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Sidestream smoke

March 14, 2024

Sidestream smoke is smoke which goes into the air directly from a burning cigarette, cigar, or smoking pipe.[1] Sidestream smoke is the main component (around 85%) of second-hand smoke (SHS), also known as Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) or passive smoking.[2] The relative quantity of chemical constituents of sidestream smoke are different from those of directly inhaled ("mainstream") smoke, although their chemical composition is similar.[3] Sidestream smoke has been classified as a Class A carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Sidestream smoke in enclosed box

Contents edit

Like mainstream smoke, sidestream tobacco smoke is made up of many components including carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, ammonia, benzene, cadmium and 4-aminobiphenyl.[4][5][6] Some of the other compounds found in sidestream smoke are: vinylchloride, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, acrolein, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, catechol, cresol, hydroquinone, lead, methyl ethyl ketone, nitric oxide, phenol, styrene, toluene, and butane. Exposure to sidestream smoke yields higher concentrations of these compounds as well as increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine, and cotinine in the blood. When comparing sidestream and mainstream condensate, sidestream has 2–6 times more condensate per gram than mainstream smoke.[4][5][6] Due to the incomplete combustion process responsible for the creation of sidestream smoke, there may be exposure to higher concentrations of carcinogens than are typically inhaled directly.

Risks edit

There are over 250 toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The risks of developing lung cancer, brain tumors, and acute myeloid leukemia and the incidence of heart disease and benign respiratory diseases increase with the inhalation of sidestream smoke.[7] Additionally, the chance of developing breast cancer and cervical cancer also increases with the inhalation of sidestream smoke.

Evidence has shown that sidestream smoke may be more harmful, per gram, than mainstream smoke.[8] However, sidesmoke is inhaled in far lesser amounts than mainstream smoke in people who smoke tobacco.

The relative risk of cardiovascular disease is 1.2–1.3 with exposure to sidestream smoke due to the cyanide present in the smoke. There is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects in children, both behaviorally and cognitively. One study found that higher levels of cotinine in children were correlated with a decreased ability to perform in reading and math.[4][9]

Factors such as age, gender and different occupations put a person at risk for bladder cancer - smoking is the only other known risk. 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an integral component in tobacco smoke, as well as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Sidestream smoke puts individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4-ABP concentrations are over ten times that of mainstream smoke.[10][11]

Social effects edit

A non-smoker who is inhaling sidestream or second-hand smoke has a 30% greater risk of getting lung cancer at some point in their lives.[12] Exposure to second hand or sidestream smoke has been associated with people who have not smoked before.

The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates sidestream smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers every year in the United States.[13]

Children edit

A child's exposure to contaminants in the air can have detrimental health effects including heightened risk of respiratory tract infections, increased likelihood of childhood asthma, behavioural problems and reduced neurocognitive abilities. Exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke in childhood poses an increased risk of coughing, wheezing, and mucus production. Studies on rats have shown that those who were exposed to sidestream smoke while in utero and following the period directly after, had differences in airway sensitivity in comparison to those that had been exposed to sidestream smoke only while in utero or only following the period after.[14][15][16]

Test tubes edit

A reduction in glutathione levels was observed following exposure to sidestream smoke in vitro. Glutathione is an antioxidant which resides in the lung after development. Exposure to sidestream smoke for as little as twenty minutes can lead to an increase in contaminant particles within human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Cells exposed to sidestream smoke experienced oxidative stress, which further allowed for DNA damage as well as cell transformation and an uncontrolled cell proliferation. Such DNA mutations and uncontrolled cell division resulting from exposure to sidestream smoke may result in cancerous tumours.[17][18]

