fbpx
Wikipedia

Siege of Fort Zeelandia

The siege of Fort Zeelandia (Chinese: 熱蘭遮城包圍戰; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Jia̍t-lân-jia Siâⁿ Pau-ûi-chiàn) of 1661–1662 ended the Dutch East India Company's rule over Taiwan and began the Kingdom of Tungning's rule over the island.

Siege of Fort Zeelandia
Part of the Sino-Dutch conflicts

La ville et le chateau de zelandia dans l'ile de tayovan, Olfert Dapper
DateMarch 30, 1661 – February 1, 1662
Location23°00′06″N 120°09′39″E / 23.00167°N 120.16083°E / 23.00167; 120.16083Coordinates: 23°00′06″N 120°09′39″E / 23.00167°N 120.16083°E / 23.00167; 120.16083
Result

Ming loyalists victory

Belligerents
Ming loyalists East India Company
Commanders and leaders
Koxinga
Liu Guoxuan
Ma Xin
Chen Ze
Frederick Coyett 
Jacob Valentine
Thomas Padel
Hans Jurgen Radis
Philip Meij
Jacob Cauw
Strength
25,000, of whom 6,000 advanced on the fort[1]
400 Junks
905 soldiers (Zeelandia)[2]
140 soldiers (Provintia)[3]
3 ships (Zeelandia)[4]
12 ships (relief) with 700 sailors[5][6][7]
Casualties and losses
12,500 deserted or dead, mostly from disease,[8] including more than 2,200 killed by natives[9] 1,600 killed or died of disease
Zeelandia: 1 warship sunk[10]
Relief: 1 warship sunk, 2 ships abandoned, 3 ships captured[11][12]
class=notpageimage|
Location within Taiwan

Prelude

From 1623 to 1624, the Dutch had been at war with Ming China over the Pescadores. In 1633 they clashed with a fleet led by Zheng Zhilong in the Battle of Liaoluo Bay, ending in Dutch defeat. By 1632 the Dutch had established a post on a peninsula named Tayoan (now Anping District of Tainan), which was separated from the main part of Formosa by a shallow lagoon historically referred to as the Taikang inland sea [zh]. The Dutch fortifications consisted of two forts along the bay: the first and foremost fortification was the multiple-walled Fort Zeelandia, situated at the entrance to the bay,[13] while the second was the smaller Fort Provintia, a walled administrative office.[14] Frederick Coyett, the governor of Taiwan for the Dutch East India Company, was stationed in Fort Zeelandia with 1,733 people: 905 soldiers and officers, 547 enslaved people, 218 women and children, and 63 married men,[15] while his subordinate, Valentyn, was in charge of Fort Provintia and its garrison of 140 soldiers.[3]

In 1659, after an unsuccessful attempt to capture Nanjing, Koxinga, son of Zheng Zhilong and leader of the Ming loyalist remnants, felt that the Qing Empire had consolidated their position in China sufficiently, while his troops needed more supplies and soldiers. He began searching for a suitable location as his base of operations, and soon a Chinese man named He Bin [zh] (Chinese: 何斌), who was working for the Dutch East India Company in Formosa (Taiwan), fled to Koxinga's base in Xiamen and provided him with a map of Taiwan.[16]

Koxinga's invasion

 
One of Koxinga's armored soldiers.

Landing

On 23 March 1661, Koxinga's fleet set sail from Kinmen (Quemoy) with hundreds of junks of various sizes, with roughly 25,000 soldiers and sailors aboard. They arrived at Penghu the next day. On 30 March, a small garrison was left at Penghu while the main body of the fleet left and arrived at Tayoan on 2 April 2. On Baxemboy Island in the Bay of Taiwan, unrelated to the siege, 2,000 Chinese attacked 240 Dutch musketeers, routing them.[7] After passing through a shallow waterway unknown to the Dutch, they landed at the bay of Lakjemuyse [zh].[17] Three Dutch ships attacked the Chinese junks and destroyed several until their main warship, the Hector, exploded due to a cannon firing near its gunpowder supply. The remaining two ships consisted of a yacht and a lesser warship, which could not keep Koxinga from controlling the waters around Taiwan.[10] No further opposition was for the time encountered. The remainder of Koxinga's men safely landed and built earthworks overlooking the plain.

Some were armed with bows and arrows hanging down their backs; others had nothing save a shield on the left arm and a good sword in the right hand; while many wielded with both hands a formidable battle-sword fixed to a stick half the length of a man. Everyone was protected over the upper part of the body with a coat of iron scales, fitting below one another like the slates of a roof; the arms and legs being left bare. This afforded complete protection from rifle bullets and yet left ample freedom to move, as those coats only reached down to the knees and were very flexible at all the joints. The archers formed Koxinga's best troops, and much depended on them, for even at a distance they contrived to handle their weapons with so great skill that they very nearly eclipsed the riflemen. The shield bearers were used instead of cavalry. Every tenth man of them is a leader, who takes charge of, and presses his men on, to force themselves into the ranks of the enemy. With bent heads and their bodies hidden behind the shields, they try to break through the opposing ranks with such fury and dauntless courage as if each one had still a spare body left at home. They continually press onwards, notwithstanding many are shot down; not stopping to consider, but ever rushing forward like mad dogs, not even looking round to see whether they are followed by their comrades or not. Those with the sword-sticks—called soapknives by the Hollanders—render the same service as our lancers in preventing all breaking through of the enemy, and in this way establishing perfect order in the ranks; but when the enemy has been thrown into disorder, the Sword-bearers follow this up with fearful massacre amongst the fugitives.

