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Smoking and Health

January 01, 1970

For health effects of tobacco smoking, see Health effects of tobacco.

Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service was a landmark report published on January 11, 1964, by the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, chaired by Luther Terry, Surgeon General of the United States. It reported on the negative health effects of tobacco smoking, finding that it was linked to the occurrence of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, heart disease, and lung cancer.[1] The release of the report was one of the top news stories of 1964, leading to policy such as the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 and the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969.

Cover

Background edit

The health effects of tobacco had been debated by users, medical experts, and governments alike since its introduction to European culture.[1] Hard evidence for the ill effects of smoking became apparent with the results of several long-term studies conducted in the early to middle twentieth century, such as the epidemiology studies of Richard Doll and pathology studies of Oscar Auerbach. On June 12, 1957, then-Surgeon General Leroy Burney "declared it the official position of the U.S. Public Health Service that the evidence pointed to a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer".[1] A committee of the United Kingdom's Royal College of Physicians issued a report on March 7, 1962,[2] which "clearly indicted cigarette smoking as a cause of lung cancer and bronchitis" and argued that "it probably contributed to cardiovascular disease as well."[3] After pressure from the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the National Tuberculosis Association, and the American Public Health Association, President John F. Kennedy authorized Surgeon General Terry's creation of the Advisory Committee. The committee met from November 1962 to January 1964 and analyzed over 7,000 scientific articles and papers.

Committee members edit

The Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health:[1]

  • Stanhope Bayne-Jones, M.D., LL.D. (Retired).
    • Former Dean, Yale School of Medicine (1935–40). Former President, Joint Administrative Board, Cornell University. New York Hospital Medical Center (1947–52): Former president, Society of American Bacteriologists (1929). Former president, American Society of Pathology and Bacteriology (1940).
    • Field: Nature and Causation of Disease in Human Populations.
  • Walter J. Burdette, M.D., Ph. D.
  • William G. Cochran, M.A.
    • Professor of Statistics. Harvard University.
    • Field: Mathematical Statistics with: Special Application to Biological Problems.
  • Emmanuel Farber, M.D., Ph. D.
    • Chairman. Department of Pathology. University of Pittsburgh.
    • Field: Experimental and Clinical Pathology.
  • Louis F. Fieser, Ph. D.
    • Sheldon Emory. Professor of Organic Chemistry. Harvard University.
    • Field: Chemistry of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons.
  • Jacob Furth, M.D.
    • Professor of Pathology. Columbia University. Director of Pathology Laboratories, Francis Delafield Hospital, New York.
    • Field: Cancer Biology.
  • John B. Hickam, M.D.
    • Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis.
    • Fields: Internal Medicine. Physiology of Cardiopulmonary Disease.
  • Charles LeMaistre, M.D.
  • Leonard M. Schuman, M.D.
  • Maurice H. Seevers, M.D., Ph. D.
    • Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
    • Field: Pharmacology of Anesthesia and Habit-Forming Drugs.
  • Chairman: Luther L. Terry, M.D.

Findings edit

The report's conclusions were almost entirely focused on the negative health effects of cigarette smoking. It found:

  • cigarette smokers had a seventy percent increase in age-corrected mortality rate
  • cigarette smoke was the primary cause of chronic bronchitis
  • a correlation between smoking, emphysema, and heart disease.

In addition, it reported:

  • a causative link between smoking and a ten- to twenty-fold increase in the occurrence of lung cancer
  • a positive correlation between pregnant women who smoke and underweight newborns.[1]

As did the World Health Organization during this period, but possibly influenced by the fact that they were all smokers themselves,[4] the Committee defined cigarette smoking as a "habituation" rather than an overpowering "addiction".[4] Committee members agreed with most Americans that this habit (though often strong) was possible for individuals to break.

