The Seima-Turbino phenomenon is a pattern of burial sites with similar bronze artifacts dated to ca. 2300-1700 BC[1][2] (2017 dated from 2100 BC to 1900 BC,[3] 2007 dated to 1650 BC onwards[4]) found across northern Eurasia, particularly Siberia and Central Asia,[3] maybe from Fennoscandia to Mongolia, Northeast China, Russian Far East, Korea, and Japan.[5][6] The homeland is considered to be the Altai Mountains.[3] These findings have suggested a common point of cultural origin, possession of advanced metal working technology, and unexplained rapid migration. The buried were nomadic warriors and metal-workers, traveling on horseback or two-wheeled carts.[7]
Spearheads from Turbino cemetery
Bronze figurine
Various artefacts
Borodino treasures
The name derives from the Seyma cemetery near the confluence of the Oka River and Volga River, first excavated around 1914, and the Turbino cemetery in Perm, first excavated in 1924.[7]
Seima-Turbino (ST) weapons contain tin bronze ore originating from the Altai Mountains region (central Mongolia and southern Siberia), with further ST discoveries pointing more specifically to the southeastern portions of the Altai and Xinjiang.[3] These sites have been identified with the origin of the mysterious ST culture.[8]
Artifacts and weapons
The bronzes found were technologically advanced for the time, including lost wax casting, and showed high degree of artist input in their design.[9] Horses were the most common shapes for the hilts of blades.[3] Weapons such as spearheads with hooks, single-bladed knives and socketed axes with geometric designs traveled west and east from Xinjiang.[10]
Dispersal
The culture spread from these mountains to the west and to the east.[11]
These cultures are noted for being nomadic forest and steppe societies with metal working, sometimes without having first developed agricultural methods.[8] The development of this metalworking ability appears to have occurred quite quickly.[11]
It has been conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000 BC and the ensuing ecological, economic and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe, eastward into China, and southward into Southeast Asia (Vietnam and Thailand) across a frontier of some 4,000 miles. Supposedly this migration took place in just five to six generations and enabled people from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east to employ the same metal working technology and in some areas, horse breeding and riding.[5]
However, further excavations and research in Ban Chiang and Ban Non Wat (both Thailand) argue the idea that Seima-Turbino brought metal workings into southeast Asia is based on inaccurate and unreliable radiocarbon dating at the site of Ban Chiang. It is now agreed by virtually every specialist in Southeast Asian prehistory that the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia occurred too late to be related to ST, and the cast bronzes are quite different.[14]
Notable is the similarity between the range of haplogroup N3a3’6, especially in the western part of Eurasia and the distribution of the Seima-Turbino trans-cultural phenomenon during the interval of 4.2–3.7 kya.[15] Carriers of N3a1-B211, the early branch of N3a, could have migrated to the eastern fringes of Europe by the same Seima-Turbino groups. However earlier migrations cannot be ruled out either; a study of ancient DNA revealed a 7,500-year-old influx from Siberia to northeast Europe.[16][17]
Another subclade of Y-haplogroup N, N1a2b-P43 (TMRCA 4,700 [95% CI 3,800 <-> 5,600] ybp[18]), reaches some of its highest frequencies among the Uralic-speaking Nenets, Nganasan, Khanty, and Mansi peoples in western Siberia. Haplogroup N1a2b-P43 is also often observed among the members of many Uralic- or Turkic-speaking ethnic minorities of European Russia, but it is very rare among the Baltic Finnic and Samic peoples of Northern Europe. Estimated to be approximately 4,700 years old, N1b spread north and westwards from its original locus in Southern Siberia, exactly as Seima-Turbino migration did.[citation needed]
Citations
^Higham, Thomas F. G., et al., (2019). "A New Chronology for a Prehistoric Copper Production Centre in Central Thailand Using Kernel Density Estimates", in Antiquity, preprint p. 4: "...tin-bronze-using metalworkers of the Seima-Turbino horizon (ca. 2300 – 1700 BC), whose origins lie in the Altaï Mountain district of western Mongolia and which spread west and east across northern Eurasia..."
^Higham, Thomas F. G., et al., (2020). "A prehistoric copper-production centre in central Thailand: its dating and wider implications", in Antiquity 94(376), August 2020, p. 950.
^Kang, In Uk (May 2020). "Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers: 34p.