Koxinga was abundantly provided with cannons and ammunition . . He had also two companies of 'Black-boys,' many of whom had been Dutch slaves and had learned the use of the rifle and musket-arms. These caused much harm during the war in Formosa.[18][19]

The latter courageously marched in rows of twelve men towards the enemy, and when they came near enough, they charged by firing three volleys uniformly. The enemy, not less brave, discharged so great a storm of arrows that they seemed to darken the sky. From both sides some few fell hors de combat, but still the Chinese were not going to run away, as was imagined. The Dutch troops now noticed the separated Chinese squadron which came to surprise them from the rear; and seeing that those in front stubbornly held their ground, it now became a case of sero sapiunt Phryges. They now discovered that they had been too confident of the weakness of the enemy, and had not anticipated such resistance. If they were courageous before the battle (seeking to emulate the actions of Gideon), fear now took the place of their courage, and many of them threw down their rifles without even discharging them at the enemy. Indeed, they took to their heels, with shameful haste, leaving their brave comrades and valiant Captain in the lurch. Pedel, judging that it would be the veriest folly to withstand such overwhelming numbers, wished to close together and retreat in good order, but his soldiers would not listen to him. Fear had the upper-hand, and life was dear to them; each therefore sought to save himself. The Chinese saw the disorder and attacked still more vigorously, cutting down all before them. They gave no quarter, but went on until the Captain with one hundred and eighteen of his army were slain on the field of battle, as a penalty for making light of the enemy. Other misfortunes befell this unhappy company. A large number of the rifles in possession of our troops were left behind. This battle was fought on a sandy plain, from which escape was impossible, and but for the proximity of the pilot-boat, which lay close to the shore, not one would have been left to tell the tale. The fugitives, who had to wade up to their throats in water, were conveyed to Tayouan.[20][21]

But it was observed that the greatest part of the hostile army—which, according to one of the prisoners, amounted to twenty thousand men, Koxinga himself being present—had already landed on the Sakam shore. To all appearance they would probably resist, pursue, and defeat us, seeing that they had a large force of cavalry, and were armed with rifles, soapknives, bows and arrows, and such like weapons, besides being harnessed and provided with storm-helmets.[22]

— Frederick Coyett

Siege

 
A Ming junk, 1637.
 
Surrender of Fort Zeelandia
 
The surrender of Fort Zeelandia

On April 4, Valentyn surrendered to Koxinga's army after it laid siege to Fort Provintia. The rapid assault had caught Valentyn unprepared since he was under the impression that the fort was under the protection of Fort Zeelandia. On April 7, Koxinga's army surrounded Fort Zeelandia, sending the captured Dutch priest Antonius Hambroek as an emissary, demanding the garrison's surrender. However, Hambroek urged the garrison to resist instead of surrender and was executed after returning to Koxinga's camp. Koxinga ordered his artillery to advance and used 28 cannons to bombard the fort.[23]

Koxinga was confident in his army's ability to overwhelm the fort. They outnumbered the defenders twenty to one and he had hundreds of cannons. After careful planning and multiple feints, Koxinga bombarded the fort during the night, demolishing the roof of the Dutch governor's house. While initially unable to respond, the Dutch were able to reposition their guns and return fire from different angles using the bastion forts as vantage points. The assault was driven back with hundreds of Koxinga's best soldiers killed. The Dutch governor wrote that the enemy's cannons were badly placed, unprotected, and easy to destroy. The assault had caused no damage other than damaging a few houses and lightly wounding one Dutch artillerist. Shocked at the defeat, Koxinga abandoned the approach of taking the fortress by storm in favor of starving it out.[24]

On the 28th of May, news of the siege reached Jakarta, and the Dutch East India Company dispatched a fleet of 12 ships and 700 sailors to relieve the fort. The first time they tried to land, they were forced away by bad weather, and one ship's crew was captured by the natives when it crashed into the beach. The natives killed most of the crew and sent them to Koxinga.[12] On July 5, the relief force arrived and engaged in small-scale confrontations with Koxinga's fleet. On July 23, the two sides gave major battle as the Dutch fleet attempted to break Koxinga's blockade. A second, ultimately unsuccessful attempt at relief was mounted in October. The Dutch tried to bombard the Chinese position with their ships, but their shots were too high and missed their target, giving the Chinese gunners time to prepare and return fire. Meanwhile, the smaller Dutch ships engaged the Chinese junks, which lured them into a narrow strait with a false withdrawal. The Dutch ships were unable to get away as the wind had died, and they were forced to paddle their boats, but the Chinese caught them and massacred the crew on board, and used pikes to kill those who jumped overboard. The Chinese caught Dutch grenades in nets and threw them back at the Dutch. The Dutch flagship Koukercken ran aground right in front of an enemy cannon placement and was sunk. Another ship was stranded and its crew fled to Fort Zeelandia. The remaining Dutch fleet was forced to retreat with the loss of two ships, three smaller vessels, and 130 casualties.[25]

Coyet remarked on the accuracy of Chinese cannon bombardment against Dutch gun emplacements on the fort, which rendered them immobile. Explosive landmines were used by Koxinga against Dutch musketeers.[26]

In October, several dozen Dutch troops raided a nearby island for provisions. The raid took a disastrous turn when they encountered a small group of Chinese soldiers. They tried to flee, but suffered heavy casualties, losing 36 men.[27]

In December, deserting German mercenaries brought Koxinga word of low morale among the garrison, and he launched a major assault on the fort, which was ultimately repelled.[28] In January 1662, a German sergeant named Hans Jurgen Radis defected to give Koxinga critical advice on how to capture the fortress from a redoubt whose strategic importance had gone hitherto unnoticed by the Chinese forces. Koxinga followed his advice and the Dutch redoubt fell within a day. This claim of a defector appears in a post hoc account of the siege written by Frederick Coyett, whom scholars have noted sought to absolve the author of responsibility for the defeat. A Swiss soldier also writes about the betrayal independently. Ming records make no mention of any defector or German named Hans Jurgen Radis.[28][29] The Ming dynasty had in the past dispatched work crews to salvage cannons from European shipwrecks and reverse engineer them.[30]

