Appeal and Marxist Student Federation activists at a climate change march in 2021 In 2013 Socialist Appeal officially launched its youth wing the Marxist Student Federation MSF to provide a national platform for Marxist ideas in the student movement 8 As of 2022 the MSF claims a presence at over 50 campuses across Britain 9 The youth wing of Socialist Appeal focuses on political discussions at university Marxist Societies as well as campaigning within the labour movement 10 Contents 1 History 2 Economy 3 Publications 4 International Marxist Tendency 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditMain article Militant Trotskyist group In the 1970s and 1980s the Trotskyist Militant tendency had been a significant force within the British Labour Party 11 At the height of its influence in the mid to late 1980s Militant had three Labour MPs control of Liverpool City Council and later initiated the campaign that they claim forced the abandonment of the Poll tax 12 13 Grant had been one of the founders 14 and the theoretical leader of the Militant group but he was expelled with other supporters after the 1991 debate on the Open Turn 15 A special conference decision to endorse the Open Turn by 93 to 7 entailed Militant supporters abandoning the entryist strategy of working within the Labour Party and leaving to form an independent organisation The new party was initially known as Militant Labour changing its name in 1997 to the Socialist Party in England and Wales while in Scotland Scottish Militant Labour instigated the formation of the Scottish Socialist Party 16 The split was caused by the Militant tendency s majority adoption of the Open Turn Grant s continued support for the tactic of entryism within the Labour Party and what Grant and Woods claimed was the bureaucratic centralist degeneration of Militant s internal regime 17 18 After the debate and conference decision the Militant tendency claimed that Grant and Woods had begun a separate organisation and had split from Militant whilst Grant and Woods claimed to have been expelled 19 The Socialist Party drew the conclusions that owing to the policies followed by Labour under Neil Kinnock it was effectively a bourgeois political party Conversely supporters of Socialist Appeal argued that the Labour Party was still based on trade unions and that the Labour Party retained support in the working class As Labour under Tony Blair embraced the Third Way and moved away from its traditional socialist roots most Trotskyist tendencies in Britain that employed the tactic of entrism left Labour and either ran candidates under their own banner such as the Socialist Party or joined electoral coalitions such as the Scottish Socialist Party or the Socialist Alliance The Socialist Party along with other left wing organisations initiated the Campaign for a New Workers Party in 2006 arguing that trade unions should break with Labour and construct their own political formation 20 Socialist Appeal began publishing their own journal in 1992 In 2000 the group was estimated to have around 250 supporters 21 In 2013 the tendency in Britain made a turn towards the student movement by launching the Marxist Student Federation Following the Scottish independence referendum in which Scots voted to retain the union with the rest of the United Kingdom the International Marxist Tendency called for the building of those forces on the left in Scotland on a revolutionary and internationalist basis beginning with the Scottish Socialist Party 22 23 24 In June 2017 Socialist Appeal editor Rob Sewell claimed that the movement in the direction of revolution is being reflected on the political plane in Britain and that the events in Britain have a striking resemblance to the situation that existed in 1931 which Trotsky described as a pre revolutionary situation 25 In July 2021 the Labour Party s National Executive Committee banned Socialist Appeal and ruled that its members could be automatically expelled from the Labour Party 26 27 Economy Edit Leading theoretician of the International Marxist Tendency Alan Woods in a meeting with Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez Socialist Appeal is in broad agreement with the classical Marxist view that capitalism inherently results in boom and bust cycles as a result of overproduction and thus attempts to prevent this through monetarism or Keynesianism are not possible 28 Therefore they believe the only solution to this is the introduction of democratic socialism based on a planned and nationalised economy as well as on the socialisation of its commanding heights i e the top 150 200 financial institutions and companies They argue that a planned economy is able to replace production on the basis of profit with production on the basis of need 29 Publications EditSocialist Appeal refers to the fortnightly newspaper of the same name In September 2009 the publication Socialist Appeal changed from a magazine journal format to a full colour tabloid 30 An issue of Socialist Appeal typically contains theoretical articles industrial reports and political analysis The front cover of issue 381 of Socialist Appeal released in January 2023 The group also produce and publish a number of pamphlets and books through their Wellred Books publishing arm 31 Socialist Appeal was also the name of two British Trotskyist newspapers associated with Ted Grant in the 1940s one was the newspaper of the Workers International League and immediately following that of the Revolutionary Communist Party 32 It was also the name of the paper of the Trotskyist Workers Party of the United States during its period of entryism in the Socialist Party of America in 1936 1938 33 Socialist Appeal is the name of the English language newspaper of the Workers International League the United States section of the International Marxist Tendency and a newspaper in New Zealand which is also affiliated International Marxist Tendency EditMain article International Marxist Tendency Socialist Appeal is the British section of the International Marxist Tendency Although they remain small in Britain they are growing rapidly in size and significance and the international group to which they are affiliated known as the International Marxist Tendency the modern International has grown in number especially in the Indian subcontinent as well as Latin America where they rally support for the Bolivarian Revolution