^ abA Dictionary of Archaeology, edited by Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson, page 517
^Higham, C.; Higham, T.; Kijngam, A. (2011), "Cutting a Gordian Knot: the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: origins, timing and impact", Antiquity, 85 (328): 583–598, doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067971, S2CID 163064575
^E. Chernykh The “Steppe Belt” of stockbreeding cultures in Eurasia during the Early Metal Age Trab. Prehist., 65 (2008), pp. 73-93, 10.3989/tp.2008.08004
^Sarkissian, Clio Der; Balanovsky, Oleg; Brandt, Guido; Khartanovich, Valery; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Koshel, Sergey; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Gronenborn, Detlef; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Kolpakov, Eugen; Shumkin, Vladimir; Alt, Kurt W.; Balanovska, Elena; Cooper, Alan; Haak, Wolfgang (2013-02-14). "Ancient DNA Reveals Prehistoric Gene-Flow from Siberia in the Complex Human Population History of North East Europe". PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003296. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003296. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC3573127. PMID 23459685.
^Illumäe et al., Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup N: A Non-trivial Time-Resolved Phylogeography that Cuts across Language Families. The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 99, Issue 1, 163-173
^Haplogroup N YTree v8.09.00 as of 08 October 2020
Further reading
Christian, David (1998), A history of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia, ISBN978-0-631-20814-3
Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
Marchenko, Z. V.; Svyatko, S. V.; Molodin, V. I.; Grishin, A. E.; Rykun, M. P. (Oct 2017), "Radiocarbon Chronology of Complexes With Seima-Turbino Type Objects (Bronze Age) in Southwestern Siberia" (PDF), Radiocarbon, 59 (5): 1381–1397, doi:10.1017/RDC.2017.24, S2CID 133742189
Chernykh, E. N. (1992), Wright, Sarah (ed.), Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR, The Early Metal Age, Cambridge University Press
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seima-Turbino phenomenon.
January 30, 2023
seima, turbino, phenomenon, pattern, burial, sites, with, similar, bronze, artifacts, dated, 2300, 1700, 2017, dated, from, 2100, 1900, 2007, dated, 1650, onwards, found, across, northern, eurasia, particularly, siberia, central, asia, maybe, from, fennoscandi. The Seima Turbino phenomenon is a pattern of burial sites with similar bronze artifacts dated to ca 2300 1700 BC 1 2 2017 dated from 2100 BC to 1900 BC 3 2007 dated to 1650 BC onwards 4 found across northern Eurasia particularly Siberia and Central Asia 3 maybe from Fennoscandia to Mongolia Northeast China Russian Far East Korea and Japan 5 6 The homeland is considered to be the Altai Mountains 3 These findings have suggested a common point of cultural origin possession of advanced metal working technology and unexplained rapid migration The buried were nomadic warriors and metal workers traveling on horseback or two wheeled carts 7 Spearheads from Turbino cemetery Bronze figurine Various artefacts Borodino treasures The name derives from the Seyma cemetery near the confluence of the Oka River and Volga River first excavated around 1914 and the Turbino cemetery in Perm first excavated in 1924 7 Contents 1 Origin 2 Artifacts and weapons 3 Dispersal 4 Theories 4 1 Transmission into Southeast Asia 4 2 Uralic urheimat 5 Citations 6 Further readingOrigin EditSeima Turbino ST weapons contain tin bronze ore originating from the Altai Mountains region central Mongolia and southern Siberia with further ST discoveries pointing more specifically to the southeastern portions of the Altai and Xinjiang 3 These sites have been identified with the origin of the mysterious ST culture 8 Artifacts and weapons EditThe bronzes found were technologically advanced for the time including lost wax casting and showed high degree of artist input in their design 9 Horses were the most common shapes for the hilts of blades 3 Weapons such as spearheads with hooks single bladed knives and socketed axes with geometric designs traveled west and east from Xinjiang 10 Dispersal EditThe culture spread from these mountains to the west and to the east 11 These cultures are noted for being nomadic forest and steppe societies with metal working sometimes without having first developed agricultural methods 8 The development of this metalworking ability appears to have occurred quite quickly 11 ST bronzes have been discovered as far west as the Baltic Sea 3 and the Borodino treasure in Moldavia 12 13 Theories EditTransmission into Southeast Asia Edit It has been conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000 BC and the ensuing ecological economic and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe eastward into China and southward into Southeast Asia Vietnam and Thailand across a frontier of some 4 000 miles Supposedly this migration took place in just five to six generations and enabled people from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east to employ the same metal working technology and in some areas horse breeding and riding 5 However further excavations