In the years that followed the Surgeon General's report, millions of Americans successfully chose to quit smoking, with two-thirds to three-quarters of ex-smokers quitting unaided by nicotine replacement methods. In addition, the "cold turkey" (or sudden-and-rapid-cessation) method has been found to be the most successful in terms of stopping smoking over long periods of time.[5] However, in a controversial move in 1989, a later Surgeon General, Dr. C. Everett Koop, M.D., shifted course and redefined cigarette smoking as "an addiction" rather than a habit.[6]

Effects edit

Main article: Tobacco politics

The report's publication had wide effects across the United States. It was deliberately published on a Saturday to minimize the negative effect on the American stock markets, while maximizing the coverage in Sunday newspapers.[1] The release of the report was one of the top news stories of 1964. It led to policy and public opinion changes such as the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 and the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969, which mandated warning labels on cigarettes and instituted a ban on the broadcasting of cigarette advertisements on radio and/or television.[7]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Surgeon General of the United States (1964). (PDF) (Report). Vol. Public Health Service Publication No. 1103. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022.
  2. ^ Hughes, Dominic (March 6, 2012). . BBC. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022.
  3. ^ . Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from the original on September 16, 2008.
  4. ^ a b Spitzer, Joel (December 27, 2010). The Surgeon General says ... WhyQuit.com – via YouTube. Additional audio only link here
  5. ^ Chapman, Simon; MacKenzie, Ross (February 9, 2010). "The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences". PLOS Medicine. 7 (2): e1000216. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216. PMC 2817714. PMID 20161722.
  6. ^ Sullum, Jacob (1998). For Your Own Good : The Anti-Smoking Crusade and the Tyranny of Public Health (1st ed.). New York: Free Press. pp. 234–235. ISBN 9780684827360. OCLC 38206893.
  7. ^ . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2019.