On 12 January 1662, Koxinga's fleet initiated another bombardment, while the ground forces prepared to assault the fort. With supplies dwindling and no sign of reinforcement, Coyett finally ordered the hoisting of the white flag and negotiated terms of surrender, a process that was finalized on February 1. On the 9th of February, the remaining Dutch East India Company personnel left Taiwan; all were allowed to take with them their personal belongings, as well as provisions sufficient for them to reach the nearest Dutch settlement.[31]

Torture

Both sides used torture in the war. One Dutch physician carried out a vivisection on a Chinese prisoner.[32] The Chinese amputated the genitals, noses, ears, and limbs of Dutch prisoners while they were still alive and sent back the mutilated corpses and prisoners to the Dutch.[33] Chinese rebels had earlier cut the genitals, eyes, ears, and noses of Dutch people in the Guo Huaiyi rebellion.[34] The mouths of Dutch soldiers were filled with their amputated genitals by the Chinese who also slammed nails into their bodies, and amputated their noses, legs, and arms and sent the bodies of these Dutch soldiers back to the fort.[35]

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

The Taiwanese indigenous peoples attacked both the Chinese and the Dutch. In the Kingdom of Middag, the natives welcomed warmly the troops led by Koxinga's commander, Chen Ze. When Chen Ze's troops had been lulled into a false sense of security, the natives killed them in their sleep, wiping out 1,500 of Koxinga's army. This was the worst of several native attacks on the Chinese. The second worst case occurred in the south, where another 700 of Koxinga's forces were wiped out by the natives.[9] The natives who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the siege. The aboriginals (Formosans) of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty. They proceeded to work for the Chinese in executing captured Dutchmen. On 17 May 1661, the frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese. They celebrated their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch colonists and beheading them, while destroying their Christian school textbooks.[36] Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen, farming tools, and teach farming techniques to the Taiwan Aboriginals. He gave them Ming gowns and caps, provided feasts for chieftains, and gifted tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathered in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch.[37]

Aftermath

 
Peace Treaty of 1662, between Dutch Governor and Koxinga.[38]

Dutch prisoners

During the siege of Fort Zeelandia, the Chinese took many Dutch prisoners, among them the Dutch missionary Antonius Hambroek and his wife, and two of their daughters. Koxinga sent Hambroek to Fort Zeelandia to persuade the garrison to surrender; if unsuccessful, Hambroek would be killed upon return. Hambroek went up to the Fort, where two of his other daughters still remained, and urged the garrison not to surrender. He subsequently returned to Koxinga's camp and was beheaded. Additionally, a rumor was spread among the Chinese that the Dutch were encouraging the native Taiwan aboriginals to kill the Chinese. In retaliation, Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners,[39] mostly by crucifixion and decapitation[40] with a few women and children also being killed. The remainder of the Dutch women and children were enslaved, with Koxinga taking Hambroek's teenage daughter as his concubine (she was described by the Dutch commander Caeuw as "a very sweet and pleasing maiden", while other Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their (secondary) wives or mistresses.[41][42][43] The daily journal of the Dutch fort recorded that "the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and the rest were sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands."[44] The Chinese took Dutch women as enslaved concubines and wives and they were never freed: in 1684, some were reported to be still living. In Quemoy, a Dutch merchant was contacted with an arrangement to release the prisoners, which a son of Koxinga's proposed, but it came to nothing.[45][46][47]

The Chinese taking Dutch women as concubines was featured in Joannes Nomsz's famous play "Antonius Hambroek, of de Belegering van Formoza" ("Antonius Hambroek, or the Siege of Formosa"), which documented European anxieties at the fate of the Dutch women and defeat by non-Europeans.[48]

Later Ming-Dutch encounters

In 1663, The Dutch allied with the Qing dynasty against the Zheng forces. In 1663, 15 Dutch ships scattered a Zheng fleet of several hundred junks.[49]

The Dutch looted relics and killed monks after attacking a Buddhist complex at Putuoshan on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 during their war against Koxinga's son Zheng Jing.[50]

In 1666, Chinese forces made an attempt to conquer another Dutch fort in Taiwan, defended by 300 Dutch soldiers with a force of 3,000 Chinese troops. The fort had been built to ensure Dutch influence on the island after Zeelandia's fall. It was equipped with four large bastions overlooking a flat field but lacked supplies and ammunition. The garrison itself was sickly and poorly equipped. The Chinese tried to take a redoubt on a small mountain near the fortress but were repelled by a small contingent of Dutch soldiers. They then built a small fort on a foothill below the mountain and set up four cannons to shoot at the Dutch fortress. After 109 shots, one Dutchman had been killed, but nearly all the shots were missed and did no damage to the walls. Nine days after arriving, the Chinese forces left.[51] The garrison's commander, Joan de Meijer, was surprised, as he felt that any reasonably experienced commander should've been able to capture the fort. The Ming leader was, in fact, an experienced commander, but like other contemporary Chinese officers, he was unfamiliar with European-style forts, which also confounded Koxinga at Zeelandia.[52]

Keelung was a lucrative possession for the Dutch East India Company, with 26% of the company's profits coming from their Taiwan operations in 1664.[53] The Dutch held out at Keelung until 1668, when aborigine resistance (likely incited by Zheng Jing),[54] and the lack of progress in retaking any other parts of the island persuaded the colonial authorities to abandon this final stronghold and withdraw from Taiwan altogether.[55]

In 1672, the fleet of Koxinga's son, Zheng Jing, defeated the Dutch again in naval combat, executing 34 Dutch sailors and drowning 8 Dutch sailors after looting, ambushing, and sinking the Dutch fluyt ship Cuylenburg in northeastern Taiwan. Twenty-one Dutch sailors escaped to Japan. The ship was heading from Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission.[56]

