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Schism of 1552

January 01, 1970

The schism of 1552 was an important event in the history of the Church of the East. It divided the church into two factions, of which one entered into communion with Rome becoming part of the Catholic Church at this time and the other remained independent until the 19th century. Although the Eliya line, which emerged as a result of this schism, did eventually enter into communion with Rome, various Eastern Protestant sects with their origins in the Church of the East emerged as a result of this schism. The Shimon line whose entry into full communion with Rome caused this schism became independent again by the 17th century. The circumstances of the 1552 schism were controversial at the time and have been disputed ever since.

Summary of events edit

 
Major denominational families in Christianity:
This box:
Schism (1552)
(16th century)
(11th century)
(Not shown are ante-Nicene, nontrinitarian, and restorationist denominations.)

Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shemʿon IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary, normally from uncle to nephew. This practice, which tended to result in a shortage of eligible heirs, eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East.[1] The patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–1558) caused great offence at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve-year-old nephew Hnanishoʿ as his successor, presumably because no older relatives were available. Several years later, probably because Hnanishoʿ had died in the interim, he designated as successor his fifteen-year-old brother Eliya, the future patriarch Eliya VI (1558–1591). Besides making these two provocative appointments, he was also accused by his opponents of permitting concubinage, selling clerical posts and living intemperately. By 1552 Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb had become so unpopular that his opponents rebelled against his authority. The rebels, principally from the Amid, Seert and Salmas districts, elected as patriarch a monk named Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa, the leader of Rabban Hormizd Monastery near Alqosh. Unfortunately, no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him, as canonically required. Franciscan missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians as well, and they legitimised their position by persuading Sulaqa's supporters and getting him consecrated by Pope Julius III (1550–1555).[2][3]

Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person. At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter, drafted by his supporters in Mosul, which set out his claims to be recognised as patriarch. On 9 April 1553, having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic, Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter. On 28 April he was recognised as "Patriarch of Mosul" by pope Julius III in the bull Divina disponente clementia and received the pallium from the pope's hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican. These events, which marked the birth of the Chaldean Catholic Church, created a permanent schism in the Church of the East.[2][3]

Sulaqa returned to Mesopotamia towards the end of the same year. In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Ottoman authorities recognising him as an independent "Chaldean" patriarch, and in 1554, during a stay of five months in Amid, consecrated five metropolitan bishops (for the dioceses of Gazarta, Hesna d'Kifa, Amid, Mardin and Seert). Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for Nisibis and Gazarta. He also won over the governor of Amadiya, who invited Sulaqa to Amadiya, imprisoned him for four months, and put him to death in January 1555.[4]

The disputed circumstances of Sulaqa's election edit

There are two very different, and contradictory, traditions as to the circumstances of Sulaqa's election. According to one version of events, which derives from a letter of Andrew Masius and is also reflected in the Vatican's consistorial act of April 1553, the schism of 1552 was precipitated by the death of the patriarch 'Shemʿon Bar Mama' at Gazarta in 1551, and by the subsequent consecration of an eight-year-old boy, 'Shemʿon VIII Denha', as his successor. Sulaqa was thereupon elected by a party in the church which disapproved of the principle of hereditary succession. Shemʿon VIII Denha and Sulaqa then lived for two years as rival patriarchs, until Shemʿon Denha encompassed Sulaqa's death in 1555, dying himself in 1558. This tradition sought to legitimise Sulaqa's election to Pope Julius III and his cardinals, by presenting it as a return to the elective principle.

This version of events has been repeated in several subsequent histories, by Giuseppe Luigi Assemani in 1775,[5] and Filippo Angelico Becchetti in 1796.[6] It has also been accepted by several modern scholars of the Church of the East, including the Chaldean deacon Joseph Tfinkdji in 1914,[7] and Cardinal Eugene Tisserant in 1931.[8] More recently, it was accepted in 1993 by Jean-Maurice Fiey, a scholar of particular eminence in this field, who listed all known patriarchs and bishops of the East and West Syrian churches, including the patriarchs Simon VII Bar Mama (1538–1551) and Simon VIII Denha (1551–1558).[9]

According to another version of events, deriving from the testimony of the second Chaldean patriarch ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron and confirmed by a letter of January 1555 by the papal nuncio Ambrose Buttigeg, Sulaqa was consecrated during a rebellion against the reigning patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–1558). The rebellion was prompted by Shemʿon's dreadful conduct in general, and by his consecration of two underage metropolitans in particular. This tradition sought to legitimise Sulaqa's election to critics in the Church of the East, by presenting it as a justified revolt against a dissolute patriarch.

The two versions of events cannot be reconciled, and give rise to the strong suspicion that Sulaqa or his supporters lied to the Vatican in 1552 when they claimed that Sulaqa had been elected in response to the consecration of the eight-year-old patriarch Shemʿon VIII Denha after Bar Mama's death in 1551.

Attention was first drawn to the contradictions in the relevant sources by Jacques Marie Vosté in 1931, but he did not pursue their implications.[10] In an influential study by Joseph Habbi in 1966, these implications were more fully explored. Habbi's study concentrated on the contradictions between the surviving documentary evidence in the Vatican and an alternative version of events preserved in the poems of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron, Sulaqa's successor as Chaldean patriarch, and he concluded that Sulaqa was elected in 1552 in the course of a rebellion against the reigning patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb.[11] Habbi focused purely on the literary sources, and did not consider a significant additional body of evidence available in the colophons of a number of sixteenth-century East Syrian manuscripts. The evidence from these colophons, deployed by David Wilmshurst,[12] fully supported Habbi's main contention, and also shed further light on the circumstances of Sulaqa's election by identifying the two youthful metropolitans whose consecration precipitated the schism of 1552.[13] Habbi and Wilmshurst's conclusions were accepted by Heleen Murre-van den Berg in an important article published in Hugoye in 1999, The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries,[14] and have not subsequently been challenged by scholars of the Church of the East.

