fbpx
Wikipedia

Scorpius–Centaurus association

February 15, 2024

The Scorpius–Centaurus association (sometimes called Sco–Cen or Sco OB2) is the nearest OB association to the Sun. This stellar association is composed of three subgroups (Upper Scorpius, Upper Centaurus–Lupus, and Lower Centaurus–Crux) and its distance is about 130 parsecs or 420 light-years.[1] Using improved Hipparcos data, Rizzuto and colleagues analysed nearby stars more closely, bringing the number of known members to 436. They doubt the need to add a subclassification because they found a more continuous spread of stars.[2]

Map of the area containing stars of the Scorpius–Centaurus association
Main associations of the Solar antapex half of the galactic plane, with Sco-Cen on the left

The Sco–Cen subgroups range in age from 11 million years (Upper Scorpius)[3] to roughly 15 million years (Upper Centaurus–Lupus and Lower Centaurus–Crux). Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, and Crux are members of the Sco–Cen association, including Antares (the most massive member of Upper Scorpius), and most of the stars in the Southern Cross.[4] Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco-Cen, with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses (Antares) down to below the hydrogen-burning limit (i.e. brown dwarfs),[5] and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000–2000.[6] The Sco–Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex of recent (<20 million years) and ongoing star-formation. The complex contains several star-forming molecular clouds in Sco–Cen's immediate vicinity—the Rho Oph, Pipe Nebula, Barnard 68, Chamaeleon, Lupus, Corona Australis, and Coalsack cloud complexes (all at distances of ~120-200 parsecs), and several less populous, young stellar groups on the periphery of Sco–Cen, including the ~3–5 million-year-old Epsilon Chamaeleontis group, ~7 million-year-old Eta Chamaeleontis moving group, ~8 million-year-old TW Hydrae association, ~12 million-year-old Beta Pictoris moving group, and possibly the ~30–50 million-year-old IC 2602 open cluster.[4]

The stellar members of the Sco–Cen association have convergent proper motions of approximately 0.02–0.04 arcseconds per year, indicative that the stars have nearly parallel velocity vectors, moving at about 20 km/s with respect to the Sun. The dispersion of the velocities within the subgroups are only of order 1–2 km/s,[7] and the group is most likely gravitationally unbound. Several supernovae have exploded in Sco–Cen over the past 15 million years, leaving a network of expanding gas superbubbles around the group,[8] including the Loop I Bubble.

To explain the presence of radioactive 60Fe in deep ocean ferromanganese crusts and in biogenic magnetite crystals within Pacific Ocean sediments[9] it has been hypothesized that a nearby supernova, possibly a member of Sco–Cen, exploded in the Sun's vicinity roughly 3 million years ago,[10] causing the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary marine extinction.[11] However, other findings cite the distance at which this supernova occurred at more than 100 parsec, maintaining that it is not likely not to have contributed to this extinction through the mechanism of what is known as the ultra-violet B (UV-B) catastrophe.[9][12] In 2019, researchers found interstellar iron in Antarctica which they relate to the Local Interstellar Cloud, which might have been formed near the Sco-Cen association.[13]

Close up on the Orion Arm, with major stellar associations (yellow), nebulae (red) and dark nebulae (grey) coreward from the Local Bubble with Sco-Cen.

In December 2021, around 70 new rogue planets were discovered in the Upper Scorpius association.[14]