Toxicological experiments edit

During the 1980s the Philip Morris Tobacco Company carried out research on sidestream smoke at the Institut für Biologische Forschung, although this was not voluntarily published. This study found that sidestream smoke is nearly four times more toxic than mainstream smoke per metric gramme. They also found that sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than mainstream smoke as well as 2–6 times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate when applied to the skin of a mouse; results also showed that sidestream smoke hinders an animal's ability to reach a weight that is considered normal. The research team concluded that the only way to protect oneself from sidestream smoke was to be in smoke-free public places and workspaces.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ "Involuntary Smoking §1.1.1 Secondhand smoke". Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 83. IARC Press. 2004. p. 1191. ISBN 92-832-1283-5. During smoking of cigarettes, cigars, pipes and other tobacco productions, in addition to the mainstream smoke drawn and inhaled by the smokers, a stream of smoke is released between puffs into the air from the burning cone. Once released, this stream (also known as the sidestream smoke) is mixed with exhaled mainstream smoke as well as the air in an indoor environment to form the secondhand smoke to which ...
  2. ^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (June 1991). "Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace". Current Intelligence Bulletin. 54.
  3. ^ IARC 2004, p. 1410 "This evidence is sufficient to conclude that involuntary smoking is a cause of lung cancer in never-smokers."
  4. ^ a b c Swan GE, Lessov-Schlaggar CN (September 2007). "The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain". Neuropsychol Rev. 17 (3): 259–73. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9035-9. PMID 17690985. S2CID 25382242.
  5. ^ a b Bernert JT, Pirkle JL, Xia Y, Jain RB, Ashley DL, Sampson EJ (November 2010). "Urine concentrations of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen in the U.S. population from secondhand smoke exposure". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (11): 2969–77. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0711. PMID 20833972.
  6. ^ a b "Environmental tobacco smoke." Children's Environmental Health Centers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ncerqa/childrenscenters/smoke.html.
  7. ^ Johnston, Lorraine (2001). Lung Cancer: Making Sense of Diagnosis, Treatment & Options. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-50002-5.
  8. ^ a b Schick, S; Glantz S (December 2005). "Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke". Tobacco Control. 14 (6): 396–404. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011288. PMC 1748121. PMID 16319363.
  9. ^ "2 Relevance to Public Health §2.1 Background and environmental exposures to cyanide in the United States" (PDF). Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. p. 2–8 of PDF.
  10. ^ Van Hemelrijck MJ, Michaud DS, Connolly GN, Kabir Z (April 2009). "Secondhand smoking, 4-aminobiphenyl, and bladder cancer: two meta-analyses". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18 (4): 1312–20. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0613. PMID 19336562.
  11. ^ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg. 1-8.
  12. ^ American Cancer Society (2007). Lung Cancer: What You Need to Know—Now. Atlanta GA: American Cancer Society/Health Promotions. ISBN 978-0-944235-69-0.
  13. ^ Smith, Jimmie H. (2004). "Environmental Tobacco Smoke: An Analysis of State and Local Policies To Reduce Exposure". U916087.
  14. ^ Wang L, Pinkerton KE (September 2007). "Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development". Birth Defects Res. C. 81 (3): 144–54. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20097. PMID 17963272.
  15. ^ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg 74-75.
  16. ^ Mbulo L (July 2008). "Changes in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Youth in Nebraska, 2002–2006". Prev Chronic Dis. 5 (3): A84. PMC 2483572. PMID 18558034.
  17. ^ Faux SP, Tai T, Thorne D, Xu Y, Breheny D, Gaca M (July 2009). "The role of oxidative stress in the biological responses of lung epithelial cells to cigarette smoke". Biomarkers. 14 (Suppl 1): 90–6. doi:10.1080/13547500902965047. PMID 19604067. S2CID 19297771.
  18. ^ Cyanide, p. 4 (in PDF)