Disputes over history edit

The version of Andrew Masius edit

According to a letter of Andrew Masius, Sulaqa was elected shortly after the death of the previous patriarch at Gazarta in 1551, who was succeeded by his eight-year old nephew Shemʿon Denha, the only surviving male relative. According to Labourt, who does not identify his source, Shemʿon Denha was consecrated by Hnanishoʿ, the sole remaining metropolitan.[15] Sulaqa was thereupon elected by a party in the church which disapproved of the principle of hereditary succession, and Shemʿon VIII Denha and Sulaqa lived for some years as rival patriarchs, until Shemʿon Denha encompassed Sulaqa's death in 1555, dying himself in 1558. This tradition is reflected in the language used in the consistorial act in the Vatican recognising Sulaqa as patriarch. After asserting that Sulaqa's election followed the death of the patriarch 'Simon Mama', the act continues as follows:

About a hundred years ago a patriarch tried to make his sacred office hereditary in his family, and every bishop, metropolitan and patriarch since has been a member of his family. The last patriarch likewise tried to designate as his successor his nephew, whom he had made a bishop when just a child of eight, but died before he could achieve his aim. The whole nation, priests and laymen alike, resolved to take this heaven-sent opportunity of ending the tyranny and restoring its old right of election.

Problems with Masius's account edit

Despite the authority of the scholars who have followed Masius, there are grounds for rejecting his version of events. First, the only evidence is Masius's statement that a patriarch died at Gazarta in 1551, and it is possible that he misunderstood the position. His letter drew on a letter written at Mosul in 1552 by Sulaqa's supporters, which was taken to Rome by Sulaqa. This letter, quoted in two slightly different versions by Giuseppe Simone Assemani,[16] and Wilhelm van Gulik,[17] does not mention the recent death of a patriarch. Instead, it states that the patriarch had tried to create a metropolitan from among his relatives:

A hundred years ago we had a patriarch who would only consecrate a metropolitan from among his own stock, clan and family, and his family has maintained that custom for the last hundred years. Now only one bishop is left from the family, and he has impudently tried to do the same as his predecessors. But we have refused to accept or proclaim him ...

Furthermore, by this period it had become customary for the patriarchs to be buried in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, and there is no intermediate tomb between that of Shemʿon VI (†1538) and that of a patriarch named Shemʿon who died in 1558.

Finally, a number of poems on the life of Sulaqa composed in the year following his death by his successor ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron know nothing of the recent death of a patriarch and the succession of Shemʿon Denha.[18] In these poems, translated in 1931 by Jacques Marie Vosté,[10] Sulaqa and his supporters rebelled against a dissolute patriarch named Bar Mama ('son of Mama'), a veteran in office and not a recently elected child. The earliest manuscripts of these poems are copied in 1556 by Sulaqa's brother Joseph, metropolitan of India (MS Vat Syr 45),[19] and again, a little later by Eliya Asmar, metropolitan of Amid (MS Borgia 21). This patriarch remained in office after Sulaqa's election, and was eventually able to encompass his death in 1555. He may therefore have been the "feeble catholicus Shemʿon, son of the deceased Mama", whose (unfortunately undated) ownership note has been preserved in a manuscript copied in 1482.[20]

The version of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron edit

 
ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron, who succeeded Sulaqa as Chaldean patriarch in 1555

ʿAbdishoʿ's account, written close to the events it describes, and for a readership familiar with the circumstances of Sulaqa's election, is to be preferred[according to whom?] to the version (more favourable to Sulaqa) which outsiders were encouraged to believe. ʿAbdishoʿ wrote both to justify Sulaqa's irregular election and to rebut its critics. The emphasis of the poem showed that Sulaqa's supporters were uneasy on two points: first, that they had rebelled against a reigning patriarch; and secondly, that they had gone outside the Church of the East and sought Sulaqa's consecration at Rome. ʿAbdishoʿ dealt with the second point by stressing the lack of bishops available in Kurdistan, and giving a (spurious) list of previous patriarchs who had been consecrated at Rome. The first and more important criticism he parried by citing biblical examples of the deposition of bad rulers, stressing Bar Mama's unfitness for his position, and suggesting that he was "as good as dead":

When this Bar Mama had estranged himself from the patriarchal throne, and might just as well have been dead as alive, the bounty of our Saviour chose an excellent monk of the monastery of Beth Qoqa, named Sulaqa, and created him catholicus.

A long passage in one of these poems lists a catalogue of Bar Mama’s offences:

Observe and consider attentively, wise reader, how the justice of the Most High hurled down this impure Bar Mama from his lofty throne. Because his sins accumulated and his injustices multiplied, Justice justly manifested herself and rejected him like false coin. His outward behaviour attests the inner man, and his actions declare that his end is near. He cares nothing for fasts, prayers, and liturgical vigils, but all his delight is in idleness and morning revels. His life is one long round of banquets of exotic dishes. He is a slave to his passion for good living and pleasure. He detests Sunday fasts, preferring instead to drink wine. Whatever he may say, his conduct makes it all too plain that he has no wish to judge the guilty. He is consumed by the love of money, the root of all evil, which has taken such deep root in his heart that it has driven out any virtuous feeling. He dearly loves gold and silver, and so he courts the wealthy, conferring the clerical order of his choice on anyone who gives him enough money. Although it is written that gold and silver should be valued no more than a shard of baked earth, he worships it as boldly and openly as a heathen. We have all seen how he has sold for money the gift of grace, which was given freely by our Lord, and which by God's pleasure no worthy recipient has ever yet bought. In his insatiable greed he has taken the priesthood, which cannot be bought or sold, and put it on the market.

