Sir James MackenzieFRSFRCP (12 April 1853 – 26 January 1925) was a Scottish cardiologist who was a pioneer in the study of cardiac arrhythmias. Due to his work in the cardiac field he is known as a research giant in primary care, and was knighted by King George V in 1915.
James Mackenzie was born at Pictonhill in Scone, where his father was a farmer.[1] He left school at Perth Academy aged 14 and was apprenticed to a chemist. In 1873 he was offered a partnership in the chemist's firm but turned it down in order to study medicine.[2] After private tuition in Latin he passed his entrance examination for the University of Edinburgh in October 1874 and qualified as a doctor in 1878.[3] After completing his residency in Edinburgh, Mackenzie became a general practitioner in borough of Burnley in Lancashire, England where he continued to practice medicine for more than a quarter of a century. While he was engaged in a busy practice, he made many original observations, completed his MD degree on hemi-paraplegia spinalis[3][4] (awarded by the University of Edinburgh in 1882) and had many scientific papers published. During Mackenzie's initial research carried out in the Burnley general practice he corresponded and discussed his findings with other well known pioneers Wenkebach and Osler. Mackenzie's ongoing investigations led him to leave general practice and become a specialist cardiologist. He expressed prophetic concerns about the specialisation of medicine including cardiology stating: 'I fear the day may come when a heart specialist will no longer be a physician looking at the body as a whole, but one with more and more complicated instruments working in a narrow and restricted area of the body – that was never my idea'.[5]
Memorial in Burnley, Lancashire.Blue plaque, London.
In his early studies Mackenzie used Riva-Rocci's sphygmograph to graphically record the pulse. Later Mackenzie devised a "polygraph," that allowed him to make simultaneous records of the arterial and venous pulses. He used this to evaluate the condition of the heart and to measure the AV interval. In 1890 he discovered premature ventricular contractions and use of the polygraph enabled Mackenzie to make original distinctions between harmless and dangerous types of pulse irregularities (arrhythmias). Mackenzie also demonstrated the efficacy of Digitalis in the treatment of arrhythmias and made important contributions to the study of the energetics of the heart muscle.
In November 1907 Mackenzie left Burnley for London and set up as a consulting physician where his reputation grew rapidly. In 1915 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was knighted. Three years later he founded the influential Mackenzie Institute of Clinical Research in St Andrews, which involved local General Practitioners in detailed long-term recording of patients' symptoms and illnesses.
Ironically Mackenzie himself suffered from an irregular heart beat, as a result of ischemic heart disease. He had his first heart attack in 1901, and recorded in himself the atrial fibrillation that accompanied this episode. By 1907 Mackenzie experienced frequent episodes of angina pectoris which he mentioned to Sir Thomas Lewis and in 1908 he had a severe episode of cardiac pain, probably due to a myocardial infarction. His angina continued after 1908 and became progressively worse until in January 1925 he had a prolonged and severe attack of angina and died at around 4am on 26 January 1925. Before his death Mackenzie had asked that his friend John Parkinson perform an autopsy after his death. This was done and showed extensive coronary artery disease and evidence of recent and old myocardial infarction. A description of the case was published in the British Heart Journal in 1939.[6] Two early polygraphs and a bronze bust of Mackenzie are in the collection of the Tayside Medical History Museum.
Selected writingsedit
Mackenzie, James (1916). Principles of diagnosis and treatment in heart affections. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
Mackenzie, James (1921). Heart disease and pregnancy. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
Mackenzie, James (1909). Symptoms and their interpretation. London: Shaw & Sons.
Mackenzie, James (1919). The future of medicine. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
Mackenzie, James (1923). Angina pectoris. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
Mackenzie, James (1908). Diseases of the heart. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
Mackenzie, James (1902). The study of the pulse. Arterial, venous, and hepatic and of the movements of the heart. Edinburgh: Young J. Pentland.
Referencesedit
^McConaghey, R. M. (1974). "Sir James Mackenzie, M.D. 1853–1925. General Practitioner". J R Coll Gen Pract. 24 (144): 497–498. PMC2157508. Archived from the original on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
^Papers and Correspondence of Sir James Mackenzie (1853–1925) Archived 1 July 2012 at archive.today. Archives Hub.
^ abDavidson, Hamish J.C. (2001). . Heart Views. 2. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007.
^Mackenzie, James (1882). Clinical report of a case of hemiparaplegia spinalis with remarks (Thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/24099.
^Murdoch, J., Denz-Penhey, H. (2007). "John Flynn meets James Mackenzie: developing the discipline of rural and remote medicine in Australia". Rural and Remote Health. 7 (4): 726. PMID 17944551.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Mackenzie (cardiologist).
Murdoch J, Denz-Penhey H (October–December 2007). "John Flynn meets James Mackenzie: developing the discipline of rural and remote medicine in Australia". Rural Remote Health. 7 (4): 726. PMID 17944551.