External links edit

  • Full text of the report

January 01, 1970
smoking, health, health, effects, tobacco, smoking, health, effects, tobacco, report, advisory, committee, surgeon, general, public, health, service, landmark, report, published, january, 1964, surgeon, general, advisory, committee, chaired, luther, terry, sur. For health effects of tobacco smoking see Health effects of tobacco Smoking and Health Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service was a landmark report published on January 11 1964 by the Surgeon General s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health chaired by Luther Terry Surgeon General of the United States It reported on the negative health effects of tobacco smoking finding that it was linked to the occurrence of chronic bronchitis emphysema heart disease and lung cancer 1 The release of the report was one of the top news stories of 1964 leading to policy such as the Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 and the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 CoverContents 1 Background 2 Committee members 3 Findings 4 Effects 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksBackground editThe health effects of tobacco had been debated by users medical experts and governments alike since its introduction to European culture 1 Hard evidence for the ill effects of smoking became apparent with the results of several long term studies conducted in the early to middle twentieth century such as the epidemiology studies of Richard Doll and pathology studies of Oscar Auerbach On June 12 1957 then Surgeon General Leroy Burney declared it the official position of the U S Public Health Service that the evidence pointed to a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer 1 A committee of the United Kingdom s Royal College of Physicians issued a report on March 7 1962 2 which clearly indicted cigarette smoking as a cause of lung cancer and bronchitis and argued that it probably contributed to cardiovascular disease as well 3 After pressure from the American Cancer Society the American Heart Association the National Tuberculosis Association and the American Public Health Association President John F Kennedy authorized Surgeon General Terry s creation of the Advisory Committee The committee met from November 1962 to January 1964 and analyzed over 7 000 scientific articles and papers Committee members editThe Surgeon General s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health 1 Stanhope Bayne Jones M D LL D Retired Former Dean Yale School of Medicine 1935 40 Former President Joint Administrative Board Cornell University New York Hospital Medical Center 1947 52 Former president Society of American Bacteriologists 1929 Former president American Society of Pathology and Bacteriology 1940 Field Nature and Causation of Disease in Human Populations Walter J Burdette M D Ph D Head of Department of Surgery University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Fields Clinical and Experimental Surgery Genetics William G Cochran M A Professor of Statistics Harvard University Field Mathematical Statistics with Special Application to Biological Problems Emmanuel Farber M D Ph D Chairman Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh Field Experimental and Clinical Pathology Louis F Fieser Ph D Sheldon Emory Professor of Organic Chemistry Harvard University Field Chemistry of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons Jacob Furth M D Professor of Pathology Columbia University Director of Pathology Laboratories Francis Delafield Hospital New York Field Cancer Biology John B Hickam M D Chairman Department of Internal Medicine Indiana University Indianapolis Fields Internal Medicine Physiology of Cardiopulmonary Disease Charles LeMaistre M D Professor of Internal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Medical Director Woodland Hospital Dallas Texas Fields Internal Medicine Pulmonary Diseases Preventative Medicine Leonard M Schuman M D Professor of Epidemiology University of Minnesota School of Public Health Minneapolis Field Health and its relationship to the Total Environment Maurice H Seevers M D Ph D Chairman Department of Pharmacology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Field Pharmacology of Anesthesia and Habit Forming Drugs Chairman Luther L Terry M D Surgeon General of the United StatesFindings editThe report s conclusions were almost entirely focused on the negative health effects of cigarette smoking It found cigarette smokers had a seventy percent increase in age corrected mortality rate cigarette smoke was the primary cause of chronic bronchitis a correlation between smoking emphysema and heart disease In addition it reported a causative link between smoking and a ten to twenty fold increase in the occurrence of lung cancer a positive correlation between pregnant women who smoke and underweight newborns 1 As did the World Health Organization during this period but possibly influenced by the fact that they were all smokers themselves 4 the Committee defined cigarette smoking as a habituation rather than an overpowering addiction 4 Committee members agreed with most Americans that this habit though often strong was possible for individuals to break In the years that followed the Surgeon General s report millions of Americans successfully chose to quit smoking with two thirds to three quarters of ex smokers quitting unaided by nicotine replacement methods In addition the cold turkey or sudden and rapid cessation method has been found to be the most successful in terms of stopping smoking over long periods of time 5 However in a controversial move in 1989 a later Surgeon General Dr C Everett Koop M D shifted course and redefined cigarette smoking as an addiction rather than a habit 6 Effects editMain article Tobacco politics The report s publication had wide effects across the United States It was deliberately published on a Saturday to minimize the negative effect on the American stock markets while maximizing the coverage in Sunday newspapers 1 The release of the report was one of the top news stories of 1964 It led to policy and public opinion changes such as the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 and the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 which mandated warning labels on cigarettes and instituted a ban on the broadcasting of cigarette advertisements on radio and or television 7 See also editTobacco in the United StatesReferences edit a b c d e f Surgeon General of the United States 1964 Smoking and Health Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the United States PDF Report Vol Public Health Service Publication No 1103 Department of Health Education and Welfare Archived from the original on July 28 2022 Hughes Dominic March 6 2012 Smoking and health 50 years on from landmark report BBC Archived from the original on September 24 2022 Luther Leonidas Terry 1961 1965 Department of Health and Human Services Archived from the original on September 16 2008 a b Spitzer Joel December 27 2010 The Surgeon General says WhyQuit com via YouTube Additional audio only link here Chapman Simon MacKenzie Ross February 9 2010 The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation Causes and Consequences PLOS Medicine 7 2 e1000216 doi 10 1371 journal pmed 1000216 PMC 2817714 PMID 20161722 Sullum Jacob 1998 For Your Own Good The Anti Smoking Crusade and the Tyranny of Public Health 1st ed New York Free Press pp 234 235 ISBN 9780684827360 OCLC 38206893 History of the Surgeon General s Report on Smoking and Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Archived from the original on September 28 2022 Retrieved July 11 2019 External links editFull text of the report Archived Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Smoking and Health amp oldid 1220417118, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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