He despised the Doctors and disregarded their teachings, claiming that they were irrelevant and unnecessary. As though inviting the misfortune he richly deserves, he disobeyed the commandments of God, the ecclesiastical canons, and the statutes of the Apostles. He ignored the teachings of Saint Peter and despised the prohibitions of Saint Paul. He set at nothing the acts of all the synods, and viciously broke every law. He trod underfoot the law of the Old Testament, and ignored the teachings of the New. He loved iniquity, delighted in fraud, hated truth, and abhorred sincerity. He invented shameful stories against the Mother of Churches. He persecuted monasteries and churches, and looted houses and convents. Hating the good and loathing justice, he overthrew the temples and oratories of the Saints and Fathers. He made a mockery of the rituals of the churches, and overturned the clerical orders.

It is impossible to express fully the wickedness of this perverse man. Many dioceses were left widowed, and he handed over their administration to laymen. He deposed and suspended many priests who had committed no fault. He irregularly ordained as a metropolitan a boy of twelve, inviting excommunication from his bishops. Not content with that, he consecrated as a metropolitan another boy of only fifteen, as truthful and trustworthy witnesses will confirm. How many unjust betrothals, illicit marriages and irregular unions were contracted on his orders! He allowed one man to take three wives, an abominable crime which shocks the conscience of men and beasts alike. He let another man without either schooling or wit take two wives, in flagrant contravention of our teachings. A third man had his authority to marry the wife of his father's brother, a grave and horrible sin. A fourth was allowed to marry the wife of his mother's brother, a union which the Lawgiver has specifically forbidden. A fifth also, with his approval, sinfully married his godmother, who should have been to him as a sister or an aunt.

The evidence of Ambrose Buttigeg edit

Confirmation of ʿAbdishoʿ's version of events was later provided by the bishop Ambrose Buttigeg, a Maltese Dominican who accompanied Sulaqa back to Mesopotamia in late 1553 as papal nuncio. On 12 January 1555 Buttigeg wrote to the Vatican to inform pope Julius III that Shemʿon Bar Mama was still alive and had just contrived Sulaqa's murder:

Your holiness will be shocked to learn that, contrary to what your holiness, the most reverend cardinals, and the rest of you were told, the old patriarch never died at all, and has recently murdered the said Simon Sulaqa.[21]

Evidence from manuscript colophons edit

To have committed the catalogue of crimes imputed to him by Abdisho IV Maron, the patriarch Bar Mama must have held office for several years.[citation needed] According to the evidence from the dating formulas of manuscripts copied in the first half of the sixteenth century, the patriarch Shemʿon VI, who died on 5 August 1538, was succeeded by his brother Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb, who is first mentioned as a metropolitan and guardian of the throne as early as 1504 (MS Seert 46),[22] and who is first mentioned as patriarch in a colophon of 1539 (MS Vat Syr 339).[23] He is clearly ʿAbdishoʿ's patriarch Bar Mama.

According to ʿAbdishoʿ, Bar Mama scandalised the faithful by consecrating two boys as metropolitans, one of twelve and the other of fifteen, and of handing over the administration of other dioceses to laymen. (ʿAbdishoʿ does not mention a proposal to consecrate a boy of eight as a metropolitan, and would surely have done so if it had been true.) As Bar Mama would no doubt have consecrated other members of his family for these vacant dioceses if any had been available, it is likely that these two metropolitans were the only bishops he consecrated. Evidence from a number of manuscript colophons indicates that Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb did indeed make only two metropolitan appointments before the schism of 1552.

In 1539, not long after his accession, he consecrated his nephew Hnanishoʿ metropolitan of Mosul, and shortly afterwards designated him "guardian of the throne" (natar kursya). Hnanishoʿ is mentioned as metropolitan of Mosul in a colophon of 1539 (MS Vat Syr 339),[24] as metropolitan in 1540 (MS Vat Syr 245),[24] as metropolitan and natar kursya in 1540/41 (MS in the St Joseph collection in Beirut),[25][26] as the patriarch's nephew and natar kursya in 1543 (MS Mardin 14),[26] and as metropolitan and natar kursya in 1545 (MS Batnaya 35).[27]

Some colophons of 1544 (MS BM Syr 34) and 1545 (MS Vat Syr 66) mention Hnanishoʿ as natar kursya and metropolitan of Gazarta.[27] He was probably transferred to Gazarta not long beforehand because its previous bishop had died. A metropolitan Gabriel of Gazarta is mentioned in the colophons of ten manuscripts copied between 1529 and 1542, the last of which was copied at Gazarta on 12 November 1542.[28]

It is clear from these references that, besides holding successively the metropolitan appointments of Mosul and Gazarta, Hnanishoʿ was also natar kursya as early as 1541 and as late as 18 October 1545. Between 18 October 1545 and 1550 he was replaced as natar kursya by his brother Eliya, in unknown circumstances. Eliya became patriarch in 1558, and is known from his tomb inscription in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd to have been consecrated a metropolitan fifteen years earlier, in 1543. He is mentioned as natar kursya in colophons of 1550, May 1552 and June 1554.[29] According to ʿAbdishoʿ, Bar Mama "invited the excommunication of his bishops" with his earlier consecration. The consecration of Eliya as metropolitan in 1543 doubtless increased his unpopularity, but does not seem to have elicited an immediate reaction. Hnanishoʿ remained natar kursya for at least two years after Eliya's consecration, and the schism of 1552 was probably provoked by Eliya's designation as natar kursya, perhaps as late as 1550.

