Sheck Exley
Sheck Exley (April 1, 1949 – April 6, 1994) was an American cave diver. He is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of cave diving,[1][2] and he wrote two major books on the subject: Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival[3] and Caverns Measureless to Man.[4] On February 6, 1974, Exley became the first chairman of the Cave Diving Section of the American National Speleological Society.[5][6] During his career, he established many of the basic safety procedures used in cave and overhead diving today.[2] Exley was also a pioneer of extreme deep scuba diving.[7]
Sheck Exley | |
|---|---|
| Born | April 1, 1949 |
| Died | April 6, 1994 (aged 45) El Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico |
| Nationality | American |
| Occupation | Automobile dealer / high school math teacher |
| Known for | Cave diving pioneer |
| Notable work | Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival |
For purposes of rescue during cave diving, Exley helped standardize the usage of the "octopus", a redundant second stage diving regulator that can be used as a backup in the event the diver's primary second stage fails, or alternatively, to allow the diver and their buddy to have simultaneous access to the diver's gas if the buddy has an out-of-gas emergency.[2] The octopus is now considered an essential piece of equipment among virtually all scuba divers, whether caving or in open water.[7]
Exley died at age 45 while trying to set a depth record by diving the world's deepest sinkhole, Mexico's 1,080-foot (330 m) deep, Zacatón, a fresh water cenote.[8]
In the book, Diving into Darkness (a story about Dave Shaw and Don Shirley), the author comments: "Exley's status in the sport is almost impossible to overstate".[9]
Early life and career outside of diving edit
Exley began diving in 1965 at the age of 16. That same year he entered his first cave and was hooked on cave diving for the rest of his life. To finance this passion, Exley worked as a mathematics teacher at Suwannee High School in Live Oak, Florida.[10][11]
In spring 1973, Exley served as an aquanaut during an eight-day mission aboard the Hydrolab underwater habitat in the Bahamas.[12]
Records edit
Exley was the first in the world to log over 100 cave dives (at the age of 23); in 29 years of cave diving he made over 4000 dives.[10]
Exley had an unusual resistance to nitrogen narcosis, and was one of the few divers to survive a 400-foot (120 m) open-water dive on simple compressed air. In acting as a safety diver for two divers trying to set an air-only depth record in 1970, Exley reached 465 feet (142 m) in salt water, but could go no deeper due to narcosis and the start of blackout (the two record-depth attempting unconscious divers died just out of reach beneath him,[13] and such air-depth records are no longer sought or recorded). During his diving career, he set numerous depth and cave penetration records.[10][14]
Exley was the first person in the history of technical SCUBA diving to dive below 800 feet (240 m),[15] a feat only 20 people have performed as of 2021[update]. His carefully planned multistage decompressions from these dives, in open water (not in a decompression tank), sometimes required times of as much as 13.5 hours. However, he never suffered a classic case of decompression sickness in his career.[13]
Exley and German cave diver Jochen Hasenmayer became friends and rivals in the 1980s, each repeatedly attempting to break the depth records of the other.[16][17]
Death edit
Exley died, aged 45, on April 6, 1994, while attempting to descend to a depth of over 1,000 feet (300 m) in a freshwater cenote, or sinkhole, called Zacatón in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.[9][10][18] He made the dive as part of a dual dive with Jim Bowden, but Bowden aborted his descent early when his gas supply ran low. Exley's body was recovered when his support crew hauled up his unused decompression tanks. It was found that he had looped into the descent line, perhaps to sort out gas issues.[9][10] His wrist-mounted dive computer read a maximum depth of 906 feet (276 m).[19]
The cause of Exley's death could not be determined. Team members concluded the causes "...could include stress of HPNS exacerbated by the narcotic effects of nitrogen at that depth".[20] The line was also wrapped (deliberately) around Exley's tank valves. Bowden and other experts have theorized that Exley might have done this in anticipation of his own death to prevent any dangerous body recovery operations.[9]
The remipede L. exleyi, discovered by Australian cave divers Andrew Poole and Dave Warren in August 1993, was named in honor of Sheck Exley.[21]
Books edit
- Mapping Underwater Caves. National Association for Cave Diving. 1973, coauthored with Bob Friedman
- Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival. Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society, 1979.
- Caverns Measureless to Man. ISBN 0939748258, Cave Books, 1994.
- The Taming of the Slough: A Comprehensive History of Peacock Springs. ISBN 1879961199, National Speleological Society, 2004.
Further reading edit
- Lenihan, Daniel (2002). Submerged: Adventures of America's Most Elite Underwater Archeology Team. New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-505-4.
References edit
- ^ Ling, Rodger (July 2005). "Eulogy for an Explorer". Rodger Ling. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- ^ a b c Burgess, Robert F. (1999). "Cave Diving: Evolution of the Sport". The Cave Divers. Locust Valley, New York: Aqua Quest Publications. pp. 268–274. ISBN 1-881652-11-4. LCCN 96-39661.
- ^ Exley, Sheck (June 1986). Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival (5th ed.). National Speleological Society. ISBN 978-9994663378.
- ^ Exley, Sheck (1994). Caverns Measureless to Man. St. Louis: Cave Books. ISBN 0-939748-25-8.
- ^ Staff. "Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society was founded". cavedivinghistory.com. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
- ^ Kendrick, DF (2009). "Science of the National Association for Cave Diving (NACD): Water Quality, Hydrogeology, Biology and Psychology". In: Pollock NW, ed. Diving for Science 2009. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences 28th Symposium. Dauphin Island, AL: AAUS; 2009. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b "Sheck Exley". Squalo Divers, 13 July 2017. 13 June 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
- ^ Zimmermann, Tim (August 1, 2005). "Raising the Dead". Outside Magazine.
- ^ a b c d Finch, Phillip (2008). Diving into Darkness: A True Story of Death and Survival. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-312-38394-7. LCCN 2008024271.
- ^ a b c d e Burgess, Robert F. (1999). "The Cave Tiger". The Cave Divers. pp. 317–333. ISBN 9781881652113.
- ^ Menduno, Michael. "Exley On Mix". Retrieved 2012-04-22.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Caverns Measureless to Man, pp. 109–110.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2015-04-14. Retrieved 2012-06-16. Interview with Exley.
- ^ Bowden, Jim (2008). "Sheck Exley: Remembering a legend" (PDF). Advanced Diver Magazine Ezine (1, reprinted from ADM issue 1 (1999)). Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ "Verified dives below 200 metres". Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ Burgess, pp. 320–321.
- ^ Chowdhury, Bernie (2000). The Last Dive: A Father and Son's Fatal Descent into the Ocean's Depths. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 0-06-019462-6. LCCN 00-033426.
- ^ Taylor, Michael Ray (1994-10-03). "Deep, Dark And Deadly". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- ^ Gilliam, Bret (September 2013). "Zacaton: The tragic death of Sheck Exley". Tech Diving Mag. p. 16. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
- ^ Hamilton, Robert W; Daughtery, Gordon; Kristovich, Ann; Bowden, Jim (1994). "What happened to Sheck Exley?". Pressure, Newsletter of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ^ "Bundera Sinkhole". Cave Divers Association of Australia, by Bill Humphreys, Western Australian Museum, reprinted from CDAA Guidelines June 2000. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
External links edit
- . ScubaDivingBooks.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-19.
- . Records. Archived from the original on 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- Shine, Jerry (November 1995). "Under Pressure". Wired Magazine 3.1.
- Birth of a Cave Diving Legend, A Tribute to Sheck Exley