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Sigmund Freud's views on homosexuality

January 01, 1970

Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, viewed homosexuality, like all forms of sexuality, as being caused by a combination of biological, social and psychological factors. According to Freud, humans are born with unfocused sexual libidinal drives; he regarded homosexuality as a particular form of variation in the developmental process of the sexual function.[1]

Sigmund Freud

Contrary to common opinion at the time, Freud did not regard homosexuality in any sense as an illness or form of degeneracy.[2] In 1935, when asked by a woman to cure her son's homosexuality, Freud famously rejected her request, saying: "Many highly respectable individuals of ancient and modern times have been homosexuals, several of the greatest men among them" and "It is a great injustice to persecute homosexuality as a crime."[2]

Overview edit

Freud's most important articles on homosexuality were written between 1905, when he published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, and 1922, when he published "Certain Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia, and Homosexuality".[3] Freud believed that all humans were bisexual, by which he primarily meant that everyone incorporates aspects of both sexes, and that everyone is sexually attracted to both sexes. In his view, this was true anatomically and therefore also mentally and psychologically. Heterosexuality and homosexuality both developed from this original bisexual disposition.[4] As one of the causes of homosexuality, Freud mentions the distressing heterosexual experience: "Those cases are of particular interest in which the libido changes over to an inverted sexual object after a distressing experience with a normal one."[5]

Freud appears to have been undecided whether or not homosexuality was pathological, expressing different views on this issue at different times and places in his work.[6] Freud frequently borrowed the term "inversion" from his contemporaries to describe homosexuality, something which in his view was distinct from the necessarily pathological perversions, and suggested that several distinct kinds might exist, cautioning that his conclusions about it were based on a small and not necessarily representative sample of patients.[2][7]

Freud derived much of his information on homosexuality from psychiatrists and sexologists such as Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Magnus Hirschfeld, and was also influenced by Eugen Steinach, a Viennese endocrinologist who transplanted testicles from straight men into gay men in attempts to change their sexual orientation. Freud stated that Steinach's research had "thrown a strong light on the organic determinants of homoeroticism",[8] but cautioned that it was premature to expect that the operations he performed would make possible a therapy that could be generally applied. In his view, such transplant operations would be effective in changing sexual orientation only in cases in which homosexuality was strongly associated with physical characteristics typical of the opposite sex, and probably no similar therapy could be applied to lesbianism.[7][9][10] In fact Steinach's method was doomed to failure because the immune systems of his patients rejected the transplanted glands, and was eventually exposed as ineffective and often harmful.[10]

Views on attempts to change homosexuality edit

Freud believed that homosexuals could rarely be convinced that sex with someone of the opposite sex would provide them with the same pleasure they derived from sex with someone of the same sex. Patients often pursued treatment due to social disapproval, which was not a strong enough motive for change.[citation needed]

Freud wrote in the 1920 paper The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman, that changing homosexuality was difficult and therefore possible only under unusually favourable conditions, observing that "in general to undertake to convert a fully developed homosexual into a heterosexual does not offer much more prospect of success than the reverse."[11] Success meant making heterosexual feelings possible rather than eliminating homosexual feelings.[9]

Female homosexuality edit

Freud's main discussion of female homosexuality was the paper The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman, which described his analysis of a young woman who had entered therapy because her parents were concerned that she was a lesbian.[11] Her father hoped that psychoanalysis would cure her lesbianism, but in Freud's view, the prognosis was unfavourable because of the circumstances under which the woman entered therapy, and because the homosexuality was not an illness or neurotic conflict.

Freud, therefore, told the parents only that he was prepared to study their daughter to determine what effects therapy might have. Freud concluded that he was probably dealing with a case of biologically innate homosexuality, and eventually broke off the treatment because of what he saw as his patient's hostility to men.[2][12][13]

1935 letter edit

In 1935, Freud wrote to a mother who had asked him to treat her son's homosexuality, a letter that would later become famous:[2]

I gather from your letter that your son is a homosexual. I am most impressed by the fact that you do not mention this term yourself in your information about him. May I question you why you avoid it? Homosexuality is assuredly no advantage, but it is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation; it cannot be classified as an illness; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function, produced by a certain arrest of sexual development. Many highly respectable individuals of ancient and modern times have been homosexuals, several of the greatest men among them. (Plato, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, etc). It is a great injustice to persecute homosexuality as a crime –and cruelty, too. If you do not believe me, read the books of Havelock Ellis.

By asking me if I can help [your son], you mean, I suppose, if I can abolish homosexuality and make normal heterosexuality take its place. The answer is, in a general way we cannot promise to achieve it. In a certain number of cases we succeed in developing the blighted germs of heterosexual tendencies, which are present in every homosexual; in the majority of cases it is no more possible. It is a question of the quality and the age of the individual. The result of treatment cannot be predicted.