The age of the two brothers at the time of their consecrations is not known, but they were both certainly young men. Eliya died in 1591, and his tomb inscription in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd mentions that he had been a metropolitan for fifteen years and patriarch for thirty-two years.[30] The colophon of a manuscript of 1562 (Berlin Syr 82), copied four years after Eliya became patriarch, contains a prayer that God might "uphold the youth" of the patriarch and his brother the metropolitan Hnanishoʿ, and "give them long life".[31]

For Hnanishoʿ and Eliya, consecrated in 1539 and 1543 respectively, to be described as 'youths' in 1562, they must both have been consecrated at a young age, and were doubtless the two young metropolitans consecrated by Bar Mama, at the ages of twelve and fifteen respectively. If Hnanishoʿ was twelve when he was consecrated in 1539, he would have been thirty-five in 1562; similarly, if Eliya was fifteen when he was consecrated in 1543, he would have been thirty-four in 1562 and a respectable sixty-three at the time of his death in 1591.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 19.
  2. ^ a b Habbi 1966, p. 99–132, 199–230.
  3. ^ a b Wilmshurst 2000, p. 21–22.
  4. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 22.
  5. ^ Assemani 1775.
  6. ^ Becchetti 1796, p. 155–157.
  7. ^ Tfinkdji 1914, p. 449–525.
  8. ^ Tisserant 1931, p. 157–323.
  9. ^ Fiey 1993, p. 37.
  10. ^ a b Vosté 1931, p. 187–234.
  11. ^ Habbi 1966, p. 99–132, 199-230.
  12. ^ Wilmshurst 2000.
  13. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 21–22, 193–104.
  14. ^ Murre van den Berg 1999, p. 235–264.
  15. ^ Labourt 1908, p. 227–235.
  16. ^ Assemani 1719, p. 526.
  17. ^ Gulik 1904, p. 261–277.
  18. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 5, 356.
  19. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 406.
  20. ^ Note on folio 159a of MS BL Or. 2300
  21. ^ Beltrami 1933, p. 149.
  22. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 193, 398.
  23. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 21, 193-194, 401.
  24. ^ a b Wilmshurst 2000, p. 194, 401.
  25. ^ Rücker 1920, p. 119–121.
  26. ^ a b Wilmshurst 2000, p. 194, 402.
  27. ^ a b Wilmshurst 2000, p. 194, 403.
  28. ^ MSS Vat Syr 66 (23 September 1529), NDS (Scher) 91 (1535), Mardin (Scher) 17 (21 June 1536), Mardin (Scher) 12 (29 June 1536), Vat Syr 83 (19 October 1538), Diyarbakr (Scher) 15 (5 June 1540), Mardin (Scher) 21 (11 December 1540), Mardin (Scher) 41 (5 April 1541), Diyarbakr (Scher) 38 (2 September 1542) and Dawra Syr 39 (12 November 1542)
  29. ^ MSS Mosul (Scher) 80 (1550), Diyarbakr (Scher) 53 (7 May 1552) and Mardin (Scher) 38 (4 June 1554)
  30. ^ Vosté 1930, p. 288–290.
  31. ^ Wilmshurst 2000, p. 194, 409.

References edit

  • Assemani, Giuseppe Simone (1719). Bibliotheca orientalis clementino-vaticana. Vol. 1. Roma.
  • Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi (1775). De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico-chronologicus. Roma.
  • Assemani, Giuseppe Luigi (2004). History of the Chaldean and Nestorian patriarchs. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press.
  • Becchetti, Filippo Angelico (1796). Istoria degli ultimi quattro secoli della Chiesa. Vol. 10. Roma.
  • Baum, Wilhelm; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). The Church of the East: A Concise History. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. ISBN 9781134430192.
  • Beltrami, Giuseppe (1933). La Chiesa Caldea nel secolo dell'Unione. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum. ISBN 9788872102626.
  • Fiey, Jean Maurice (1993). Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus: Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux. Beirut: Orient-Institut. ISBN 9783515057189.
  • Frazee, Charles A. (2006) [1983]. Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007.
  • Giamil, Samuel (1902). Genuinae relationes inter Sedem Apostolicam et Assyriorum orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam. Roma: Ermanno Loescher.
  • Gulik, Wilhelm van (1904). "Die Konsistorialakten über die Begründung des uniert-chaldäischen Patriarchates von Mosul unter Papst Julius III" (PDF). Oriens Christianus. 4: 261–277.
  • Habbi, Joseph (1966). "Signification de l'union chaldéenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553". L'Orient Syrien. 11: 99–132, 199–230.
  • Hage, Wolfgang (2007). Das orientalische Christentum. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 9783170176683.
  • Labourt, Jérôme (1908). "Note sur les schismes de l'Église nestorienne du XVIe au XIXe siècle". Journal Asiatique. 11: 227–235.
  • Lampart, Albert (1966). Ein Märtyrer der Union mit Rom: Joseph I. 1681–1696, Patriarch der Chaldäer. Einsiedeln: Benziger Verlag.
  • Murre van den Berg, Heleen H. L. (1999). "The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries" (PDF). Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. 2 (2): 235–264. doi:10.31826/hug-2010-020119. S2CID 212688640.
  • Nichols, Aidan (2010) [1992]. Rome and the Eastern Churches: A Study in Schism (2nd revised ed.). San Francisco: Ignatius Press. ISBN 9781586172824.
  • Rücker, Adolf (1920). "Über einige nestorianische Liederhandschriften, vornehmlich der griech. Patriarchatsbibliothek in Jerusalem" (PDF). Oriens Christianus. 9: 107–123.
  • Tfinkdji, Joseph (1914). "L' église chaldéenne catholique autrefois et aujourd'hui". Annuaire Pontifical Catholique. 17: 449–525.
  • Tisserant, Eugène (1931). "Église nestorienne". Dictionnaire de théologie catholique. Vol. 11. pp. 157–323.
  • Vosté, Jacques Marie (1925). "Missio duorum fratrum Melitensium O. P. in Orientem saec. XVI et relatio, nunc primum edita, eorum quae in istis regionibus gesserunt". Analecta Ordinis Praedicatorum. 33 (4): 261–278.
  • Vosté, Jacques Marie (1930). "Les inscriptions de Rabban Hormizd et de N.-D. des Semences près d'Alqoš (Iraq)". Le Muséon. 43: 263–316.
  • Vosté, Jacques Marie (1931). "Mar Iohannan Soulaqa, premier Patriarche des Chaldéens, martyr de l'union avec Rome (†1555)". Angelicum. 8: 187–234.
  • Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908765.
  • Wilmshurst, David (2011). The martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East. London: East & West Publishing Limited. ISBN 9781907318047.

