A poster made by the Communist Party of Canada, illustrating participants in the On-to-Ottawa Trek who were arrested under Section 98
After the Winnipeg general strike of 1919, Arthur Meighen, Minister of Justice in Robert Borden's government, introduced an amendment to the Criminal Code. The legislation was tabled in the House of Commons on June 27, 1919, where it was passed with little to no debate. In the Senate, it only took two days to pass going on to receive royal assent on July 7, 1919.[1] Section 98 read:
Any association...whose professed purpose...is to bring about any governmental, industrial or economic change within Canada by use of force, violence or physical injury to person or property, or by threats of such injury, or which teaches, advocates, advises or defends the use of force, violence, terrorism, or physical injury to person or property...in order to accomplish such change, or for any other such purpose..., or which shall by any means prosecute or pursue such purpose...or shall so teach, advocate, advise or defend, shall be an unlawful association.[2]
The law was extremely broad and carried a penalty of up to 20 years in prison. It was used throughout the 1920s and early half of the 1930s to harass Communists, other left parties and organizations, and labour unions generally.[3] The most well-known use of Section 98 was in a crackdown designed to "strike a death blow at the Communist Party."[4] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police rounded up eight leaders of the Communist Party on 11 August 1931, who were subsequently convicted under the law and sentenced for up to five-year prison terms. In the years after the conviction, public opinion turned in favour of the Communists and against the law, which was opposed by liberals and moderate leftists as well as far-left organizations like the Canadian Labour Defence League, a Communist legal defence committee. As a result of public opposition, the Communists were released early from jail and the law was repealed in 1936 following the election of Mackenzie King in 1935.
Opposition to Section 98 was an important campaign for crystallizing an early civil rights movement within an otherwise fractured left wing in Canada.[5] Although the law was repealed, it served as the model for the Defence of Canada Regulations under the War Measures Act to suppress aliens and dissenters during the Second World War and during the October Crisis of 1970.[3]
^Berger, Thomas (1981). Fragile Freedoms: Human Rights and Dissent in Canada. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Company. pp. 132–133. ISBN0-7720-1358-6.
^ abBerger, Thomas (1981). Fragile Freedoms: Human Rights and Dissent in Canada. Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Company. pp. 135. ISBN0-7720-1358-6.
^"1931 Communist Party Trial". Socialist History Project. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
^Clément, Dominique (May 2004). . Labour History (86): 1–32. doi:10.2307/27515965. JSTOR 27515965. Archived from the original on 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
section, criminal, code, canada, enacted, after, winnipeg, general, strike, 1919, banning, unlawful, associations, used, 1930s, against, communist, party, canada, poster, made, communist, party, canada, illustrating, participants, ottawa, trek, were, arrested,. Section 98 s 98 of the Criminal Code of Canada was a law enacted after the Winnipeg general strike of 1919 banning unlawful associations It was used in the 1930s against the Communist Party of Canada A poster made by the Communist Party of Canada illustrating participants in the On to Ottawa Trek who were arrested under Section 98 After the Winnipeg general strike of 1919 Arthur Meighen Minister of Justice in Robert Borden s government introduced an amendment to the Criminal Code The legislation was tabled in the House of Commons on June 27 1919 where it was passed with little to no debate In the Senate it only took two days to pass going on to receive royal assent on July 7 1919 1 Section 98 read Any association whose professed purpose is to bring about any governmental industrial or economic change within Canada by use of force violence or physical injury to person or property or by threats of such injury or which teaches advocates advises or defends the use of force violence terrorism or physical injury to person or property in order to accomplish such change or for any other such purpose or which shall by any means prosecute or pursue such purpose or shall so teach advocate advise or defend shall be an unlawful association 2 The law was extremely broad and carried a penalty of up to 20 years in prison It was used throughout the 1920s and early half of the 1930s to harass Communists other left parties and organizations and labour unions generally 3 The most well known use of Section 98 was in a crackdown designed to strike a death blow at the Communist Party 4 The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police rounded up eight leaders of the Communist Party on 11 August 1931 who were subsequently convicted under the law and sentenced for up to five year prison terms In the years after the conviction public opinion turned in favour of the Communists and against the law which was opposed by liberals and moderate leftists as well as far left organizations like the Canadian Labour Defence League a Communist legal defence committee As a result of public opposition the Communists were released early from jail and the law was repealed in 1936 following the election of Mackenzie King in 1935 Opposition to Section 98 was an important campaign for crystallizing an early civil rights movement within an otherwise fractured left wing in Canada 5 Although the law was repealed it served as the model for the Defence of Canada Regulations under the War Measures Act to suppress aliens and dissenters during the Second World War and during the October Crisis of 1970 3 References edit Wright 2015 p 328 Berger Thomas 1981 Fragile Freedoms Human Rights and Dissent in Canada Toronto Clarke Irwin amp Company pp 132 133 ISBN 0 7720 1358 6 a b Berger Thomas 1981 Fragile Freedoms Human Rights and Dissent in Canada Toronto Clarke Irwin amp Company pp 135 ISBN 0 7720 1358 6 1931 Communist Party Trial Socialist History Project Retrieved 2007 01 25 Clement Dominique May 2004 It is Not the Beliefs but the Crime that Matters Post War Civil Liberties Debates in Canada and Australia Labour History 86 1 32 doi 10 2307 27515965 JSTOR 27515965 Archived from the original on 2007 08 11 Retrieved 2007 01 26 Sources editWright Barry amp Eric Tucker Susan Binnie 2015 Canadian State Trials Volume IV University of Toronto Press ISBN 9781442631083 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Total pages 464 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Section 98 amp oldid 1215628558, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