What analysis can do for your son runs in a different line. If he is unhappy, neurotic, torn by conflicts, inhibited in his social life, analysis may bring him harmony, peace of mind, full efficiency, whether he remains homosexual or gets changed.[14][15]

1938 letter edit

Dated December 6, 1938, the one-page letter, written in German and signed "Prof. Freud,” is a testament to Freud's commitment to understanding the complexities of human sexuality. In the letter, Freud responded to a question about sexual orientation from a concerned writer, and defended homosexuality.[16]

(translated):I'm happy to provide some clarifications as well as I can. I cannot agree with your calling homosexuality a vice or a crime. It is neither, regardless of the legislation in different countries. But it is an unfortunate trait, and efforts to overcome it are justified. If only it were achieved so easily! Psychoanalysis has helped overcome it in rare cases; in numerous others it succeeded in reinforcing simultaneously existing heterosexual instincts to the point where the subjects were able to live bisexually. In most cases [psychoanalysis] has no influence over the abnormal tendency. Since this psychological treatment takes extended time and is costly as well, it will probably not provide you the answer you are looking for. The case may be different for your friend. Since he is so much younger, his decision may not be definitive yet, and you assume a degree of responsibility if you settle him with degeneration which will only reinforce his homosexuality. Advice will get you nowhere. The two of you will have to wait and see which inclination is stronger. The homosexual's case in today's society is not as hopeless as it may seem to you. In every country there is a large number of such individuals who, while outside of the norm in that one point, in all others pass muster and distinguish themselves through remarkable accomplishments, as evidenced by the fact that several of the greatest men in history were homosexuals. Even more frequently you will see men for a period of their lives follow one sexual inclination only to trade it in later on for the other. But they also often remain receptive to both sexes — meaning they remain bisexual. It is important not to overlook the fact that a certain degree of propensity toward the homosexual object is part and parcel of the constitution of the so-called normal man. Instead of the requested advice, I hope these thoughts will enlighten you.[17]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Erwin 2002, pp. 258–261
  2. ^ a b c d e Lewes 1988
  3. ^ Lewes 1988, p. 28
  4. ^ Ruse 1988, p. 22
  5. ^ Freud 1905, p. 48
  6. ^ Flanders 2021.
  7. ^ a b Freud 1991, pp. 58–59
  8. ^ Lewes 1988, p. 58
  9. ^ a b Freud 1991, p. 375
  10. ^ a b LeVay 1996, p. 32
  11. ^ a b Freud 1991, p. 376
  12. ^ Freud 1991, pp. 371–400
  13. ^ O’Connor & Ryan 1993, pp. 30–47
  14. ^ Freud 1951.
  15. ^ Freud 1992, pp. 423–424
  16. ^ "Sigmund Freud Said Homosexuality Wasn't 'A Vice or a Crime' in 1938 Letter". Advocate. 2023-09-15.
  17. ^ "Sigmund Freud Rare Autograph Letter Signed on Homosexuality, "...several of the greatest men in history were homosexuals"".

References edit

  • Freud, Sigmund (1951) [9 April 1935]. "Historical Notes: A Letter from Freud". American Journal of Psychiatry. 107 (10): 786–787. doi:10.1176/ajp.107.10.786. PMID 14819376. Hand-written letter.
  • Freud, Ernst, ed. (1992). The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture. Translated by Stern, Tania; Stern, James. New York: Dover. ISBN 978-0-415-93677-4. OCLC 24794598.
  • Freud, Sigmund (1991a), Case Histories II, London: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-013799-8
  • Freud, Sigmund (1991b), On Sexuality, London: Penguin, ISBN 0-14-013797-1
  • Flanders, Sara (21 January 2021). "On the subject of homosexuality: What Freud Said" (PDF). The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 97 (3): 933–950. doi:10.1111/1745-8315.12520. hdl:2268/202406. PMID 27437635. S2CID 20932241 – via ORBi.
  • Erwin, Edward (2002), The Freud Encyclopedia: Theory, Therapy, and Culture, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415936774
  • LeVay, Simon (1996), Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research Into Homosexuality, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, ISBN 0262121999
  • Lewes, Kenneth (1988), The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality, New York: New American Library, ISBN 0-452-01003-9
  • O’Connor, Noreen; Ryan, Joanna (1993), Wild Desires & Mistaken Identities: Lesbianism and Psychoanalysis, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10022-1
  • Ruse, Michael (1988), Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry, New York: Basil Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-15275-X