Murdoch JC. (October 1997). "Mackenzie's puzzle—the cornerstone of teaching and research in general practice". Br J Gen Pract. 47 (423): 656–8. PMC1410103. PMID 9474833.
McMichael J. (July 1981). "Sir James Mackenzie and atrial fibrillation—a new perspective". J R Coll Gen Pract. 31 (228): 402–6. PMC1972130. PMID 7033523.
Krikler, D M (1988). "Sir James Mackenzie". Clinical Cardiology. Vol. 11, no. 3 (published March 1988). pp. 193–4. doi:10.1002/clc.4960110312. PMID 3281772.
McCormick, J S (1981). "James Mackenzie and coronary heart disease". The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. Vol. 31, no. 222 (published January 1981). pp. 26–30. PMC1971897. PMID 7021816.
Borodulin, V I (1979). "[James Mackenzie and his place in the history of cardiology (on the 125th anniversary of his birth)]". Kardiologiia. Vol. 19, no. 5 (published May 1979). pp. 111–3. PMID 379406.
STEVENSON, I (1953). "Sir James Mackenzie, 1853–1953". Am. Heart J. Vol. 46, no. 4 (published October 1953). pp. 479–84. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(53)90059-3. PMID 13092035.
Fazekas, T; Liszkai, G; Bielik, H; Lüderitz, B (2003). "[History of atrial fibrillation]". Zeitschrift für Kardiologie. Vol. 92, no. 2 (published February 2003). pp. 122–7. doi:10.1007/s00392-003-0889-4. PMID 12596073.
Fazekas, Tamás; Liszkai, Gizella (2002). "[History of atrial fibrillation]". Orvosi Hetilap. Vol. 143, no. 6 (published 10 February 2002). pp. 285–9. PMID 11915187.
Moorhead, R (1999). "Sir James Mackenzie (1853–1925): views on general practice education and research". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. Vol. 92, no. 1 (published January 1999). pp. 38–43. PMC1297041. PMID 10319040.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Mackenzie (cardiologist).
A Biography of James Mackenzie
The Sir James Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosis is established at the University of St. Andrews in 2019 in recognition of Sir James' research in the field of early diagnosis
January 01, 1970
james, mackenzie, cardiologist, confused, with, james, mackenzie, physician, died, 1761, james, mackenzie, frcp, april, 1853, january, 1925, scottish, cardiologist, pioneer, study, cardiac, arrhythmias, work, cardiac, field, known, research, giant, primary, ca. Not to be confused with James Mackenzie physician died 1761 Sir James Mackenzie FRS FRCP 12 April 1853 26 January 1925 was a Scottish cardiologist who was a pioneer in the study of cardiac arrhythmias Due to his work in the cardiac field he is known as a research giant in primary care and was knighted by King George V in 1915 Sir James MackenzieBorn12 April 1853Scone ScotlandDied26 January 1925 1925 01 27 aged 71 London EnglandNationalityScottishScientific careerFieldsCardiology General Practice Contents 1 Biography 2 Selected writings 3 References 4 Other sources 5 External linksBiography editJames Mackenzie was born at Pictonhill in Scone where his father was a farmer 1 He left school at Perth Academy aged 14 and was apprenticed to a chemist In 1873 he was offered a partnership in the chemist s firm but turned it down in order to study medicine 2 After private tuition in Latin he passed his entrance examination for the University of Edinburgh in October 1874 and qualified as a doctor in 1878 3 After completing his residency in Edinburgh Mackenzie became a general practitioner in borough of Burnley in Lancashire England where he continued to practice medicine for more than a quarter of a century While he was engaged in a busy practice he made many original observations completed his MD degree on hemi paraplegia spinalis 3 4 awarded by the University of Edinburgh in 1882 and had many scientific papers published During Mackenzie s initial research carried out in the Burnley general practice he corresponded and discussed his findings with other well known pioneers Wenkebach and Osler Mackenzie s ongoing investigations led him to leave general practice and become a specialist cardiologist He expressed prophetic concerns about the specialisation of medicine including cardiology stating I fear the day may come when a heart specialist will no longer be a physician looking at the body as a whole but one with more and more complicated instruments working in a narrow and restricted area of the body that was never my idea 5 nbsp Memorial in Burnley Lancashire nbsp Blue plaque London In his early studies Mackenzie used Riva Rocci s sphygmograph to graphically record the pulse Later Mackenzie devised a polygraph that allowed him to make simultaneous records of the arterial and venous pulses He used this to evaluate the condition of the heart and to measure the AV interval In 1890 he discovered premature ventricular contractions and use of the polygraph enabled Mackenzie to make original distinctions between harmless and dangerous types of pulse irregularities arrhythmias Mackenzie also demonstrated the efficacy of Digitalis in the treatment of arrhythmias and made important contributions to the study of the energetics of the heart muscle In November 1907 Mackenzie left Burnley for London and set up as a consulting physician where his reputation grew rapidly In 1915 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and