The subgroups of the Scorpius-Centaurus association contains the youngest[15] transiting exoplanets: K2-33 b (11 Myrs),[16] TOI-1227 b (11 Myrs)[17] and HIP 67522 b (17 Myrs).[18] It also contains directly imaged exoplanets such as UScoCTIO 108 b and the PDS 70 system.[19]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Melnik, A. M.; Dambis, A. K. (2020). "Distance scale for high-luminosity stars in OB associations and in field with Gaia DR2. Spurious systematic motions". Astrophysics and Space Science. 365 (7): 112. arXiv:2006.14649. Bibcode:2020Ap&SS.365..112M. doi:10.1007/s10509-020-03827-0. S2CID 220128144.
  2. ^ Rizzuto, Aaron; Ireland, Michael; Robertson, J. G. (October 2011), "Multidimensional Bayesian membership analysis of the Sco OB2 moving group", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 416 (4): 3108–17, arXiv:1106.2857, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.416.3108R, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19256.x, S2CID 54510608.
  3. ^ Mark J. Pecaut; Eric E. Mamajek & Eric J. Bubar (February 2012). "A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History among the F-type Members of the Scorpius–Centaurus OB Association". Astrophysical Journal. 746 (2): 154. arXiv:1112.1695. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746..154P. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/154. S2CID 118461108.
  4. ^ a b Preibisch, T.; Mamajek, E. (2009). "The Nearest OB Association: Scorpius-Centaurus (Sco OB2)". Handbook of Star-Forming Regions. 2: 0. arXiv:0809.0407. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book..235P.
  5. ^ Preibisch, T.; et al. (2002). "Exploring the Full Stellar Population of the Upper Scorpius OB Association". Astronomical Journal. 124 (1): 404–416. Bibcode:2002AJ....124..404P. doi:10.1086/341174.
  6. ^ Mamajek, E.E.; Meyer, M.R. & Liebert, James (2002). "Post-T Tauri Stars in the Nearest OB Association". Astronomical Journal. 124 (3): 1670–1694. arXiv:astro-ph/0205417. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.1670M. doi:10.1086/341952. S2CID 16855894.
  7. ^ Madsen, S.; et al. (2002). "Astrometric radial velocities. III. Hipparcos measurements of nearby star clusters and associations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 381 (2): 446–463. arXiv:astro-ph/0110617. Bibcode:2002A&A...381..446M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011458. S2CID 17596452.
  8. ^ de Geus, E.J. (1992). "Interaction of Stars and Interstellar Matter in Scorpio Centaurus". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 262: 258–270. Bibcode:1992A&A...262..258D.
  9. ^ a b Ludwig, Peter; et al. (2016). "Time-resolved 2-million-year-old supernova activity discovered in Earth's microfossil record". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (33): 9232–9237. arXiv:1710.09573. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.9232L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1601040113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4995991. PMID 27503888.
  10. ^ Fields, Brian D.; Hochmuth, Kathrin A.; Ellis, John (2005). "Deep-Ocean Crusts as Telescopes: Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova Nucleosynthesis". Astrophys. J. 621 (2): 902–07. arXiv:astro-ph/0410525. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621..902F. doi:10.1086/427797. S2CID 17932224.