January 01, 1970
sigmund, freud, views, homosexuality, sigmund, freud, founder, psychoanalysis, viewed, homosexuality, like, forms, sexuality, being, caused, combination, biological, social, psychological, factors, according, freud, humans, born, with, unfocused, sexual, libid. Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis viewed homosexuality like all forms of sexuality as being caused by a combination of biological social and psychological factors According to Freud humans are born with unfocused sexual libidinal drives he regarded homosexuality as a particular form of variation in the developmental process of the sexual function 1 Sigmund Freud Contrary to common opinion at the time Freud did not regard homosexuality in any sense as an illness or form of degeneracy 2 In 1935 when asked by a woman to cure her son s homosexuality Freud famously rejected her request saying Many highly respectable individuals of ancient and modern times have been homosexuals several of the greatest men among them and It is a great injustice to persecute homosexuality as a crime 2 Contents 1 Overview 2 Views on attempts to change homosexuality 3 Female homosexuality 4 1935 letter 5 1938 letter 6 See also 7 Notes 8 ReferencesOverview editFreud s most important articles on homosexuality were written between 1905 when he published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality and 1922 when he published Certain Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy Paranoia and Homosexuality 3 Freud believed that all humans were bisexual by which he primarily meant that everyone incorporates aspects of both sexes and that everyone is sexually attracted to both sexes In his view this was true anatomically and therefore also mentally and psychologically Heterosexuality and homosexuality both developed from this original bisexual disposition 4 As one of the causes of homosexuality Freud mentions the distressing heterosexual experience Those cases are of particular interest in which the libido changes over to an inverted sexual object after a distressing experience with a normal one 5 Freud appears to have been undecided whether or not homosexuality was pathological expressing different views on this issue at different times and places in his work 6 Freud frequently borrowed the term inversion from his contemporaries to describe homosexuality something which in his view was distinct from the necessarily pathological perversions and suggested that several distinct kinds might exist cautioning that his conclusions about it were based on a small and not necessarily representative sample of patients 2 7 Freud derived much of his information on homosexuality from psychiatrists and sexologists such as Richard von Krafft Ebing and Magnus Hirschfeld and was also influenced by Eugen Steinach a Viennese endocrinologist who transplanted testicles from straight men into gay men in attempts to change their sexual orientation Freud stated that Steinach s research had thrown a strong light on the organic determinants of homoeroticism 8 but cautioned that it was premature to expect that the operations he performed would make possible a therapy that could be generally applied In his view such transplant operations would be effective in changing sexual orientation only in cases in which homosexuality was strongly associated with physical characteristics typical of the opposite sex and probably no similar therapy could be applied to lesbianism 7 9 10 In fact Steinach s method was doomed to failure because the immune systems of his patients rejected the transplanted glands and was eventually exposed as ineffective and often harmful 10 Views on attempts to change homosexuality editFreud believed that homosexuals could rarely be convinced that sex with someone of the opposite sex would provide them with the same pleasure they derived from sex with someone of the same sex Patients often pursued treatment due to social disapproval which was not a strong enough motive for change citation needed Freud wrote in the 1920 paper The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman that changing homosexuality was difficult and therefore possible only under unusually favourable conditions observing that in general to undertake to convert a fully developed homosexual into a heterosexual does not offer much more prospect of success than the reverse 11 Success meant making heterosexual feelings possible rather than eliminating homosexual feelings 9 Female homosexuality editFreud s main discussion of female homosexuality was the paper The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman which described his analysis of a young woman who had entered therapy because her parents were concerned that she was a lesbian 11 Her father hoped that psychoanalysis would cure her lesbianism but in Freud s view the prognosis was unfavourable because of the circumstances under which the woman entered therapy and because the homosexuality was not an illness or neurotic conflict Freud therefore told the parents only that he was prepared to study their daughter to determine what effects therapy might have Freud concluded that he was probably dealing with a case of biologically innate homosexuality and eventually broke off the treatment because of what he saw as his patient s hostility to men 2 12 13 1935 letter editIn 1935 Freud wrote to a mother who had asked him to treat her son s homosexuality a letter that would later become famous 2 I gather from your letter that your son is a homosexual I am most impressed by the fact that you do not mention this term yourself in your information about him May I question you why you avoid it Homosexuality is assuredly no advantage but it is nothing to be ashamed of no vice no degradation it cannot be classified as an illness