January 01, 1970
schism, 1552, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, messag. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met November 2013 Learn how and when to remove this message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed November 2013 Learn how and when to remove this message This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style September 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message Learn how and when to remove this message The schism of 1552 was an important event in the history of the Church of the East It divided the church into two factions of which one entered into communion with Rome becoming part of the Catholic Church at this time and the other remained independent until the 19th century Although the Eliya line which emerged as a result of this schism did eventually enter into communion with Rome various Eastern Protestant sects with their origins in the Church of the East emerged as a result of this schism The Shimon line whose entry into full communion with Rome caused this schism became independent again by the 17th century The circumstances of the 1552 schism were controversial at the time and have been disputed ever since Contents 1 Summary of events 2 The disputed circumstances of Sulaqa s election 3 Disputes over history 3 1 The version of Andrew Masius 3 2 Problems with Masius s account 3 3 The version of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron 3 4 The evidence of Ambrose Buttigeg 3 5 Evidence from manuscript colophons 4 Notes 5 ReferencesSummary of events edit nbsp Major denominational families in Christianity This box viewtalkedit Western Christianity Eastern Christianity Protestantism Anabaptism Anglicanism Lutheranism Reformed Latin Church Catholic Church Eastern Catholic Churches Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Churches Church of the East Schism 1552 Assyrian Church of the East Ancient Church of the East Protestant Reformation 16th century Great Schism 11th century Council of Ephesus 431 Council of Chalcedon 451 Early Christianity Great Church Full communion Not shown are ante Nicene nontrinitarian and restorationist denominations Around the middle of the fifteenth century the patriarch Shemʿ on IV Basidi made the patriarchal succession hereditary normally from uncle to nephew This practice which tended to result in a shortage of eligible heirs eventually led to a schism in the Church of the East 1 The patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb 1539 1558 caused great offence at the beginning of his reign by designating his twelve year old nephew Hnanishoʿ as his successor presumably because no older relatives were available Several years later probably because Hnanishoʿ had died in the interim he designated as successor his fifteen year old brother Eliya the future patriarch Eliya VI 1558 1591 Besides making these two provocative appointments he was also accused by his opponents of permitting concubinage selling clerical posts and living intemperately By 1552 Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb had become so unpopular that his opponents rebelled against his authority The rebels principally from the Amid Seert and Salmas districts elected as patriarch a monk named Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa the leader of Rabban Hormizd Monastery near Alqosh Unfortunately no bishop of metropolitan rank was available to consecrate him as canonically required Franciscan missionaries were already at work among the Nestorians as well and they legitimised their position by persuading Sulaqa s supporters and getting him consecrated by Pope Julius III 1550 1555 2 3 Sulaqa went to Rome to put his case in person At Rome he made a satisfactory Catholic profession of faith and presented a letter drafted by his supporters in Mosul which set out his claims to be recognised as patriarch On 9 April 1553 having satisfied the Vatican that he was a good Catholic Sulaqa was consecrated bishop and archbishop in the basilica of Saint Peter On 28 April he was recognised as Patriarch of Mosul by pope Julius III in the bull Divina disponente clementia and received the pallium from the pope s hands at a secret consistory in the Vatican These events which marked the birth of the Chaldean Catholic Church created a permanent schism in the Church of the East 2 3 Sulaqa returned to Mesopotamia towards the end of the same year In December 1553 he obtained documents from the Ottoman authorities recognising him as an independent Chaldean patriarch and in 1554 during a stay of five months in Amid consecrated five metropolitan bishops for the dioceses of Gazarta Hesna d Kifa Amid Mardin and Seert Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb responded by consecrating two more underage members of the patriarchal family as metropolitans for Nisibis and Gazarta He also won over the governor of Amadiya who invited Sulaqa to Amadiya imprisoned him for four months and put him to death in January 1555 4 The disputed circumstances of Sulaqa s election editThere are two very different and contradictory traditions as to the circumstances of Sulaqa s election According to one version of events which derives from a letter of Andrew Masius and is also reflected in the Vatican s consistorial act of April 1553 the schism of 1552 was precipitated by the death of the patriarch Shemʿon Bar Mama at Gazarta in 1551 and by the subsequent consecration of an eight year old boy Shemʿon VIII Denha as his successor Sulaqa was thereupon elected by a party in the church which disapproved of the principle of hereditary succession Shemʿon VIII Denha and Sulaqa then lived for two years as rival patriarchs until Shemʿon Denha encompassed Sulaqa s death in 1555 dying himself in 1558 This tradition sought to legitimise Sulaqa s election to Pope Julius III and his cardinals by presenting it as a return to the elective principle This version of events has been repeated in several subsequent histories by Giuseppe Luigi Assemani in 1775 5 and Filippo Angelico Becchetti in 1796 6 It has also been accepted by several modern scholars of the Church of the East including the Chaldean deacon Joseph Tfinkdji in 1914 7 and Cardinal Eugene Tisserant in 1931 8 More recently it was accepted in 1993 by Jean Maurice Fiey a scholar of particular eminence in this field who listed all known patriarchs and bishops of the East and West Syrian churches including the patriarchs Simon VII Bar Mama 1538 1551 and Simon VIII Denha 1551 1558 9 According to another version of events deriving from the testimony of the second Chaldean patriarch ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron and confirmed by a letter of January 1555 by the