External links edit

  • Environmental Protection Agency website

March 14, 2024
sidestream, smoke, smoke, which, goes, into, directly, from, burning, cigarette, cigar, smoking, pipe, main, component, around, second, hand, smoke, also, known, environmental, tobacco, smoke, passive, smoking, relative, quantity, chemical, constituents, sides. Sidestream smoke is smoke which goes into the air directly from a burning cigarette cigar or smoking pipe 1 Sidestream smoke is the main component around 85 of second hand smoke SHS also known as Environmental Tobacco Smoke ETS or passive smoking 2 The relative quantity of chemical constituents of sidestream smoke are different from those of directly inhaled mainstream smoke although their chemical composition is similar 3 Sidestream smoke has been classified as a Class A carcinogen by the U S Environmental Protection Agency Sidestream smoke in enclosed box Contents 1 Contents 2 Risks 3 Social effects 4 Children 5 Test tubes 6 Toxicological experiments 7 References 8 External linksContents editLike mainstream smoke sidestream tobacco smoke is made up of many components including carbon monoxide tar nicotine ammonia benzene cadmium and 4 aminobiphenyl 4 5 6 Some of the other compounds found in sidestream smoke are vinylchloride hydrogen cyanide arsenic acrolein acetaldehyde formaldehyde catechol cresol hydroquinone lead methyl ethyl ketone nitric oxide phenol styrene toluene and butane Exposure to sidestream smoke yields higher concentrations of these compounds as well as increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin nicotine and cotinine in the blood When comparing sidestream and mainstream condensate sidestream has 2 6 times more condensate per gram than mainstream smoke 4 5 6 Due to the incomplete combustion process responsible for the creation of sidestream smoke there may be exposure to higher concentrations of carcinogens than are typically inhaled directly Risks editThere are over 250 toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke The risks of developing lung cancer brain tumors and acute myeloid leukemia and the incidence of heart disease and benign respiratory diseases increase with the inhalation of sidestream smoke 7 Additionally the chance of developing breast cancer and cervical cancer also increases with the inhalation of sidestream smoke Evidence has shown that sidestream smoke may be more harmful per gram than mainstream smoke 8 However sidesmoke is inhaled in far lesser amounts than mainstream smoke in people who smoke tobacco The relative risk of cardiovascular disease is 1 2 1 3 with exposure to sidestream smoke due to the cyanide present in the smoke There is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects in children both behaviorally and cognitively One study found that higher levels of cotinine in children were correlated with a decreased ability to perform in reading and math 4 9 Factors such as age gender and different occupations put a person at risk for bladder cancer smoking is the only other known risk 4 aminobiphenyl 4 ABP is an integral component in tobacco smoke as well as a risk factor for bladder cancer Sidestream smoke puts individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4 ABP concentrations are over ten times that of mainstream smoke 10 11 Social effects editA non smoker who is inhaling sidestream or second hand smoke has a 30 greater risk of getting lung cancer at some point in their lives 12 Exposure to second hand or sidestream smoke has been associated with people who have not smoked before The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates sidestream smoke causes approximately 3 000 lung cancer deaths and 62 000 deaths from heart disease in non smokers every year in the United States 13 Children editA child s exposure to contaminants in the air can have detrimental health effects including heightened risk of respiratory tract infections increased likelihood of childhood asthma behavioural problems and reduced neurocognitive abilities Exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke in childhood poses an increased risk of coughing wheezing and mucus production Studies on rats have shown that those who were exposed to sidestream smoke while in utero and following the period directly after had differences in airway sensitivity in comparison to those that had been exposed to sidestream smoke only while in utero or only following the period after 14 15 16 Test tubes editA reduction in glutathione levels was observed following exposure to sidestream smoke in vitro Glutathione is an antioxidant which resides in the lung after development Exposure to sidestream smoke for as little as twenty minutes can lead to an increase in contaminant particles