we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function produced by a certain arrest of sexual development Many highly respectable individuals of ancient and modern times have been homosexuals several of the greatest men among them Plato Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci etc It is a great injustice to persecute homosexuality as a crime and cruelty too If you do not believe me read the books of Havelock Ellis By asking me if I can help your son you mean I suppose if I can abolish homosexuality and make normal heterosexuality take its place The answer is in a general way we cannot promise to achieve it In a certain number of cases we succeed in developing the blighted germs of heterosexual tendencies which are present in every homosexual in the majority of cases it is no more possible It is a question of the quality and the age of the individual The result of treatment cannot be predicted What analysis can do for your son runs in a different line If he is unhappy neurotic torn by conflicts inhibited in his social life analysis may bring him harmony peace of mind full efficiency whether he remains homosexual or gets changed 14 15 1938 letter editDated December 6 1938 the one page letter written in German and signed Prof Freud is a testament to Freud s commitment to understanding the complexities of human sexuality In the letter Freud responded to a question about sexual orientation from a concerned writer and defended homosexuality 16 translated I m happy to provide some clarifications as well as I can I cannot agree with your calling homosexuality a vice or a crime It is neither regardless of the legislation in different countries But it is an unfortunate trait and efforts to overcome it are justified If only it were achieved so easily Psychoanalysis has helped overcome it in rare cases in numerous others it succeeded in reinforcing simultaneously existing heterosexual instincts to the point where the subjects were able to live bisexually In most cases psychoanalysis has no influence over the abnormal tendency Since this psychological treatment takes extended time and is costly as well it will probably not provide you the answer you are looking for The case may be different for your friend Since he is so much younger his decision may not be definitive yet and you assume a degree of responsibility if you settle him with degeneration which will only reinforce his homosexuality Advice will get you nowhere The two of you will have to wait and see which inclination is stronger The homosexual s case in today s society is not as hopeless as it may seem to you In every country there is a large number of such individuals who while outside of the norm in that one point in all others pass muster and distinguish themselves through remarkable accomplishments as evidenced by the fact that several of the greatest men in history were homosexuals Even more frequently you will see men for a period of their lives follow one sexual inclination only to trade it in later on for the other But they also often remain receptive to both sexes meaning they remain bisexual It is important not to overlook the fact that a certain degree of propensity toward the homosexual object is part and parcel of the constitution of the so called normal man Instead of the requested advice I hope these thoughts will enlighten you 17 See also edit nbsp LGBT portal nbsp Modern history portal nbsp Human sexuality portal nbsp Psychiatry portal Conversion therapy Homophobia Homosexuality and psychology Sexual PreferenceNotes edit Erwin 2002 pp 258 261 a b c d e Lewes 1988 Lewes 1988 p 28 Ruse 1988 p 22 Freud 1905 p 48harvnb error no target CITEREFFreud1905 help Flanders 2021 a b Freud 1991 pp 58 59harvnb error no target CITEREFFreud1991 help Lewes 1988 p 58 a b Freud 1991 p 375harvnb error no target CITEREFFreud1991 help a b LeVay 1996 p 32 a b Freud 1991 p 376harvnb error no target CITEREFFreud1991 help Freud 1991 pp 371 400harvnb error no target CITEREFFreud1991 help O Connor amp Ryan 1993 pp 30 47 Freud 1951 Freud 1992 pp 423 424 Sigmund Freud Said Homosexuality Wasn t A Vice or a Crime in 1938 Letter Advocate 2023 09 15 Sigmund Freud Rare Autograph Letter Signed on Homosexuality several of the greatest men in history were homosexuals References editFreud Sigmund 1951 9 April 1935 Historical Notes A Letter from Freud American Journal of Psychiatry 107 10 786 787 doi 10 1176 ajp 107 10 786 PMID 14819376 Hand written letter Freud Ernst ed 1992 The Freud Encyclopedia Theory Therapy and Culture Translated by Stern Tania Stern James New York Dover ISBN 978 0 415 93677 4 OCLC 24794598 Freud Sigmund 1991a Case Histories II London Penguin ISBN 0 14 013799 8 Freud Sigmund 1991b On Sexuality London Penguin ISBN 0 14 013797 1 Flanders Sara 21 January 2021 On the subject of homosexuality What Freud Said PDF The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 97 3 933 950 doi 10 1111 1745 8315 12520 hdl 2268 202406 PMID 27437635 S2CID 20932241 via ORBi Erwin Edward 2002 The Freud Encyclopedia Theory Therapy and Culture New York Routledge ISBN 9780415936774 LeVay Simon 1996 Queer Science The Use and Abuse of Research Into Homosexuality Cambridge MA MIT Press ISBN 0262121999 Lewes Kenneth 1988 The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality New York New American Library ISBN 0 452 01003 9 O Connor Noreen Ryan Joanna 1993 Wild Desires amp Mistaken Identities Lesbianism and Psychoanalysis New York Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 10022 1 Ruse Michael 1988 Homosexuality A Philosophical Inquiry New York Basil Blackwell ISBN 0 631 15275 X Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sigmund Freud 27s views on homosexuality amp oldid 1220789030, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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