papal nuncio Ambrose Buttigeg Sulaqa was consecrated during a rebellion against the reigning patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb 1539 1558 The rebellion was prompted by Shemʿon s dreadful conduct in general and by his consecration of two underage metropolitans in particular This tradition sought to legitimise Sulaqa s election to critics in the Church of the East by presenting it as a justified revolt against a dissolute patriarch The two versions of events cannot be reconciled and give rise to the strong suspicion that Sulaqa or his supporters lied to the Vatican in 1552 when they claimed that Sulaqa had been elected in response to the consecration of the eight year old patriarch Shemʿon VIII Denha after Bar Mama s death in 1551 Attention was first drawn to the contradictions in the relevant sources by Jacques Marie Voste in 1931 but he did not pursue their implications 10 In an influential study by Joseph Habbi in 1966 these implications were more fully explored Habbi s study concentrated on the contradictions between the surviving documentary evidence in the Vatican and an alternative version of events preserved in the poems of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron Sulaqa s successor as Chaldean patriarch and he concluded that Sulaqa was elected in 1552 in the course of a rebellion against the reigning patriarch Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb 11 Habbi focused purely on the literary sources and did not consider a significant additional body of evidence available in the colophons of a number of sixteenth century East Syrian manuscripts The evidence from these colophons deployed by David Wilmshurst 12 fully supported Habbi s main contention and also shed further light on the circumstances of Sulaqa s election by identifying the two youthful metropolitans whose consecration precipitated the schism of 1552 13 Habbi and Wilmshurst s conclusions were accepted by Heleen Murre van den Berg in an important article published in Hugoye in 1999 The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 14 and have not subsequently been challenged by scholars of the Church of the East Disputes over history editThe version of Andrew Masius edit According to a letter of Andrew Masius Sulaqa was elected shortly after the death of the previous patriarch at Gazarta in 1551 who was succeeded by his eight year old nephew Shemʿon Denha the only surviving male relative According to Labourt who does not identify his source Shemʿon Denha was consecrated by Hnanishoʿ the sole remaining metropolitan 15 Sulaqa was thereupon elected by a party in the church which disapproved of the principle of hereditary succession and Shemʿon VIII Denha and Sulaqa lived for some years as rival patriarchs until Shemʿon Denha encompassed Sulaqa s death in 1555 dying himself in 1558 This tradition is reflected in the language used in the consistorial act in the Vatican recognising Sulaqa as patriarch After asserting that Sulaqa s election followed the death of the patriarch Simon Mama the act continues as follows About a hundred years ago a patriarch tried to make his sacred office hereditary in his family and every bishop metropolitan and patriarch since has been a member of his family The last patriarch likewise tried to designate as his successor his nephew whom he had made a bishop when just a child of eight but died before he could achieve his aim The whole nation priests and laymen alike resolved to take this heaven sent opportunity of ending the tyranny and restoring its old right of election Problems with Masius s account edit Despite the authority of the scholars who have followed Masius there are grounds for rejecting his version of events First the only evidence is Masius s statement that a patriarch died at Gazarta in 1551 and it is possible that he misunderstood the position His letter drew on a letter written at Mosul in 1552 by Sulaqa s supporters which was taken to Rome by Sulaqa This letter quoted in two slightly different versions by Giuseppe Simone Assemani 16 and Wilhelm van Gulik 17 does not mention the recent death of a patriarch Instead it states that the patriarch had tried to create a metropolitan from among his relatives A hundred years ago we had a patriarch who would only consecrate a metropolitan from among his own stock clan and family and his family has maintained that custom for the last hundred years Now only one bishop is left from the family and he has impudently tried to do the same as his predecessors But we have refused to accept or proclaim him Furthermore by this period it had become customary for the patriarchs to be buried in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd and there is no intermediate tomb between that of Shemʿon VI 1538 and that of a patriarch named Shemʿon who died in 1558 Finally a number of poems on the life of Sulaqa composed in the year following his death by his successor ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron know nothing of the recent death of a patriarch and the succession of Shemʿon Denha 18 In these poems translated in 1931 by Jacques Marie Voste 10 Sulaqa and his supporters rebelled against a dissolute patriarch named Bar Mama son of Mama a veteran in office and not a recently elected child The earliest manuscripts of these poems are copied in 1556 by Sulaqa s brother Joseph metropolitan of India MS Vat Syr 45 19 and again a little later by Eliya Asmar metropolitan of Amid MS Borgia 21 This patriarch remained in office after Sulaqa s election and was eventually able to encompass his death in 1555 He may therefore have been the feeble catholicus Shemʿon son of the deceased Mama whose unfortunately undated ownership note has been preserved in a manuscript copied in 1482 20 The version of ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron edit nbsp ʿAbdishoʿ IV Maron who succeeded Sulaqa as Chaldean patriarch in 1555 ʿAbdishoʿ s account written close to the events it describes and for a readership familiar with the circumstances of Sulaqa s election is to be preferred according to whom to the version more favourable to Sulaqa which outsiders were encouraged to believe ʿAbdishoʿ wrote both to justify Sulaqa s irregular election and to rebut its critics The emphasis of the poem showed that Sulaqa s supporters were uneasy on two points first that they had rebelled against a reigning patriarch and secondly that they had gone outside the Church of the East and sought Sulaqa s consecration at Rome ʿAbdishoʿ dealt with the second point by stressing the lack of bishops available in Kurdistan and giving a spurious list of previous patriarchs who had been consecrated at Rome The first and more important criticism