and instigated the formation of the Hands Off Venezuela campaign group 34 35 36 As well as publishing their paper Socialist Appeal the group has also published a number of books by Trotsky Grant and Woods 31 The group has devoted much of their time to developing the multilingual website In Defence of Marxism Supporters of Socialist Appeal value the importance of theory highly and dedicate a large amount of space in their paper and website to theoretical articles 37 Socialist Appeal s editors argue that a thorough understanding of Marxism history economics and politics is necessary to understand the world today 38 They also argue that the neglect of theory in the late 1980s led to the Militant tendency turning in an ultraleft direction 39 See also EditTrotskyismReferences Edit Appeal Socialist About us Socialist Appeal Retrieved 1 February 2023 Crick Michael 27 July 2006 Socialist revolutionary who used Labour movement Financial Times Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 15 July 2012 Ted Grant Trotskyist who gave the Labour Party a scare through his leadership of Militant Tendency The Times 26 July 2006 Retrieved 13 July 2012 Wade Bob 27 July 2006 Ted Grant Trotskyite behind the Militant Tendency s infiltration of the Labour party The Guardian London Retrieved 13 July 2012 Ted Grant The Telegraph London 27 July 2006 Retrieved 13 July 2012 About Us Wellred Books Retrieved 1 February 2023 A Brief History of the International Marxist Tendency In Defence of Marxism Retrieved 13 July 2012 Student Marxist 4 October 2013 Marxist Student Federation off to a flying start Marxist Student Federation Retrieved 1 February 2023 Find your Marxist Society Marxist Student Federation 9 September 2013 Retrieved 1 February 2023 Federation Marxist Student Marxist Student Federation The voice of the labour movement on campus Socialist Appeal Retrieved 1 February 2023 Crick Michael 1986 The March of Militant London Faber amp Faber Taaffe Peter 1995 The Rise of Militant London Militant Publications Sewell Rob How the Militant was Built and How it was Destroyed 10 October 2004 In Defence of Marxism Retrieved 13 July 2012 Grant Ted 1989 The Unbroken Thread London Fortress Books pp ix McSmith Andy 9 August 2006 Ted Grant Founder of the Trotskyite group Militant Tendency who never abandoned his revolutionary ideals The Independent London Retrieved 13 July 2012 The University of Warwick Retrieved 1 January 2019 In 1991 the two remaining Militant MPs were expelled from the Labour Party and the tendency finally abandoned its entrist tactics and moved towards the formation of an open party Militant Labour Disagreements over the abandonment of work inside the Labour Party resulted in a split in Militant Labour with the minority or opposition faction led by Ted Grant leaving to form Socialist Appeal in 1992 In 1997 Militant Labour changed its name to the Socialist Party except in Scotland where it remained Scottish Militant Labour Against Bureaucratic Centralism In Defence of Marxism Retrieved 13 July 2012 Taaffe Peter 1995 The Rise of Militant London Militant Publications p 133 Ted Grant Obituary The Times 26 July 2006 Archived from the original on 30 August 2008 Retrieved 12 January 2019 Finally Peter Taaffe and other Militants alongside whom Grant had stood shoulder to shoulder for so long insisted that the principle should be dropped When Grant and another like minded spirit Alan Woods refused to concede the point both men were expelled from Militant in 1992 The Campaign for a New Workers Party CNWP Campaign for a New Worker s Party Retrieved 13 July 2012 Peter Barberis et al Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations p 519 Scotland needs a revolution 27 October 2014 Archived from the original on 13 April 2015 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Socialist Appeal leaves Scottish Labour Alliance for Workers Liberty 4 November 2014 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Doing a Scottish jig 27 November 2014 Retrieved 6 April 2015 Sewell Rob 23 June 2017 Britain on the brink Retrieved 25 July 2017 Mason Rowena 20 July 2021 Labour votes to ban four far left factions that supported Corbyn s leadership The Guardian Archived from the original on 22 July 2021 Retrieved 23 July 2021 Shalev Asaf 22 July 2021 UK Labour bans far left factions in effort to change reputation on antisemitism Times of Israel Archived from the original on 22 July 2021 Retrieved 23 July 2021 The Crisis Make the bosses pay Manifesto of the International Marxist Tendency Socialist Appeal Retrieved 13 July 2012 What We Are Fighting For Socialist Appeal Retrieved 12 January 2019 We demand that the banks finance houses and insurance companies are nationalised without compensation allowing for rents and mortgages to be drastically reduced The building industry must be nationalised in order to build the houses and amenities so desperately needed All public utilities must be re nationalised ending profiteering in our essential services The national debt must be abolished and full funding provided for public services Editorial Board September 2009 Welcome to the new look Socialist Appeal Socialist Appeal 177 2 a b Welcome to Wellred Online Bookshop Wellred Books Retrieved 13 July 2012 Crick Michael 1984 Militant London Faber amp Faber pp 34 38 Workers Party of the United States Publications 1933 1939 Cornell University Library Retrieved 13 July 2012 Venezuela s economy Towards state socialism The Economist 20 November 2010 Retrieved 13 July 2012 Yapp Robin 5 December 2010 Welsh Trotskyist in row over claims he is key adviser to Hugo Chavez London The Telegraph Retrieved 13 July 2012 Walker Ross 13 April 2012 London commemorates 10 years of the defeat of the coup In Defence of Marxism Retrieved 13 July 2012 Marxist Theory Socialist Appeal Retrieved 12 January 2019 Woods Alan 15 October 2009 In defence of theory or Ignorance never yet helped anybody In Defence of Marxism Retrieved 13 July 2012 Grant Ted Scotland Socialism or Nationalism A Marxist Analysis Retrieved 27 June 2012 External links EditSocialist Appeal official website In Defence of Marxism Wellred online bookshop Ted Grant Internet Archive Marxist Student Federation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Socialist Appeal Britain amp oldid 1138486005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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