  11. ^ Benítez, N.; Maíz-Apellániz, J.; Canelles M. (2005). "Evidence for nearby supernova explosions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (8): 081101. arXiv:astro-ph/0201018. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88h1101B. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.88.081101. PMID 11863949. S2CID 41229823.
  12. ^ Cockell, CS (1999). "Crises and extinction in the fossil record—A role for ultraviolet radiation?". Paleobiology. 25 (2): 212–225. Bibcode:1999Pbio...25..212C. doi:10.1017/S0094837300026518. S2CID 132108580.
  13. ^ Koll, D.; et., al. (2019). "Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica". Physical Review Letters. 123 (7): 072701. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123g2701K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.072701. hdl:1885/298253. PMID 31491090. S2CID 201868513.
  14. ^ "ESO telescopes help uncover largest group of rogue planets yet". European Southern Observatory. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021. See also attached research paper.
  15. ^ "Planetary Systems". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2022-09-12. as of September 2022
  16. ^ Mann, Andrew W.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Rizzuto, Aaron C.; Irwin, Jonathan; Feiden, Gregory A.; Gaidos, Eric; Mace, Gregory N.; Kraus, Adam L.; James, David J.; Ansdell, Megan; Charbonneau, David; Covey, Kevin R.; Ireland, Michael J.; Jaffe, Daniel T.; Johnson, Marshall C. (2016-09-01). "Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT). III. A Short-period Planet Orbiting a Pre-main-sequence Star in the Upper Scorpius OB Association". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 61. arXiv:1604.06165. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...61M. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/61. ISSN 0004-6256. S2CID 6552081.
  17. ^ Mann, Andrew W.; Wood, Mackenna L.; Schmidt, Stephen P.; Barber, Madyson G.; Owen, James E.; Tofflemire, Benjamin M.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Mamajek, Eric E.; Bush, Jonathan L.; Mace, Gregory N.; Kraus, Adam L.; Thao, Pa Chia; Vanderburg, Andrew; Llama, Joe; Johns-Krull, Christopher M. (2022-04-01). "TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). VI. An 11 Myr Giant Planet Transiting a Very-low-mass Star in Lower Centaurus Crux". The Astronomical Journal. 163 (4): 156. arXiv:2110.09531. Bibcode:2022AJ....163..156M. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac511d. ISSN 0004-6256.
  18. ^ Rizzuto, Aaron C.; Newton, Elisabeth R.; Mann, Andrew W.; Tofflemire, Benjamin M.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Kraus, Adam L.; Wood, Mackenna L.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Zhou, George; Thao, Pa Chia; Law, Nicholas M.; Ziegler, Carl; Briceño, César (2020-07-01). "TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). II. A 17 Myr Old Transiting Hot Jupiter in the Sco-Cen Association". The Astronomical Journal. 160 (1): 33. arXiv:2005.00013. Bibcode:2020AJ....160...33R. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab94b7. ISSN 0004-6256.
  19. ^ Keppler, M.; Benisty, M.; Müller, A.; Henning, Th.; van Boekel, R.; Cantalloube, F.; Ginski, C.; van Holstein, R. G.; Maire, A. -L.; Pohl, A.; Samland, M.; Avenhaus, H.; Baudino, J. -L.; Boccaletti, A.; de Boer, J. (2018-09-01). "Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 617: A44. arXiv:1806.11568. Bibcode:2018A&A...617A..44K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832957. ISSN 0004-6361.