within human small airway epithelial cells SAEC Cells exposed to sidestream smoke experienced oxidative stress which further allowed for DNA damage as well as cell transformation and an uncontrolled cell proliferation Such DNA mutations and uncontrolled cell division resulting from exposure to sidestream smoke may result in cancerous tumours 17 18 Toxicological experiments editDuring the 1980s the Philip Morris Tobacco Company carried out research on sidestream smoke at the Institut fur Biologische Forschung although this was not voluntarily published This study found that sidestream smoke is nearly four times more toxic than mainstream smoke per metric gramme They also found that sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than mainstream smoke as well as 2 6 times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate when applied to the skin of a mouse results also showed that sidestream smoke hinders an animal s ability to reach a weight that is considered normal The research team concluded that the only way to protect oneself from sidestream smoke was to be in smoke free public places and workspaces 8 References edit Involuntary Smoking 1 1 1 Secondhand smoke Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Vol 83 IARC Press 2004 p 1191 ISBN 92 832 1283 5 During smoking of cigarettes cigars pipes and other tobacco productions in addition to the mainstream smoke drawn and inhaled by the smokers a stream of smoke is released between puffs into the air from the burning cone Once released this stream also known as the sidestream smoke is mixed with exhaled mainstream smoke as well as the air in an indoor environment to form the secondhand smoke to which National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health June 1991 Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace Current Intelligence Bulletin 54 IARC 2004 p 1410 This evidence is sufficient to conclude that involuntary smoking is a cause of lung cancer in never smokers a b c Swan GE Lessov Schlaggar CN September 2007 The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain Neuropsychol Rev 17 3 259 73 doi 10 1007 s11065 007 9035 9 PMID 17690985 S2CID 25382242 a b Bernert JT Pirkle JL Xia Y Jain RB Ashley DL Sampson EJ November 2010 Urine concentrations of a tobacco specific nitrosamine carcinogen in the U S population from secondhand smoke exposure Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19 11 2969 77 doi 10 1158 1055 9965 EPI 10 0711 PMID 20833972 a b Environmental tobacco smoke Children s Environmental Health Centers U S Environmental Protection Agency http www epa gov ncerqa childrenscenters smoke html Johnston Lorraine 2001 Lung Cancer Making Sense of Diagnosis Treatment amp Options O Reilly ISBN 0 596 50002 5 a b Schick S Glantz S December 2005 Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke more toxic than mainstream smoke Tobacco Control 14 6 396 404 doi 10 1136 tc 2005 011288 PMC 1748121 PMID 16319363 2 Relevance to Public Health 2 1 Background and environmental exposures to cyanide in the United States PDF Toxicological Profile for Cyanide Centers for Disease Control and Prevention p 2 8 of PDF Van Hemelrijck MJ Michaud DS Connolly GN Kabir Z April 2009 Secondhand smoking 4 aminobiphenyl and bladder cancer two meta analyses Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18 4 1312 20 doi 10 1158 1055 9965 EPI 08 0613 PMID 19336562 Health consequences of tobacco use among women Women and Smoking Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pg 1 8 American Cancer Society 2007 Lung Cancer What You Need to Know Now Atlanta GA American Cancer Society Health Promotions ISBN 978 0 944235 69 0 Smith Jimmie H 2004 Environmental Tobacco Smoke An Analysis of State and Local Policies To Reduce Exposure U916087 Wang L Pinkerton KE September 2007 Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development Birth Defects Res C 81 3 144 54 doi 10 1002 bdrc 20097 PMID 17963272 Health consequences of tobacco use among women Women and Smoking Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pg 74 75 Mbulo L July 2008 Changes in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Youth in Nebraska 2002 2006 Prev Chronic Dis 5 3 A84 PMC 2483572 PMID 18558034 Faux SP Tai T Thorne D Xu Y Breheny D Gaca M July 2009 The role of oxidative stress in the biological responses of lung epithelial cells to cigarette smoke Biomarkers 14 Suppl 1 90 6 doi 10 1080 13547500902965047 PMID 19604067 S2CID 19297771 Cyanide p 4 in PDF External links editEnvironmental Protection Agency website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sidestream smoke amp oldid 1175687748, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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