Cultural influences

The battle was depicted in the movie The Sino-Dutch War 1661 (Chinese: 鄭成功1661), which ended in Koxinga's victory over the Dutch.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ^ Clodfelter (2017), p. 63: "The whole force sent to Taiwan was 25,000 men, but only 6,000 advanced on Zeelandia."
  2. ^ Clodfelter (2017), p. 63: "1,733 Dutch inhabitants of Fort Zeelandia, of which 905 were armed men."
  3. ^ a b Andrade 2011a, p. 140.
  4. ^ Andrade 2011a, p. 194.
  5. ^ Andrade 2011a, p. 206.
  6. ^ Manthorpe (2009), p. 65.
  7. ^ a b Clodfelter (2017), p. 63.
  8. ^ Clodfelter (2017), p. 63: Clodfelter states that Koxinga's army lost half its men in Taiwan.
  9. ^ a b Andrade 2011a, p. 187-188.
  10. ^ a b Andrade 2011a, p. 138.
  11. ^ Andrade (2011a), pp. 221–222.
  12. ^ a b Andrade 2011a, p. 212.
  13. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 13.
  14. ^ Campbell (1903), p. 546.
  15. ^ Andrade 2011a, p. 189.
  16. ^ Andrade (2008), §15.
  17. ^ Campbell (1903), p. 544.
  18. ^ Struve (1993), p. 218.
  19. ^ Campbell (1903), p. 420.
  20. ^ Campbell (1903), pp. 416–417.
  21. ^ Struve (1993), p. 216.
  22. ^ Campbell (1903), p. 482.
  23. ^ Davidson (1903), p. 38.
  24. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 216-219.
  25. ^ Andrade (2011a), pp. 221–223.
  26. ^ Andrade (2011a), pp. 240–241.
  27. ^ Andrade (2016), p. 192.
  28. ^ a b Andrade (2008).
  29. ^ Struve (1998), p. 232.
  30. ^ Andrade (2011), p. 308.
  31. ^ Andrade 2011a, p. 294.
  32. ^ Ho, Dahpon David. Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China (A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO.
  33. ^ Andrade, Tonio (2011). "A Chinese Farmer, Two African Boys, and a Warlord: Toward a Global Microhistory". Journal of World History. University of Hawai'i Press. 21 (4).
  34. ^ Andrade (2011a), p. 125.
  35. ^ Andrade (2011a), p. 223.
  36. ^ Hsin-Hui, Chiu (2008). The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624 - 1662. Vol. 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 222. ISBN 978-9004165076. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  37. ^ Xing Hang (5 January 2016). Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-316-45384-1.
  38. ^ Coyett (1903), pp. 455–456.
  39. ^ Spence, Jonathan D. (1991). The Search for Modern China (illustrated, reprint ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 55. ISBN 0393307808. - access date: December 10, 2014
  40. ^ Andrade (2011a), p. 5.
  41. ^ Wright, Arnold, ed. (1909). Twentieth century impressions of Netherlands India: Its history, people, commerce, industries and resources (illustrated ed.). Lloyd's Greater Britain Pub. Co. p. 67. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  42. ^ Newman, Bernard (1961). Far Eastern Journey: Across India and Pakistan to Formosa. H. Jenkins. p. 169. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  43. ^ Moffett, Samuel H. (1998). A History of Christianity in Asia: 1500-1900. Bishop Henry McNeal Turner Studies in North American Black Religion Series. Vol. 2. Orbis Books. p. 222. ISBN 1570754500. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  44. ^ Manthorpe (2009), p. 77.
  45. ^ Covell (1998), p. 96.
  46. ^ Lach & Van Kley (1998), p. 1823.
  47. ^ Manthorpe (2009), p. 72.
  48. ^ Andrade (2011a), p. 413.
  49. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 207.
  50. ^ Hang, Xing (2016). Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-1316453841.
  51. ^ Andrade 2011a, p. 313.
  52. ^ Andrade 2016, p. 231.
  53. ^ "In the days of the Dutch". taiwantoday.tw. Taiwan Today. March 1968. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  54. ^ Shepherd 1993, p. 95.
  55. ^ Blussé, Leonard (1 January 1989). "Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse? A rejoinder to A.R.T. Kemasang". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 145 (2): 357. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003260. S2CID 57527820.
  56. ^ Hang, Xing (2016). Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-1316453841.
  •   This article incorporates text from The island of Formosa, past and present: History, people, resources, and commercial prospects. Tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions, by James Wheeler Davidson, a publication from 1903, now in the public domain in the United States.
  •   This article incorporates text from The island of Formosa: historical view from 1430 to 1900, by James Wheeler Davidson, a publication from 1903, now in the public domain in the United States.

Bibliography

  • Andrade, Tonio (2008), "Chapter 11: The Fall of Dutch Taiwan", How Taiwan Became Chinese : Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231128551
  • Andrade, Tonio (2011a), Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West (illustrated ed.), Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691144559
  • Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7
  • Campbell, William (1903). Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. OCLC 644323041.
  • Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 978-0786474707.
  • Covell, Ralph R. (1998). Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants (illustrated ed.). Hope Publishing House. ISBN 0932727905. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  • Coyett, Frederick (1903) [First published 1675 in 't verwaerloosde Formosa]. "Arrival and Victory of Koxinga". In Campbell, William (ed.). Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. pp. 412–459. ISBN 9789576380839. LCCN 04007338.
  • Davidson, James W. (1903). "Chapter III: Formosa under the Dutch 1644-1661". The island of Formosa, past and present: History, people, resources, and commercial prospects. Tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions. London and New York: Macmillan. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t48p69g9w. LCCN 03022967. OL 6931635M.
  • Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998). Asia in the Making of Europe: A Century of Advance : East Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226467694. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  • Manthorpe, Jonathan (2009). Forbidden nation : a history of Taiwan (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230614246.
  • Struve, Lynn A., ed. (1993). Voices from the Ming-Qing cataclysm: China in tigers' jaws. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300075537. Retrieved 28 June 2010.

