Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki

The Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki (新訳華厳経音義私記) is a Japanese annotation of the Avatamsaka Sūtra. Dated to 794,^[1] it is the oldest Japanese ongi, or collection of difficult to interpret words showing their pronunciation and meaning,^[2] and is a National Treasure of Japan.^[3]

Background

The text is two fascicles in length.^[4][5] The compiler is unknown but is presumed to have related to Tōdai-ji.^[3] It is an annotation of the 80-volume Avatamsaka Sūtra. As the original was written in Chinese, the annotation contains a list of words and expressions from the original and glosses them with Japanese readings and meanings. The orthography of the Japanese suggests that it is a late Nara period text.^[4][5] However, the manuscript contains a number of errors and is judged to be a copy of an earlier original.^[4][5] There is only one known existing manuscript.

Linguistics

The text is viewed as a valuable reference for Old Japanese linguistics.^[1][4][5] The Japanese annotations are written in Man'yōgana and, with the exception of /to1, to2/,^[4] distinguishes between Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai. It contains a total of 162 Japanese words, many of which are the oldest extant citations.^[1][4][5] In addition, it also contains the oldest example of a long vowel^{[citation needed]} as well as a number of Japanese-specific Kan'yō-on readings of kanji.^[5]

Notes

1. Takeuchi (1962:133-134)
2. Kindaichi (1988:74)
3. Yoshida (2001: 128)
4. Omodaka (1967: 880-881)
5. Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten (1985: 512-513)

References

• Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Ōki Hayashi; Takeshi Shibata (1988). Nihongo Hyakka Daijiten (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Taishūkan Shoten. ISBN 4-469-01218-1.
• Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten Henshū Iinkai (1986). Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten (in Japanese). Vol. 3. Iwanami Shoten. ISBN 4-00-080063-9.
• Omodaka, Hisataka (1967). Jidaibetsu Kokugo Daijiten: Jōdaihen (in Japanese). Sanseidō. ISBN 4-385-13237-2.
• Takeuchi, Rizō (1962). Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan. ISBN 4-490-30010-7.
• Yoshida, Kanehiko; Hiroshi Tsukishima; Harumichi Ishizuka; Masayuki Tsukimoto (2001). Kuntengo Jiten (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan. ISBN 4-490-10570-3.