For the pioneering merchant family in Washington Territory and State, see Schwabacher Brothers.
The German word Schwabacher (pronounced [ˈʃvaːˌbaxɐ]) refers to a specific style of blacklettertypefaces which evolved from Gothic Textualis (Textura) under the influence of Humanist type design in Italy during the 15th century. Schwabacher typesetting was the most common typeface in Germany, until it was replaced by Fraktur from the mid 16th century onwards. In the course of the 18th and 19th centuries (but not in Germany until 1941), Fraktur gave way in turn to Antiqua.
Similar to Rotunda, the rounded Schwabacher types were nearer to handwriting than the former Textualis style, though it also includes sharp edges. The lower-case g and upper-case H have particularly distinctive forms. In the context of German language texts, Schwabacher appeared vibrant and popular.
After Schwabacher was displaced by Fraktur as the most-used German language type style from about 1530, it remained in common use as a secondary typeface for emphasis in a similar way to italic.[1] It was still used occasionally until the mid 20th century.
Normal type decree edit
In January 1941, the Government of Nazi Germany officially abandoned the Fraktur type, following Martin Bormann's Normalschrifterlass ("Normal type") decree. Bormann refers to Fraktur as Schwabacher Judenlettern ("Jew-letters of Schwabach").[2] The statement ignores the fact that Schwabacher originated from the earlier Rotunda blackletter script and late medieval Bastarda types. Actually, there is no evidence of any connection between Jews and the Schwabacher typeface. At the time of its origin the ownership of printing houses was reserved for Christian citizens.
Normalschrifterlass by Martin Bormann
Circular (Not for publication).
On behalf of the Führer I notify for common attention that:
Regarding and calling the so called gothic typeface as a German typeface is wrong. In fact, the gothic typeface consists of Jew-letters from Schwabach. Like they later gained control of the newspapers, the Jews living in Germany had seized control over the printing shops at introduction of the printing press, so that the Schwabacher Jew-letters were heavily introduced in Germany.
Today the Führer decided in a meeting with ReichsleiterMax Amann and book printing shop owner Adolf Müller, that the Antiqua typeface is to be called the normal typeface in future. Step by step all printing products have to be changed to this normal typeface. As soon as this is possible for school books, in schools only the normal typeface will be taught.
Authorities will refrain from using the Schwabacher Jew-letters in future; certificates of appointment, road signs and similar will only be produced in normal typeface in future. On behalf of the Führer, Mr. Amann will first change those papers and magazines to normal typeface, that are already spread abroad or are wanted to be.
Signed M. Bormann
Samplesedit
Alte Schwabacher
The German sentence in this sample reads: "Beiſpiel Alte Schwabacher [Example of Old Schwabacher]: Victor jagt zwölf Boxkämpfer quer über den Sylter Deich". This is a nonsense sentence meaning "Victor chases twelve boxers across the dike of Sylt", but contains all 26 letters of the alphabet plus the German umlauts and is thus an example of a pangram. The fourth letter of Beiſpiel is a long s.
^Steinberg, S. H. (1961) Five Hundred Years of Printing; 2nd ed. Penguin Books; p. 41
^Burke, Christopher (1998). Paul Renner: the Art of Typography. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 165–167. ISBN978-1-56898-158-1.
Further readingedit
Friedrich Beck: „Schwabacher Judenlettern“ - Schriftverruf im Dritten Reich. in: Die Kunst des Vernetzens, Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, 2006, ISBN3-86650-344-X (pdf)
Philipp Luidl: Die Schwabacher – Die ungewöhnlichen Wege der Schwabacher Judenletter. Maro Verlag, Augsburg 2004. ISBN3-87512-415-4
"Vergessen und verdrängt" Schwabach 1918-1945, Ausstellungskatalog Stadtmuseum Schwabach, p. 172
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schwabacher.