External links

  • Koxinga - the Cheng Family History: The Hambroek affair
  • Koxinga - the Cheng Family History: The Hambroek affair

siege, fort, zeelandia, siege, fort, zeelandia, chinese, 熱蘭遮城包圍戰, lân, siâⁿ, chiàn, 1661, 1662, ended, dutch, east, india, company, rule, over, taiwan, began, kingdom, tungning, rule, over, island, part, sino, dutch, conflictsla, ville, chateau, zelandia, dans. The siege of Fort Zeelandia Chinese 熱蘭遮城包圍戰 Pe h ōe ji Jia t lan jia Siaⁿ Pau ui chian of 1661 1662 ended the Dutch East India Company s rule over Taiwan and began the Kingdom of Tungning s rule over the island Siege of Fort ZeelandiaPart of the Sino Dutch conflictsLa ville et le chateau de zelandia dans l ile de tayovan Olfert DapperDateMarch 30 1661 February 1 1662LocationFort Zeelandia Tainan Formosa modern Taiwan 23 00 06 N 120 09 39 E 23 00167 N 120 16083 E 23 00167 120 16083 Coordinates 23 00 06 N 120 09 39 E 23 00167 N 120 16083 E 23 00167 120 16083ResultMing loyalists victory Establishment of the Kingdom of TungningBelligerentsMing loyalistsEast India CompanyCommanders and leadersKoxinga Liu Guoxuan Ma Xin Chen ZeFrederick Coyett Jacob Valentine Thomas Padel Hans Jurgen Radis Philip Meij Jacob CauwStrength25 000 of whom 6 000 advanced on the fort 1 400 Junks905 soldiers Zeelandia 2 140 soldiers Provintia 3 3 ships Zeelandia 4 12 ships relief with 700 sailors 5 6 7 Casualties and losses12 500 deserted or dead mostly from disease 8 including more than 2 200 killed by natives 9 1 600 killed or died of disease Zeelandia 1 warship sunk 10 Relief 1 warship sunk 2 ships abandoned 3 ships captured 11 12 class notpageimage Location within Taiwan Contents 1 Prelude 2 Koxinga s invasion 2 1 Landing 2 2 Siege 2 3 Torture 2 4 Taiwanese indigenous peoples 3 Aftermath 3 1 Dutch prisoners 3 2 Later Ming Dutch encounters 4 Cultural influences 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksPrelude EditMain article Sino Dutch conflicts From 1623 to 1624 the Dutch had been at war with Ming China over the Pescadores In 1633 they clashed with a fleet led by Zheng Zhilong in the Battle of Liaoluo Bay ending in Dutch defeat By 1632 the Dutch had established a post on a peninsula named Tayoan now Anping District of Tainan which was separated from the main part of Formosa by a shallow lagoon historically referred to as the Taikang inland sea zh The Dutch fortifications consisted of two forts along the bay the first and foremost fortification was the multiple walled Fort Zeelandia situated at the entrance to the bay 13 while the second was the smaller Fort Provintia a walled administrative office 14 Frederick Coyett the governor of Taiwan for the Dutch East India Company was stationed in Fort Zeelandia with 1 733 people 905 soldiers and officers 547 enslaved people 218 women and children and 63 married men 15 while his subordinate Valentyn was in charge of Fort Provintia and its garrison of 140 soldiers 3 In 1659 after an unsuccessful attempt to capture Nanjing Koxinga son of Zheng Zhilong and leader of the Ming loyalist remnants felt that the Qing Empire had consolidated their position in China sufficiently while his troops needed more supplies and soldiers He began searching for a suitable location as his base of operations and soon a Chinese man named He Bin zh Chinese 何斌 who was working for the Dutch East India Company in Formosa Taiwan fled to Koxinga s base in Xiamen and provided him with a map of Taiwan 16 Koxinga s invasion Edit One of Koxinga s armored soldiers Landing Edit On 23 March 1661 Koxinga s fleet set sail from Kinmen Quemoy with hundreds of junks of various sizes with roughly 25 000 soldiers and sailors aboard They arrived at Penghu the next day On 30 March a small garrison was left at Penghu while the main body of the fleet left and arrived at Tayoan on 2 April 2 On Baxemboy Island in the Bay of Taiwan unrelated to the siege 2 000 Chinese attacked 240 Dutch musketeers routing them 7 After passing through a shallow waterway unknown to the Dutch they landed at the bay of Lakjemuyse zh 17 Three Dutch ships attacked the Chinese junks and destroyed several until their main warship the Hector exploded due to a cannon firing near its gunpowder supply The remaining two ships consisted of a yacht and a lesser warship which could not keep Koxinga from controlling the waters around Taiwan 10 No further opposition was for the time encountered The remainder of Koxinga s men safely landed and built earthworks overlooking the plain Some were armed with bows and arrows hanging down their backs others had nothing save a shield on the left arm and a good sword in the right hand while many wielded with both hands a formidable battle sword fixed to a stick half the length of a man Everyone was protected over the upper part of the body with a coat of iron scales fitting below one another like the slates of a roof the arms and legs being left bare This afforded complete protection from rifle bullets and yet left ample freedom to move as those coats only reached down to the knees and were very flexible at all the joints The archers formed Koxinga s best troops and much depended on them for even at a distance they contrived to handle their weapons with so great skill that they very nearly eclipsed the riflemen The shield bearers were used instead of cavalry Every tenth man of them is a leader who takes charge of and presses his men on to force themselves into the ranks of the enemy With bent heads and their bodies hidden behind the shields they try to break through the opposing ranks with such fury and dauntless courage as if each one had still a spare body left at home They continually press onwards notwithstanding many are shot down not stopping to consider but ever rushing forward like mad dogs not even looking round to see whether they are followed by their comrades or not Those with the sword sticks called soapknives by the Hollanders render the same service as our lancers in preventing all breaking through of the enemy and in this way establishing perfect order in the ranks but when the enemy has been thrown into disorder the Sword bearers follow this up with fearful massacre amongst the fugitives Koxinga was abundantly provided with cannons and ammunition He had also two companies of Black boys many of whom had been Dutch slaves and had learned the use of the rifle and musket arms These caused much harm during the war in Formosa 18 19 The latter courageously marched in rows of twelve men towards the enemy and when they came near enough they charged by firing three volleys uniformly The enemy not less brave discharged so great a storm of arrows that they seemed to