was knighted Three years later he founded the influential Mackenzie Institute of Clinical Research in St Andrews which involved local General Practitioners in detailed long term recording of patients symptoms and illnesses Ironically Mackenzie himself suffered from an irregular heart beat as a result of ischemic heart disease He had his first heart attack in 1901 and recorded in himself the atrial fibrillation that accompanied this episode By 1907 Mackenzie experienced frequent episodes of angina pectoris which he mentioned to Sir Thomas Lewis and in 1908 he had a severe episode of cardiac pain probably due to a myocardial infarction His angina continued after 1908 and became progressively worse until in January 1925 he had a prolonged and severe attack of angina and died at around 4am on 26 January 1925 Before his death Mackenzie had asked that his friend John Parkinson perform an autopsy after his death This was done and showed extensive coronary artery disease and evidence of recent and old myocardial infarction A description of the case was published in the British Heart Journal in 1939 6 Two early polygraphs and a bronze bust of Mackenzie are in the collection of the Tayside Medical History Museum Selected writings editMackenzie James 1916 Principles of diagnosis and treatment in heart affections London Henry Frowde Hodder amp Stoughton Mackenzie James 1921 Heart disease and pregnancy London Henry Frowde Hodder amp Stoughton Mackenzie James 1909 Symptoms and their interpretation London Shaw amp Sons Mackenzie James 1919 The future of medicine London Henry Frowde Hodder amp Stoughton Mackenzie James 1923 Angina pectoris London Henry Frowde Hodder amp Stoughton Mackenzie James 1908 Diseases of the heart London Henry Frowde Hodder amp Stoughton Mackenzie James 1902 The study of the pulse Arterial venous and hepatic and of the movements of the heart Edinburgh Young J Pentland References edit McConaghey R M 1974 Sir James Mackenzie M D 1853 1925 General Practitioner J R Coll Gen Pract 24 144 497 498 PMC 2157508 Archived from the original on 27 May 2014 Retrieved 26 May 2014 Papers and Correspondence of Sir James Mackenzie 1853 1925 Archived 1 July 2012 at archive today Archives Hub a b Davidson Hamish J C 2001 Profiles in Cardiology Sir James Mackenzie Heart Views 2 Archived from the original on 2 May 2007 Mackenzie James 1882 Clinical report of a case of hemiparaplegia spinalis with remarks Thesis University of Edinburgh hdl 1842 24099 Murdoch J Denz Penhey H 2007 John Flynn meets James Mackenzie developing the discipline of rural and remote medicine in Australia Rural and Remote Health 7 4 726 PMID 17944551 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Waterston D Orr J Cappell DF July 1939 Sir James Mackenzie s Heart Br Heart J 1 3 237 48 doi 10 1136 hrt 1 3 237 PMC 503856 PMID 18609821 Other sources edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Mackenzie cardiologist Murdoch J Denz Penhey H October December 2007 John Flynn meets James Mackenzie developing the discipline of rural and remote medicine in Australia Rural Remote Health 7 4 726 PMID 17944551 Murdoch JC October 1997 Mackenzie s puzzle the cornerstone of teaching and research in general practice Br J Gen Pract 47 423 656 8 PMC 1410103 PMID 9474833 McMichael J July 1981 Sir James Mackenzie and atrial fibrillation a new perspective J R Coll Gen Pract 31 228 402 6 PMC 1972130 PMID 7033523 Krikler D M 1988 Sir James Mackenzie Clinical Cardiology Vol 11 no 3 published March 1988 pp 193 4 doi 10 1002 clc 4960110312 PMID 3281772 McCormick J S 1981 James Mackenzie and coronary heart disease The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners Vol 31 no 222 published January 1981 pp 26 30 PMC 1971897 PMID 7021816 Borodulin V I 1979 James Mackenzie and his place in the history of cardiology on the 125th anniversary of his birth Kardiologiia Vol 19 no 5 published May 1979 pp 111 3 PMID 379406 STEVENSON I 1953 Sir James Mackenzie 1853 1953 Am Heart J Vol 46 no 4 published October 1953 pp 479 84 doi 10 1016 0002 8703 53 90059 3 PMID 13092035 Fazekas T Liszkai G Bielik H Luderitz B 2003 History of atrial fibrillation Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie Vol 92 no 2 published February 2003 pp 122 7 doi 10 1007 s00392 003 0889 4 PMID 12596073 Fazekas Tamas Liszkai Gizella 2002 History of atrial fibrillation Orvosi Hetilap Vol 143 no 6 published 10 February 2002 pp 285 9 PMID 11915187 Moorhead R 1999 Sir James Mackenzie 1853 1925 views on general practice education and research Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Vol 92 no 1 published January 1999 pp 38 43 PMC 1297041 PMID 10319040 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Mackenzie cardiologist A Biography of James Mackenzie Sir James Mackenzie on the Local Pioneers webpage of the Tayside Medical History Museum The Sir James Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosis is established at the University of St Andrews in 2019 in recognition of Sir James research in the field of early diagnosis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title James Mackenzie cardiologist amp oldid 1215593768, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