(in German). Schwabach SPD. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
February 16, 2024
schwabacher, pioneering, merchant, family, washington, territory, state, brothers, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, . For the pioneering merchant family in Washington Territory and State see Schwabacher Brothers This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Schwabacher news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2009 Learn how and when to remove this template message The German word Schwabacher pronounced ˈʃvaːˌbaxɐ refers to a specific style of blackletter typefaces which evolved from Gothic Textualis Textura under the influence of Humanist type design in Italy during the 15th century Schwabacher typesetting was the most common typeface in Germany until it was replaced by Fraktur from the mid 16th century onwards In the course of the 18th and 19th centuries but not in Germany until 1941 Fraktur gave way in turn to Antiqua A page from the Nuremberg Chronicle Schedelsche Weltchronik 1493 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics 3 History 3 1 Normal type decree 4 Samples 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further reading 8 External linksEtymology editThe term may derive from the Franconian town of Schwabach where in 1529 the Articles of Schwabach a Lutheran creed were adopted citation needed The Articles became the basis of the 1530 Confessio Augustana and possibly also promoted the use of Schwabacher types citation needed Characteristics edit nbsp Blackletter typefacesSimilar to Rotunda the rounded Schwabacher types were nearer to handwriting than the former Textualis style though it also includes sharp edges The lower case g and upper case H have particularly distinctive forms In the context of German language texts Schwabacher appeared vibrant and popular History editWhile the Latin Gutenberg Bible was still set in Textualis type the oldest preserved Schwabacher incunable dates from 1472 and was printed in Augsburg Schwabacher types appeared in the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg from about 1485 Anton Koberger c 1440 1513 used them for the publication of the Nuremberg Chronicle in both Latin and German in 1493 and Albrecht Durer 1471 1528 for his Apocalypse series in 1498 Schwabacher became widely known with the spread of Luther Bibles from 1522 After Schwabacher was displaced by Fraktur as the most used German language type style from about 1530 it remained in common use as a secondary typeface for emphasis in a similar way to italic 1 It was still used occasionally until the mid 20th century Normal type decree edit In January 1941 the Government of Nazi Germany officially abandoned the Fraktur type following Martin Bormann s Normalschrifterlass Normal type decree Bormann refers to Fraktur as Schwabacher Judenlettern Jew letters of Schwabach 2 The statement ignores the fact that Schwabacher originated from the earlier Rotunda blackletter script and late medieval Bastarda types Actually there is no evidence of any connection between Jews and the Schwabacher typeface At the time of its origin the ownership of printing houses was reserved for Christian citizens nbsp Normalschrifterlass by Martin BormannCircular Not for publication On behalf of the Fuhrer I notify for common attention that Regarding and calling the so called gothic typeface as a German typeface is wrong In fact the gothic typeface consists of Jew letters from Schwabach Like they later gained control of the newspapers the Jews living in Germany had seized control over the printing shops at introduction of the printing press so that the Schwabacher Jew letters were heavily introduced in Germany Today the Fuhrer decided in a meeting with Reichsleiter Max Amann and book printing shop owner Adolf Muller that the Antiqua typeface is to be called the normal typeface in future Step by step all printing products have to be changed to this normal typeface As soon as this is possible for school books in schools only the normal typeface will be taught Authorities will refrain from using the Schwabacher Jew letters in future certificates of appointment road signs and similar will only be produced in normal typeface in future On behalf of the Fuhrer Mr Amann will first change those papers and magazines to normal typeface that are already spread abroad or are wanted to be Signed M BormannSamples edit nbsp Alte SchwabacherThe German sentence in this sample reads Beiſpiel Alte Schwabacher Example of Old Schwabacher Victor jagt zwolf Boxkampfer quer uber den Sylter Deich This is a nonsense sentence meaning Victor chases twelve boxers across the dike of Sylt but contains all 26 letters of the alphabet plus the German umlauts and is thus an example of a pangram The fourth letter of Beiſpiel is a long s See also editAntiqua Fraktur dispute Typographical dispute in 19C GermanyNotes and references edit Steinberg S H 1961 Five Hundred Years of Printing 2nd ed Penguin Books p 41 Burke Christopher 1998 Paul Renner the Art of Typography New York Princeton Architectural Press pp 165 167 ISBN 978 1 56898 158 1 Further reading editFriedrich Beck Schwabacher Judenlettern Schriftverruf im Dritten Reich in Die Kunst des Vernetzens Verlag fur Berlin Brandenburg 2006 ISBN 3 86650 344 X pdf Philipp Luidl Die Schwabacher Die ungewohnlichen Wege der Schwabacher Judenletter Maro Verlag Augsburg 2004 ISBN 3 87512 415 4 Vergessen und verdrangt Schwabach 1918 1945 Ausstellungskatalog Stadtmuseum Schwabach p 172External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schwabacher Die Alte Schwabacher Schrift in German Schwabach SPD Archived from the original on March 18 2009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Schwabacher amp oldid 1205524086, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