darken the sky From both sides some few fell hors de combat but still the Chinese were not going to run away as was imagined The Dutch troops now noticed the separated Chinese squadron which came to surprise them from the rear and seeing that those in front stubbornly held their ground it now became a case of sero sapiunt Phryges They now discovered that they had been too confident of the weakness of the enemy and had not anticipated such resistance If they were courageous before the battle seeking to emulate the actions of Gideon fear now took the place of their courage and many of them threw down their rifles without even discharging them at the enemy Indeed they took to their heels with shameful haste leaving their brave comrades and valiant Captain in the lurch Pedel judging that it would be the veriest folly to withstand such overwhelming numbers wished to close together and retreat in good order but his soldiers would not listen to him Fear had the upper hand and life was dear to them each therefore sought to save himself The Chinese saw the disorder and attacked still more vigorously cutting down all before them They gave no quarter but went on until the Captain with one hundred and eighteen of his army were slain on the field of battle as a penalty for making light of the enemy Other misfortunes befell this unhappy company A large number of the rifles in possession of our troops were left behind This battle was fought on a sandy plain from which escape was impossible and but for the proximity of the pilot boat which lay close to the shore not one would have been left to tell the tale The fugitives who had to wade up to their throats in water were conveyed to Tayouan 20 21 But it was observed that the greatest part of the hostile army which according to one of the prisoners amounted to twenty thousand men Koxinga himself being present had already landed on the Sakam shore To all appearance they would probably resist pursue and defeat us seeing that they had a large force of cavalry and were armed with rifles soapknives bows and arrows and such like weapons besides being harnessed and provided with storm helmets 22 Frederick Coyett Siege Edit A Ming junk 1637 Surrender of Fort Zeelandia The surrender of Fort Zeelandia On April 4 Valentyn surrendered to Koxinga s army after it laid siege to Fort Provintia The rapid assault had caught Valentyn unprepared since he was under the impression that the fort was under the protection of Fort Zeelandia On April 7 Koxinga s army surrounded Fort Zeelandia sending the captured Dutch priest Antonius Hambroek as an emissary demanding the garrison s surrender However Hambroek urged the garrison to resist instead of surrender and was executed after returning to Koxinga s camp Koxinga ordered his artillery to advance and used 28 cannons to bombard the fort 23 Koxinga was confident in his army s ability to overwhelm the fort They outnumbered the defenders twenty to one and he had hundreds of cannons After careful planning and multiple feints Koxinga bombarded the fort during the night demolishing the roof of the Dutch governor s house While initially unable to respond the Dutch were able to reposition their guns and return fire from different angles using the bastion forts as vantage points The assault was driven back with hundreds of Koxinga s best soldiers killed The Dutch governor wrote that the enemy s cannons were badly placed unprotected and easy to destroy The assault had caused no damage other than damaging a few houses and lightly wounding one Dutch artillerist Shocked at the defeat Koxinga abandoned the approach of taking the fortress by storm in favor of starving it out 24 On the 28th of May news of the siege reached Jakarta and the Dutch East India Company dispatched a fleet of 12 ships and 700 sailors to relieve the fort The first time they tried to land they were forced away by bad weather and one ship s crew was captured by the natives when it crashed into the beach The natives killed most of the crew and sent them to Koxinga 12 On July 5 the relief force arrived and engaged in small scale confrontations with Koxinga s fleet On July 23 the two sides gave major battle as the Dutch fleet attempted to break Koxinga s blockade A second ultimately unsuccessful attempt at relief was mounted in October The Dutch tried to bombard the Chinese position with their ships but their shots were too high and missed their target giving the Chinese gunners time to prepare and return fire Meanwhile the smaller Dutch ships engaged the Chinese junks which lured them into a narrow strait with a false withdrawal The Dutch ships were unable to get away as the wind had died and they were forced to paddle their boats but the Chinese caught them and massacred the crew on board and used pikes to kill those who jumped overboard The Chinese caught Dutch grenades in nets and threw them back at the Dutch The Dutch flagship Koukercken ran aground right in front of an enemy cannon placement and was sunk Another ship was stranded and its crew fled to Fort Zeelandia The remaining Dutch fleet was forced to retreat with the loss of two ships three smaller vessels and 130 casualties 25 Coyet remarked on the accuracy of Chinese cannon bombardment against Dutch gun emplacements on the fort which rendered them immobile Explosive landmines were used by Koxinga against Dutch musketeers 26 In October several dozen Dutch troops raided a nearby island for provisions The raid took a disastrous turn when they encountered a small group of Chinese soldiers They tried to flee but suffered heavy casualties losing 36 men 27 In December deserting German mercenaries brought Koxinga word of low morale among the garrison and he launched a major assault on the fort which was ultimately repelled 28 In January 1662 a German sergeant named Hans Jurgen Radis defected to give Koxinga critical advice on how to capture the fortress from a redoubt whose strategic importance had gone hitherto unnoticed by the Chinese forces Koxinga followed his advice and the Dutch redoubt fell within a day This claim of a defector appears in a post hoc account of the siege written by Frederick Coyett whom scholars have noted sought to absolve the author of responsibility for the defeat A Swiss soldier also writes about the betrayal independently Ming records make no mention of any defector or German named Hans Jurgen Radis 28 29 The Ming dynasty had in the past dispatched work crews to salvage cannons from European shipwrecks and reverse engineer them 30 On 12 January 1662 Koxinga s fleet initiated another bombardment while the ground forces prepared to assault the fort With supplies