and research in Ban Chiang and Ban Non Wat both Thailand argue the idea that Seima Turbino brought metal workings into southeast Asia is based on inaccurate and unreliable radiocarbon dating at the site of Ban Chiang It is now agreed by virtually every specialist in Southeast Asian prehistory that the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia occurred too late to be related to ST and the cast bronzes are quite different 14 Uralic urheimat Edit This section s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on Talk Seima Turbino phenomenon Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced October 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The same authors conjectured that the same migrations spread the Uralic languages across Europe and Asia 5 The existence of Uralic Samoyedic and Ob Ugrian groups like the Nenets the Mansi people and the Khanty anchor the Uralic languages in Asia citation needed Notable is the similarity between the range of haplogroup N3a3 6 especially in the western part of Eurasia and the distribution of the Seima Turbino trans cultural phenomenon during the interval of 4 2 3 7 kya 15 Carriers of N3a1 B211 the early branch of N3a could have migrated to the eastern fringes of Europe by the same Seima Turbino groups However earlier migrations cannot be ruled out either a study of ancient DNA revealed a 7 500 year old influx from Siberia to northeast Europe 16 17 Another subclade of Y haplogroup N N1a2b P43 TMRCA 4 700 95 CI 3 800 lt gt 5 600 ybp 18 reaches some of its highest frequencies among the Uralic speaking Nenets Nganasan Khanty and Mansi peoples in western Siberia Haplogroup N1a2b P43 is also often observed among the members of many Uralic or Turkic speaking ethnic minorities of European Russia but it is very rare among the Baltic Finnic and Samic peoples of Northern Europe Estimated to be approximately 4 700 years old N1b spread north and westwards from its original locus in Southern Siberia exactly as Seima Turbino migration did citation needed Citations Edit Higham Thomas F G et al 2019 A New Chronology for a Prehistoric Copper Production Centre in Central Thailand Using Kernel Density Estimates in Antiquity preprint p 4 tin bronze using metalworkers of the Seima Turbino horizon ca 2300 1700 BC whose origins lie in the Altai Mountain district of western Mongolia and which spread west and east across northern Eurasia Higham Thomas F G et al 2020 A prehistoric copper production centre in central Thailand its dating and wider implications in Antiquity 94 376 August 2020 p 950 a b c d e f Marchenko et al 2017 Anthony 2007 pp 447 a b c Keys David January 2009 Scholars crack the code of an ancient enigma BBC History Magazine 10 1 9 Kang In Uk May 2020 Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Relations of the Korean Peninsula with the Eurasian Steppe PDF Sino Platonic Papers 34p a b A Dictionary of Archaeology edited by Ian Shaw Robert Jameson page 517 a b Anthony 2007 Anthony 2007 pp 443 4 Chernykh 1992 p 220 21 figs 74 75 a b Chernykh E N 2008 Formation of the Eurasian Steppe Belt of Stockbreeding cultures Archaeology Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 35 3 36 53 doi 10 1016 j aeae 2008 11 003 Frachetti Michael David Pastoralist Landscapes and Social Interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia pp 52 3 Anthony 2007 pp 444 7 Higham C Higham T Kijngam A 2011 Cutting a Gordian Knot the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia origins timing and impact Antiquity 85 328 583 598 doi 10 1017 S0003598X00067971 S2CID 163064575 E Chernykh The Steppe Belt of stockbreeding cultures in Eurasia during the Early Metal Age Trab Prehist 65 2008 pp 73 93 10 3989 tp 2008 08004 Sarkissian Clio Der Balanovsky Oleg Brandt Guido Khartanovich Valery Buzhilova Alexandra Koshel Sergey Zaporozhchenko Valery Gronenborn Detlef Moiseyev Vyacheslav Kolpakov Eugen Shumkin Vladimir Alt Kurt W Balanovska Elena Cooper Alan Haak Wolfgang 2013 02 14 Ancient DNA Reveals Prehistoric Gene Flow from Siberia in the Complex Human Population History of North East Europe PLOS Genetics 9 2 e1003296 doi 10 1371 journal pgen 1003296 ISSN 1553 7404 PMC 3573127 PMID 23459685 Illumae et al Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup N A Non trivial Time Resolved Phylogeography that Cuts across Language Families The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 99 Issue 1 163 173 Haplogroup N YTree v8 09 00 as of 08 October 2020Further reading EditChristian David 1998 A history of Russia Central Asia and Mongolia ISBN 978 0 631 20814 3 Anthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World Marchenko Z V Svyatko S V Molodin V I Grishin A E Rykun M P Oct 2017 Radiocarbon Chronology of Complexes With Seima Turbino Type Objects Bronze Age in Southwestern Siberia PDF Radiocarbon 59 5 1381 1397 doi 10 1017 RDC 2017 24 S2CID 133742189 Chernykh E N 1992 Wright Sarah ed Ancient Metallurgy in the USSR The Early Metal Age Cambridge University Press Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seima Turbino phenomenon Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Seima Turbino phenomenon amp oldid 1135758104, wikipedia, wiki, book, 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