February 15, 2024
scorpius, centaurus, association, sometimes, called, nearest, association, this, stellar, association, composed, three, subgroups, upper, scorpius, upper, centaurus, lupus, lower, centaurus, crux, distance, about, parsecs, light, years, using, improved, hippar. The Scorpius Centaurus association sometimes called Sco Cen or Sco OB2 is the nearest OB association to the Sun This stellar association is composed of three subgroups Upper Scorpius Upper Centaurus Lupus and Lower Centaurus Crux and its distance is about 130 parsecs or 420 light years 1 Using improved Hipparcos data Rizzuto and colleagues analysed nearby stars more closely bringing the number of known members to 436 They doubt the need to add a subclassification because they found a more continuous spread of stars 2 Map of the area containing stars of the Scorpius Centaurus associationMain associations of the Solar antapex half of the galactic plane with Sco Cen on the leftThe Sco Cen subgroups range in age from 11 million years Upper Scorpius 3 to roughly 15 million years Upper Centaurus Lupus and Lower Centaurus Crux Many of the bright stars in the constellations Scorpius Lupus Centaurus and Crux are members of the Sco Cen association including Antares the most massive member of Upper Scorpius and most of the stars in the Southern Cross 4 Hundreds of stars have been identified as members of Sco Cen with masses ranging from roughly 15 solar masses Antares down to below the hydrogen burning limit i e brown dwarfs 5 and the total stellar population in each of the three subgroups is probably of the order 1000 2000 6 The Sco Cen OB association appears to be the most pronounced part of a large complex of recent lt 20 million years and ongoing star formation The complex contains several star forming molecular clouds in Sco Cen s immediate vicinity the Rho Oph Pipe Nebula Barnard 68 Chamaeleon Lupus Corona Australis and Coalsack cloud complexes all at distances of 120 200 parsecs and several less populous young stellar groups on the periphery of Sco Cen including the 3 5 million year old Epsilon Chamaeleontis group 7 million year old Eta Chamaeleontis moving group 8 million year old TW Hydrae association 12 million year old Beta Pictoris moving group and possibly the 30 50 million year old IC 2602 open cluster 4 The stellar members of the Sco Cen association have convergent proper motions of approximately 0 02 0 04 arcseconds per year indicative that the stars have nearly parallel velocity vectors moving at about 20 km s with respect to the Sun The dispersion of the velocities within the subgroups are only of order 1 2 km s 7 and the group is most likely gravitationally unbound Several supernovae have exploded in Sco Cen over the past 15 million years leaving a network of expanding gas superbubbles around the group 8 including the Loop I Bubble To explain the presence of radioactive 60Fe in deep ocean ferromanganese crusts and in biogenic magnetite crystals within Pacific Ocean sediments 9 it has been hypothesized that a nearby supernova possibly a member of Sco Cen exploded in the Sun s vicinity roughly 3 million years ago 10 causing the Pliocene Pleistocene boundary marine extinction 11 However other findings cite the distance at which this supernova occurred at more than 100 parsec maintaining that it is not likely not to have contributed to this extinction through the mechanism of what is known as the ultra violet B UV B catastrophe 9 12 In 2019 researchers found interstellar iron in Antarctica which they relate to the Local Interstellar Cloud which might have been formed near the Sco Cen association 13 Close up on the Orion Arm with major stellar associations yellow nebulae red and dark nebulae grey coreward from the Local Bubble with Sco Cen In December 2021 around 70 new rogue planets were discovered in the Upper Scorpius association 14 The subgroups of the Scorpius Centaurus association contains the youngest 15 transiting exoplanets K2 33 b 11 Myrs 16 TOI 1227 b 11 Myrs 17 and HIP 67522 b 17 Myrs 18 It also contains directly imaged exoplanets such as UScoCTIO 108 b and the PDS 70 system 19 See also editList of nearby stellar associations and moving groups b Pictoris moving group Ursa Major Moving GroupReferences edit Melnik A M Dambis A K 2020 Distance scale for high luminosity stars in OB associations and in field with Gaia DR2 Spurious systematic motions Astrophysics and Space Science 365 7 112 arXiv 2006 14649 Bibcode 2020Ap amp SS 365 112M doi 10 1007 s10509 020 03827 0 S2CID 220128144 Rizzuto Aaron Ireland Michael Robertson J G October 2011 Multidimensional Bayesian membership analysis of the Sco OB2 moving group Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 416 4 3108 17 arXiv 1106 2857 Bibcode 2011MNRAS 416 3108R doi 10 1111 j 1365 2966 2011 19256 x S2CID 54510608 Mark J