dwindling and no sign of reinforcement Coyett finally ordered the hoisting of the white flag and negotiated terms of surrender a process that was finalized on February 1 On the 9th of February the remaining Dutch East India Company personnel left Taiwan all were allowed to take with them their personal belongings as well as provisions sufficient for them to reach the nearest Dutch settlement 31 Torture Edit Both sides used torture in the war One Dutch physician carried out a vivisection on a Chinese prisoner 32 The Chinese amputated the genitals noses ears and limbs of Dutch prisoners while they were still alive and sent back the mutilated corpses and prisoners to the Dutch 33 Chinese rebels had earlier cut the genitals eyes ears and noses of Dutch people in the Guo Huaiyi rebellion 34 The mouths of Dutch soldiers were filled with their amputated genitals by the Chinese who also slammed nails into their bodies and amputated their noses legs and arms and sent the bodies of these Dutch soldiers back to the fort 35 Taiwanese indigenous peoples Edit The Taiwanese indigenous peoples attacked both the Chinese and the Dutch In the Kingdom of Middag the natives welcomed warmly the troops led by Koxinga s commander Chen Ze When Chen Ze s troops had been lulled into a false sense of security the natives killed them in their sleep wiping out 1 500 of Koxinga s army This was the worst of several native attacks on the Chinese The second worst case occurred in the south where another 700 of Koxinga s forces were wiped out by the natives 9 The natives who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the siege The aboriginals Formosans of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty They proceeded to work for the Chinese in executing captured Dutchmen On 17 May 1661 the frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese They celebrated their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch colonists and beheading them while destroying their Christian school textbooks 36 Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen farming tools and teach farming techniques to the Taiwan Aboriginals He gave them Ming gowns and caps provided feasts for chieftains and gifted tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathered in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch 37 Aftermath Edit Peace Treaty of 1662 between Dutch Governor and Koxinga 38 Dutch prisoners Edit During the siege of Fort Zeelandia the Chinese took many Dutch prisoners among them the Dutch missionary Antonius Hambroek and his wife and two of their daughters Koxinga sent Hambroek to Fort Zeelandia to persuade the garrison to surrender if unsuccessful Hambroek would be killed upon return Hambroek went up to the Fort where two of his other daughters still remained and urged the garrison not to surrender He subsequently returned to Koxinga s camp and was beheaded Additionally a rumor was spread among the Chinese that the Dutch were encouraging the native Taiwan aboriginals to kill the Chinese In retaliation Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners 39 mostly by crucifixion and decapitation 40 with a few women and children also being killed The remainder of the Dutch women and children were enslaved with Koxinga taking Hambroek s teenage daughter as his concubine she was described by the Dutch commander Caeuw as a very sweet and pleasing maiden while other Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their secondary wives or mistresses 41 42 43 The daily journal of the Dutch fort recorded that the best were preserved for the use of the commanders and the rest were sold to the common soldiers Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women who are very jealous of their husbands 44 The Chinese took Dutch women as enslaved concubines and wives and they were never freed in 1684 some were reported to be still living In Quemoy a Dutch merchant was contacted with an arrangement to release the prisoners which a son of Koxinga s proposed but it came to nothing 45 46 47 The Chinese taking Dutch women as concubines was featured in Joannes Nomsz s famous play Antonius Hambroek of de Belegering van Formoza Antonius Hambroek or the Siege of Formosa which documented European anxieties at the fate of the Dutch women and defeat by non Europeans 48 Later Ming Dutch encounters Edit In 1663 The Dutch allied with the Qing dynasty against the Zheng forces In 1663 15 Dutch ships scattered a Zheng fleet of several hundred junks 49 The Dutch looted relics and killed monks after attacking a Buddhist complex at Putuoshan on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 during their war against Koxinga s son Zheng Jing 50 In 1666 Chinese forces made an attempt to conquer another Dutch fort in Taiwan defended by 300 Dutch soldiers with a force of 3 000 Chinese troops The fort had been built to ensure Dutch influence on the island after Zeelandia s fall It was equipped with four large bastions overlooking a flat field but lacked supplies and ammunition The garrison itself was sickly and poorly equipped The Chinese tried to take a redoubt on a small mountain near the fortress but were repelled by a small contingent of Dutch soldiers They then built a small fort on a foothill below the mountain and set up four cannons to shoot at the Dutch fortress After 109 shots one Dutchman had been killed but nearly all the shots were missed and did no damage to the walls Nine days after arriving the Chinese forces left 51 The garrison s commander Joan de Meijer was surprised as he felt that any reasonably experienced commander should ve been able to capture the fort The Ming leader was in fact an experienced commander but like other contemporary Chinese officers he was unfamiliar with European style forts which also confounded Koxinga at Zeelandia 52 Keelung was a lucrative possession for the Dutch East India Company with 26 of the company s profits coming from their Taiwan operations in 1664 53 The Dutch held out at Keelung until 1668 when aborigine resistance likely incited by Zheng Jing 54 and the lack of progress in retaking any other parts of the island persuaded the colonial authorities to abandon this final stronghold and withdraw from Taiwan altogether 55 In 1672 the fleet of Koxinga s son Zheng Jing defeated the Dutch again in naval combat executing 34 Dutch sailors and drowning 8 Dutch sailors after looting ambushing and sinking the Dutch fluyt ship Cuylenburg in northeastern Taiwan Twenty one Dutch sailors escaped to Japan The ship was heading from Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission 56 Cultural influences EditThe battle was