Semiparametric model

In statistics, a semiparametric model is a statistical model that has parametric and nonparametric components.

A statistical model is a parameterized family of distributions: ${\displaystyle \{P_{\theta }:\theta \in \Theta \}}$ indexed by a parameter ${\displaystyle \theta }$.

• A parametric model is a model in which the indexing parameter ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is a vector in ${\displaystyle k}$-dimensional Euclidean space, for some nonnegative integer ${\displaystyle k}$.^[1] Thus, ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is finite-dimensional, and ${\displaystyle \Theta \subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{k}}$.
• With a nonparametric model, the set of possible values of the parameter ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is a subset of some space ${\displaystyle V}$, which is not necessarily finite-dimensional. For example, we might consider the set of all distributions with mean 0. Such spaces are vector spaces with topological structure, but may not be finite-dimensional as vector spaces. Thus, ${\displaystyle \Theta \subseteq V}$ for some possibly infinite-dimensional space ${\displaystyle V}$.
• With a semiparametric model, the parameter has both a finite-dimensional component and an infinite-dimensional component (often a real-valued function defined on the real line). Thus, ${\displaystyle \Theta \subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{k}\times V}$, where ${\displaystyle V}$ is an infinite-dimensional space.

It may appear at first that semiparametric models include nonparametric models, since they have an infinite-dimensional as well as a finite-dimensional component. However, a semiparametric model is considered to be "smaller" than a completely nonparametric model because we are often interested only in the finite-dimensional component of ${\displaystyle \theta }$. That is, the infinite-dimensional component is regarded as a nuisance parameter.^[2] In nonparametric models, by contrast, the primary interest is in estimating the infinite-dimensional parameter. Thus the estimation task is statistically harder in nonparametric models.

These models often use smoothing or kernels.

Example

A well-known example of a semiparametric model is the Cox proportional hazards model.^[3] If we are interested in studying the time ${\displaystyle T}$  to an event such as death due to cancer or failure of a light bulb, the Cox model specifies the following distribution function for ${\displaystyle T}$ :

${\displaystyle F(t)=1-\exp \left(-\int _{0}^{t}\lambda _{0}(u)e^{\beta x}du\right),}$ 

where ${\displaystyle x}$  is the covariate vector, and ${\displaystyle \beta }$  and ${\displaystyle \lambda _{0}(u)}$  are unknown parameters. ${\displaystyle \theta =(\beta ,\lambda _{0}(u))}$ . Here ${\displaystyle \beta }$  is finite-dimensional and is of interest; ${\displaystyle \lambda _{0}(u)}$  is an unknown non-negative function of time (known as the baseline hazard function) and is often a nuisance parameter. The set of possible candidates for ${\displaystyle \lambda _{0}(u)}$  is infinite-dimensional.

See also

• Semiparametric regression
• Statistical model
• Generalized method of moments

Notes

1. Bickel, P. J.; Klaassen, C. A. J.; Ritov, Y.; Wellner, J. A. (2006), "Semiparametrics", in Kotz, S.; et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Wiley.
2. Oakes, D. (2006), "Semi-parametric models", in Kotz, S.; et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Wiley.
3. Balakrishnan, N.; Rao, C. R. (2004). Handbook of Statistics 23: Advances in Survival Analysis. Elsevier. p. 126.

References

• Bickel, P. J.; Klaassen, C. A. J.; Ritov, Y.; Wellner, J. A. (1998), Efficient and Adaptive Estimation for Semiparametric Models, Springer
• Härdle, Wolfgang; Müller, Marlene; Sperlich, Stefan; Werwatz, Axel (2004), Nonparametric and Semiparametric Models, Springer
• Kosorok, Michael R. (2008), Introduction to Empirical Processes and Semiparametric Inference, Springer
• Tsiatis, Anastasios A. (2006), Semiparametric Theory and Missing Data, Springer
• Begun, Janet M.; Hall, W. J.; Huang, Wei-Min; Wellner, Jon A. (1983), "Information and asymptotic efficiency in parametric--nonparametric models", Annals of Statistics, 11 (1983), no. 2, 432--452