he parried by citing biblical examples of the deposition of bad rulers stressing Bar Mama s unfitness for his position and suggesting that he was as good as dead When this Bar Mama had estranged himself from the patriarchal throne and might just as well have been dead as alive the bounty of our Saviour chose an excellent monk of the monastery of Beth Qoqa named Sulaqa and created him catholicus A long passage in one of these poems lists a catalogue of Bar Mama s offences Observe and consider attentively wise reader how the justice of the Most High hurled down this impure Bar Mama from his lofty throne Because his sins accumulated and his injustices multiplied Justice justly manifested herself and rejected him like false coin His outward behaviour attests the inner man and his actions declare that his end is near He cares nothing for fasts prayers and liturgical vigils but all his delight is in idleness and morning revels His life is one long round of banquets of exotic dishes He is a slave to his passion for good living and pleasure He detests Sunday fasts preferring instead to drink wine Whatever he may say his conduct makes it all too plain that he has no wish to judge the guilty He is consumed by the love of money the root of all evil which has taken such deep root in his heart that it has driven out any virtuous feeling He dearly loves gold and silver and so he courts the wealthy conferring the clerical order of his choice on anyone who gives him enough money Although it is written that gold and silver should be valued no more than a shard of baked earth he worships it as boldly and openly as a heathen We have all seen how he has sold for money the gift of grace which was given freely by our Lord and which by God s pleasure no worthy recipient has ever yet bought In his insatiable greed he has taken the priesthood which cannot be bought or sold and put it on the market He despised the Doctors and disregarded their teachings claiming that they were irrelevant and unnecessary As though inviting the misfortune he richly deserves he disobeyed the commandments of God the ecclesiastical canons and the statutes of the Apostles He ignored the teachings of Saint Peter and despised the prohibitions of Saint Paul He set at nothing the acts of all the synods and viciously broke every law He trod underfoot the law of the Old Testament and ignored the teachings of the New He loved iniquity delighted in fraud hated truth and abhorred sincerity He invented shameful stories against the Mother of Churches He persecuted monasteries and churches and looted houses and convents Hating the good and loathing justice he overthrew the temples and oratories of the Saints and Fathers He made a mockery of the rituals of the churches and overturned the clerical orders It is impossible to express fully the wickedness of this perverse man Many dioceses were left widowed and he handed over their administration to laymen He deposed and suspended many priests who had committed no fault He irregularly ordained as a metropolitan a boy of twelve inviting excommunication from his bishops Not content with that he consecrated as a metropolitan another boy of only fifteen as truthful and trustworthy witnesses will confirm How many unjust betrothals illicit marriages and irregular unions were contracted on his orders He allowed one man to take three wives an abominable crime which shocks the conscience of men and beasts alike He let another man without either schooling or wit take two wives in flagrant contravention of our teachings A third man had his authority to marry the wife of his father s brother a grave and horrible sin A fourth was allowed to marry the wife of his mother s brother a union which the Lawgiver has specifically forbidden A fifth also with his approval sinfully married his godmother who should have been to him as a sister or an aunt The evidence of Ambrose Buttigeg edit Confirmation of ʿAbdishoʿ s version of events was later provided by the bishop Ambrose Buttigeg a Maltese Dominican who accompanied Sulaqa back to Mesopotamia in late 1553 as papal nuncio On 12 January 1555 Buttigeg wrote to the Vatican to inform pope Julius III that Shemʿon Bar Mama was still alive and had just contrived Sulaqa s murder Your holiness will be shocked to learn that contrary to what your holiness the most reverend cardinals and the rest of you were told the old patriarch never died at all and has recently murdered the said Simon Sulaqa 21 Evidence from manuscript colophons edit To have committed the catalogue of crimes imputed to him by Abdisho IV Maron the patriarch Bar Mama must have held office for several years citation needed According to the evidence from the dating formulas of manuscripts copied in the first half of the sixteenth century the patriarch Shemʿon VI who died on 5 August 1538 was succeeded by his brother Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb who is first mentioned as a metropolitan and guardian of the throne as early as 1504 MS Seert 46 22 and who is first mentioned as patriarch in a colophon of 1539 MS Vat Syr 339 23 He is clearly ʿAbdishoʿ s patriarch Bar Mama According to ʿAbdishoʿ Bar Mama scandalised the faithful by consecrating two boys as metropolitans one of twelve and the other of fifteen and of handing over the administration of other dioceses to laymen ʿAbdishoʿ does not mention a proposal to consecrate a boy of eight as a metropolitan and would surely have done so if it had been true As Bar Mama would no doubt have consecrated other members of his family for these vacant dioceses if any had been available it is likely that these two metropolitans were the only bishops he consecrated Evidence from a number of manuscript colophons indicates that Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb did indeed make only two metropolitan appointments before the schism of 1552 In 1539 not long after his accession he consecrated his nephew Hnanishoʿ metropolitan of Mosul and shortly afterwards designated him guardian of the throne natar kursya Hnanishoʿ is mentioned as metropolitan of Mosul in a colophon of 1539 MS Vat Syr 339 24 as metropolitan in 1540 MS Vat Syr 245 24 as metropolitan and natar kursya in 1540 41 MS in the St Joseph collection in Beirut 25 26 as the patriarch s nephew and natar kursya in 1543 MS Mardin 14 26 and as metropolitan and natar kursya in 1545 MS Batnaya 35 27 Some colophons of 1544 MS BM Syr 34 and 1545 MS Vat Syr 66 mention Hnanishoʿ as natar kursya and metropolitan of Gazarta 27 He was probably transferred to Gazarta not long beforehand because its previous bishop had died A metropolitan Gabriel of Gazarta is mentioned in the colophons of ten manuscripts copied between 1529 and 1542 the