depicted in the movie The Sino Dutch War 1661 Chinese 鄭成功1661 which ended in Koxinga s victory over the Dutch Gallery Edit Statues of Koxinga and Dutch emissary at Chihkan Tower the site where Fort Provintia once stood Painting of Fort Zeelandia in 1635 from The National Archives The Hague Netherlands Antonius Hambroek of de Belegering van Formoza The sacrifice of Hambroek by Dominicus Anthonius Peduzzi The sacrifice of Hambroek by Jan Willem PienemanSee also EditKoxinga Dutch East India Company Kingdom of TungningReferences Edit Clodfelter 2017 p 63 The whole force sent to Taiwan was 25 000 men but only 6 000 advanced on Zeelandia Clodfelter 2017 p 63 1 733 Dutch inhabitants of Fort Zeelandia of which 905 were armed men a b Andrade 2011a p 140 Andrade 2011a p 194 Andrade 2011a p 206 Manthorpe 2009 p 65 a b Clodfelter 2017 p 63 Clodfelter 2017 p 63 Clodfelter states that Koxinga s army lost half its men in Taiwan a b Andrade 2011a p 187 188 a b Andrade 2011a p 138 Andrade 2011a pp 221 222 a b Andrade 2011a p 212 Davidson 1903 p 13 Campbell 1903 p 546 Andrade 2011a p 189 Andrade 2008 15 Campbell 1903 p 544 Struve 1993 p 218 Campbell 1903 p 420 Campbell 1903 pp 416 417 Struve 1993 p 216 Campbell 1903 p 482 Davidson 1903 p 38 Andrade 2016 p 216 219 Andrade 2011a pp 221 223 Andrade 2011a pp 240 241 Andrade 2016 p 192 a b Andrade 2008 Struve 1998 p 232 sfnp error no target CITEREFStruve1998 help Andrade 2011 p 308 Andrade 2011a p 294 Ho Dahpon David Sealords live in vain Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth century China A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO Andrade Tonio 2011 A Chinese Farmer Two African Boys and a Warlord Toward a Global Microhistory Journal of World History University of Hawai i Press 21 4 Andrade 2011a p 125 Andrade 2011a p 223 Hsin Hui Chiu 2008 The Colonial civilizing Process in Dutch Formosa 1624 1662 Vol 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian European interaction illustrated ed BRILL p 222 ISBN 978 9004165076 Retrieved 10 December 2014 Xing Hang 5 January 2016 Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World c 1620 1720 Cambridge University Press p 139 ISBN 978 1 316 45384 1 Coyett 1903 pp 455 456 Spence Jonathan D 1991 The Search for Modern China illustrated reprint ed W W Norton amp Company p 55 ISBN 0393307808 access date December 10 2014 Andrade 2011a p 5 Wright Arnold ed 1909 Twentieth century impressions of Netherlands India Its history people commerce industries and resources illustrated ed Lloyd s Greater Britain Pub Co p 67 Retrieved 10 December 2014 Newman Bernard 1961 Far Eastern Journey Across India and Pakistan to Formosa H Jenkins p 169 Retrieved 10 December 2014 Moffett Samuel H 1998 A History of Christianity in Asia 1500 1900 Bishop Henry McNeal Turner Studies in North American Black Religion Series Vol 2 Orbis Books p 222 ISBN 1570754500 Retrieved 10 December 2014 Manthorpe 2009 p 77 Covell 1998 p 96 Lach amp Van Kley 1998 p 1823 Manthorpe 2009 p 72 Andrade 2011a p 413 Andrade 2016 p 207 Hang Xing 2016 Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World c 1620 1720 Cambridge University Press p 154 ISBN 978 1316453841 Andrade 2011a p 313 Andrade 2016 p 231 In the days of the Dutch taiwantoday tw Taiwan Today March 1968 Retrieved 4 March 2021 Shepherd 1993 p 95 Blusse Leonard 1 January 1989 Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse A rejoinder to A R T Kemasang Bijdragen tot de Taal Land en Volkenkunde 145 2 357 doi 10 1163 22134379 90003260 S2CID 57527820 Hang Xing 2016 Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World c 1620 1720 Cambridge University Press p 190 ISBN 978 1316453841 This article incorporates text fromThe island of Formosa past and present History people resources and commercial prospects Tea camphor sugar gold coal sulphur economical plants and other productions by James Wheeler Davidson a publication from 1903 now in the public domain in the United States This article incorporates text fromThe island of Formosa historical view from 1430 to 1900 by James Wheeler Davidson a publication from 1903 now in the public domain in the United States Bibliography EditAndrade Tonio 2008 Chapter 11 The Fall of Dutch Taiwan How Taiwan Became Chinese Dutch Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century New York Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231128551 Andrade Tonio 2011a Lost Colony The Untold Story of China s First Great Victory Over the West illustrated ed Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0691144559 Andrade Tonio 2016 The Gunpowder Age China Military Innovation and the Rise of the West in World History Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 13597 7 Campbell William 1903 Formosa under the Dutch described from contemporary records with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island London Kegan Paul OCLC 644323041 Clodfelter M 2017 Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures 1492 2015 4th ed Jefferson North Carolina McFarland ISBN 978 0786474707 Covell Ralph R 1998 Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants illustrated ed Hope Publishing House ISBN 0932727905 Retrieved 10 December 2014 Coyett Frederick 1903 First published 1675 in t verwaerloosde Formosa Arrival and Victory of Koxinga In Campbell William ed Formosa under the Dutch described from contemporary records with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island London Kegan Paul pp 412 459 ISBN 9789576380839 LCCN 04007338 Davidson James W 1903 Chapter III Formosa under the Dutch 1644 1661 The island of Formosa past and present History people resources and commercial prospects Tea camphor sugar gold coal sulphur economical plants and other productions London and New York Macmillan hdl 2027 uc2 ark 13960 t48p69g9w LCCN 03022967 OL 6931635M Lach Donald F Van Kley Edwin J 1998 Asia in the Making of Europe A Century of Advance East Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0226467694 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Manthorpe Jonathan 2009 Forbidden nation a history of Taiwan 1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk ed New York Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978 0230614246 Struve Lynn A ed 1993 Voices from the Ming Qing cataclysm China in tigers jaws New Haven Yale University Press ISBN 0300075537 Retrieved 28 June 2010 External links EditKoxinga the Cheng Family History The Hambroek affair Koxinga the Cheng Family History The Hambroek affair Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Siege of Fort Zeelandia amp oldid 1136790866, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.