Pecaut Eric E Mamajek amp Eric J Bubar February 2012 A Revised Age for Upper Scorpius and the Star Formation History among the F type Members of the Scorpius Centaurus OB Association Astrophysical Journal 746 2 154 arXiv 1112 1695 Bibcode 2012ApJ 746 154P doi 10 1088 0004 637X 746 2 154 S2CID 118461108 a b Preibisch T Mamajek E 2009 The Nearest OB Association Scorpius Centaurus Sco OB2 Handbook of Star Forming Regions 2 0 arXiv 0809 0407 Bibcode 2008hsf2 book 235P Preibisch T et al 2002 Exploring the Full Stellar Population of the Upper Scorpius OB Association Astronomical Journal 124 1 404 416 Bibcode 2002AJ 124 404P doi 10 1086 341174 Mamajek E E Meyer M R amp Liebert James 2002 Post T Tauri Stars in the Nearest OB Association Astronomical Journal 124 3 1670 1694 arXiv astro ph 0205417 Bibcode 2002AJ 124 1670M doi 10 1086 341952 S2CID 16855894 Madsen S et al 2002 Astrometric radial velocities III Hipparcos measurements of nearby star clusters and associations Astronomy amp Astrophysics 381 2 446 463 arXiv astro ph 0110617 Bibcode 2002A amp A 381 446M doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20011458 S2CID 17596452 de Geus E J 1992 Interaction of Stars and Interstellar Matter in Scorpio Centaurus Astronomy amp Astrophysics 262 258 270 Bibcode 1992A amp A 262 258D a b Ludwig Peter et al 2016 Time resolved 2 million year old supernova activity discovered in Earth s microfossil record Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 33 9232 9237 arXiv 1710 09573 Bibcode 2016PNAS 113 9232L doi 10 1073 pnas 1601040113 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 4995991 PMID 27503888 Fields Brian D Hochmuth Kathrin A Ellis John 2005 Deep Ocean Crusts as Telescopes Using Live Radioisotopes to Probe Supernova Nucleosynthesis Astrophys J 621 2 902 07 arXiv astro ph 0410525 Bibcode 2005ApJ 621 902F doi 10 1086 427797 S2CID 17932224 Benitez N Maiz Apellaniz J Canelles M 2005 Evidence for nearby supernova explosions Phys Rev Lett 88 8 081101 arXiv astro ph 0201018 Bibcode 2002PhRvL 88h1101B doi 10 1103 physrevlett 88 081101 PMID 11863949 S2CID 41229823 Cockell CS 1999 Crises and extinction in the fossil record A role for ultraviolet radiation Paleobiology 25 2 212 225 Bibcode 1999Pbio 25 212C doi 10 1017 S0094837300026518 S2CID 132108580 Koll D et al 2019 Interstellar 60Fe in Antarctica Physical Review Letters 123 7 072701 Bibcode 2019PhRvL 123g2701K doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 123 072701 hdl 1885 298253 PMID 31491090 S2CID 201868513 ESO telescopes help uncover largest group of rogue planets yet European Southern Observatory 22 December 2021 Retrieved 22 December 2021 See also attached research paper Planetary Systems exoplanetarchive ipac caltech edu Retrieved 2022 09 12 as of September 2022 Mann Andrew W Newton Elisabeth R Rizzuto Aaron C Irwin Jonathan Feiden Gregory A Gaidos Eric Mace Gregory N Kraus Adam L James David J Ansdell Megan Charbonneau David Covey Kevin R Ireland Michael J Jaffe Daniel T Johnson Marshall C 2016 09 01 Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time ZEIT III A Short period Planet Orbiting a Pre main sequence Star in the Upper Scorpius OB Association The Astronomical Journal 152 3 61 arXiv 1604 06165 Bibcode 2016AJ 152 61M doi 10 3847 0004 6256 152 3 61 ISSN 0004 6256 S2CID 6552081 Mann Andrew W Wood Mackenna L Schmidt Stephen P Barber Madyson G Owen James E Tofflemire Benjamin M Newton Elisabeth R Mamajek Eric E Bush Jonathan L Mace Gregory N Kraus Adam L Thao Pa Chia Vanderburg Andrew Llama Joe Johns Krull Christopher M 2022 04 01 TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets THYME VI An 11 Myr Giant Planet Transiting a Very low mass Star in Lower Centaurus Crux The Astronomical Journal 163 4 156 arXiv 2110 09531 Bibcode 2022AJ 163 156M doi 10 3847 1538 3881 ac511d ISSN 0004 6256 Rizzuto Aaron C Newton Elisabeth R Mann Andrew W Tofflemire Benjamin M Vanderburg Andrew Kraus Adam L Wood Mackenna L Quinn Samuel N Zhou George Thao Pa Chia Law Nicholas M Ziegler Carl Briceno Cesar 2020 07 01 TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets THYME II A 17 Myr Old Transiting Hot Jupiter in the Sco Cen Association The Astronomical Journal 160 1 33 arXiv 2005 00013 Bibcode 2020AJ 160 33R doi 10 3847 1538 3881 ab94b7 ISSN 0004 6256 Keppler M Benisty M Muller A Henning Th van Boekel R Cantalloube F Ginski C van Holstein R G Maire A L Pohl A Samland M Avenhaus H Baudino J L Boccaletti A de Boer J 2018 09 01 Discovery of a planetary mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70 Astronomy and Astrophysics 617 A44 arXiv 1806 11568 Bibcode 2018A amp A 617A 44K doi 10 1051 0004 6361 201832957 ISSN 0004 6361 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scorpius Centaurus association amp oldid 1183892395, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.