last of which was copied at Gazarta on 12 November 1542 28 It is clear from these references that besides holding successively the metropolitan appointments of Mosul and Gazarta Hnanishoʿ was also natar kursya as early as 1541 and as late as 18 October 1545 Between 18 October 1545 and 1550 he was replaced as natar kursya by his brother Eliya in unknown circumstances Eliya became patriarch in 1558 and is known from his tomb inscription in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd to have been consecrated a metropolitan fifteen years earlier in 1543 He is mentioned as natar kursya in colophons of 1550 May 1552 and June 1554 29 According to ʿAbdishoʿ Bar Mama invited the excommunication of his bishops with his earlier consecration The consecration of Eliya as metropolitan in 1543 doubtless increased his unpopularity but does not seem to have elicited an immediate reaction Hnanishoʿ remained natar kursya for at least two years after Eliya s consecration and the schism of 1552 was probably provoked by Eliya s designation as natar kursya perhaps as late as 1550 The age of the two brothers at the time of their consecrations is not known but they were both certainly young men Eliya died in 1591 and his tomb inscription in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd mentions that he had been a metropolitan for fifteen years and patriarch for thirty two years 30 The colophon of a manuscript of 1562 Berlin Syr 82 copied four years after Eliya became patriarch contains a prayer that God might uphold the youth of the patriarch and his brother the metropolitan Hnanishoʿ and give them long life 31 For Hnanishoʿ and Eliya consecrated in 1539 and 1543 respectively to be described as youths in 1562 they must both have been consecrated at a young age and were doubtless the two young metropolitans consecrated by Bar Mama at the ages of twelve and fifteen respectively If Hnanishoʿ was twelve when he was consecrated in 1539 he would have been thirty five in 1562 similarly if Eliya was fifteen when he was consecrated in 1543 he would have been thirty four in 1562 and a respectable sixty three at the time of his death in 1591 Notes edit Wilmshurst 2000 p 19 a b Habbi 1966 p 99 132 199 230 a b Wilmshurst 2000 p 21 22 Wilmshurst 2000 p 22 Assemani 1775 Becchetti 1796 p 155 157 Tfinkdji 1914 p 449 525 Tisserant 1931 p 157 323 Fiey 1993 p 37 a b Voste 1931 p 187 234 Habbi 1966 p 99 132 199 230 Wilmshurst 2000 Wilmshurst 2000 p 21 22 193 104 Murre van den Berg 1999 p 235 264 Labourt 1908 p 227 235 Assemani 1719 p 526 Gulik 1904 p 261 277 Wilmshurst 2000 p 5 356 Wilmshurst 2000 p 406 Note on folio 159a of MS BL Or 2300 Beltrami 1933 p 149 Wilmshurst 2000 p 193 398 Wilmshurst 2000 p 21 193 194 401 a b Wilmshurst 2000 p 194 401 Rucker 1920 p 119 121 a b Wilmshurst 2000 p 194 402 a b Wilmshurst 2000 p 194 403 MSS Vat Syr 66 23 September 1529 NDS Scher 91 1535 Mardin Scher 17 21 June 1536 Mardin Scher 12 29 June 1536 Vat Syr 83 19 October 1538 Diyarbakr Scher 15 5 June 1540 Mardin Scher 21 11 December 1540 Mardin Scher 41 5 April 1541 Diyarbakr Scher 38 2 September 1542 and Dawra Syr 39 12 November 1542 MSS Mosul Scher 80 1550 Diyarbakr Scher 53 7 May 1552 and Mardin Scher 38 4 June 1554 Voste 1930 p 288 290 Wilmshurst 2000 p 194 409 References editAssemani Giuseppe Simone 1719 Bibliotheca orientalis clementino vaticana Vol 1 Roma Assemani Giuseppe Luigi 1775 De catholicis seu patriarchis Chaldaeorum et Nestorianorum commentarius historico chronologicus Roma Assemani Giuseppe Luigi 2004 History of the Chaldean and Nestorian patriarchs Piscataway New Jersey Gorgias Press Becchetti Filippo Angelico 1796 Istoria degli ultimi quattro secoli della Chiesa Vol 10 Roma Baum Wilhelm Winkler Dietmar W 2003 The Church of the East A Concise History London New York Routledge Curzon ISBN 9781134430192 Beltrami Giuseppe 1933 La Chiesa Caldea nel secolo dell Unione Roma Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum ISBN 9788872102626 Fiey Jean Maurice 1993 Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus Repertoire des dioceses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux Beirut Orient Institut ISBN 9783515057189 Frazee Charles A 2006 1983 Catholics and Sultans The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453 1923 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521027007 Giamil Samuel 1902 Genuinae relationes inter Sedem Apostolicam et Assyriorum orientalium seu Chaldaeorum ecclesiam Roma Ermanno Loescher Gulik Wilhelm van 1904 Die Konsistorialakten uber die Begrundung des uniert chaldaischen Patriarchates von Mosul unter Papst Julius III PDF Oriens Christianus 4 261 277 Habbi Joseph 1966 Signification de l union chaldeenne de Mar Sulaqa avec Rome en 1553 L Orient Syrien 11 99 132 199 230 Hage Wolfgang 2007 Das orientalische Christentum Stuttgart Kohlhammer Verlag ISBN 9783170176683 Labourt Jerome 1908 Note sur les schismes de l Eglise nestorienne du XVIe au XIXe siecle Journal Asiatique 11 227 235 Lampart Albert 1966 Ein Martyrer der Union mit Rom Joseph I 1681 1696 Patriarch der Chaldaer Einsiedeln Benziger Verlag Murre van den Berg Heleen H L 1999 The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries PDF Hugoye Journal of Syriac Studies 2 2 235 264 doi 10 31826 hug 2010 020119 S2CID 212688640 Nichols Aidan 2010 1992 Rome and the Eastern Churches A Study in Schism 2nd revised ed San Francisco Ignatius Press ISBN 9781586172824 Rucker Adolf 1920 Uber einige nestorianische Liederhandschriften vornehmlich der griech Patriarchatsbibliothek in Jerusalem PDF Oriens Christianus 9 107 123 Tfinkdji Joseph 1914 L eglise chaldeenne catholique autrefois et aujourd hui Annuaire Pontifical Catholique 17 449 525 Tisserant Eugene 1931 Eglise nestorienne Dictionnaire de theologie catholique Vol 11 pp 157 323 Voste Jacques Marie 1925 Missio duorum fratrum Melitensium O P in Orientem saec XVI et relatio nunc primum edita eorum quae in istis regionibus gesserunt Analecta Ordinis Praedicatorum 33 4 261 278 Voste Jacques Marie 1930 Les inscriptions de Rabban Hormizd et de N D des Semences pres d Alqos Iraq Le Museon 43 263 316 Voste Jacques Marie 1931 Mar Iohannan Soulaqa premier Patriarche des Chaldeens martyr de l union avec Rome 1555 Angelicum 8 187 234 Wilmshurst David 2000 The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East 1318 1913 Louvain Peeters Publishers ISBN 9789042908765 Wilmshurst David 2011 The martyred Church A History of the Church of the East London East amp West Publishing Limited ISBN 9781907318047 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Schism of 1552 amp oldid 1211371292, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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