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Sanghapala

Sanghapāla (506–518 CE) was a famous Khmer monk who traveled to Southern and Northern Dynasties China.

Sanghapala
ភិក្ខុសង្ឃបាល
TitlePreah Phikho
Personal
Born460
Died524 (age 65)
ReligionBuddhism
NationalityCambodian
SchoolTheravada ?
Senior posting
TeacherGuṇavṛddhī

He, along with the fellow Funan monk, Mandrasena, translated Buddhist scriptures such as the Vimuttimagga or Path to Freedom into Chinese.[1]: 58, 92 

He is one of the only two Cambodian monks whose translations currently figure in the Tripitaka.[2]

Identification edit

Sanghapala is sometimes referred to by the Khmer name of Sanghavarman. In Chinese, he is also known as Sengqie-Poluo (僧伽婆羅).[3]

Biography edit

Sanghapala was born in Funan in the year 460 AD,[2] in the modern day Kingdom of Cambodia. He became a monk in his teens and traveled to China where he lived in Jiankang, nowadays Nanking, the capital city of Southern Qi dynasty during that time. He was discipled by Guṇavṛddhī, a certain Indian monk who had travelled to Chinaduring the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang who intended to propagate Buddhism to China as King Ashoka had one for India.[4] He acquired the knowledge of many languages including Pali, Sanskrit and classical Chinese.

Pala was clean of body and of mind and was reluctant to engage in conversation. In the seclusion of his room he stayed and worked, taking a very simple fare.

— Zokukosoden, Further Biographies of Famous Clerics, number 2060, volume 50 of the Taisho edition of the Chinese Tripitaka.[5]

He was then sponsored by the court of Jiankang to translate new works into Chinese as early as 506.[6] Among others, Sanghapala was ordered to write a new translation known as Ayuwang jing, or the Scripture of King Aśoka (T.2043) from the original Ashokavadana, an Indian Sanskrit-language text that describes the birth and reign of the third Mauryan Emperor Ashoka.[7] He worked as an official translator for 16 years and established offices in five different locations, one of which was now as "The Funan Desk".[2]

Sanghapala died at the age of 65 in 524 AD.[8]

Legacy: the Chinese translation of lost Pali texts edit

 
Buddhaghosa with three copies of Visuddhimagga, i.e. The Path to Purity, which compares with the work that Sanghapala translated to Chinese, Vimuttimagga, i.e. The Path of Freedom.

Edwin G. Pulleyblank suggests that Sanghapala dictated his Chinese translations of the dharani to two of his collaborators known as Fayun and Baochang. His rendition of Sanskrit was probably influenced by his mother-tongue which was Old Khmer, though his discipleship with an Indian master guarantees that his knowledge of the language was checked.[8] Misinterpretations in his translations and confusion of similar sounding words have been noted in his works.[9] He translated the Maha Asoka Sutra, Vimoksa-Marga-sastra, and others, but most notoriously, his Chinese translation is a canonical reference for the Vimuttimagga or Path to Freedom. According to the catalogue of the Chinese translations of the Buddhist Tripitaka established by Nanjō Bun'yū in 1883,[10] all of the texts translated by Sanghamala are relative to the Mahayana,[11] which was practised in Cambodia until the end of the reign of Jayavarman VII, until it was replaced by a majority Theravada Buddhism until this day.

Bibliography edit

There are nine works of Sanghapala in the catalogue of the Chinese translations of the Buddhist Tripitaka established by Nanjō Bun'yū, namely,

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  2. ^ a b c Pelliot, Paul (1903). "Le Fou-nan". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 3 (1): 284. doi:10.3406/befeo.1903.1216.
  3. ^ Tōru, Funayama (8 November 2022), "Jizang's 吉藏 Sanskrit", Chinese Buddhism and the Scholarship of Erik Zürcher, Brill, pp. 233–254, ISBN 978-90-04-52215-2, retrieved 26 May 2023
  4. ^ Chen, Jinhua (2006). ""Pañcavārṣika" Assemblies in Liang Wudi's Buddhist Palace Chapel". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 66 (1): 43–103. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 25066800.
  5. ^ Arahant Upatossa; Rev. N. R.M. Ehara (1961). Vimuttimagga or the Path of Freedom (PDF). Translated by Soma Thera & Kheminda Thera. Buddhist Publication Society. pp. XLII.
  6. ^ Chittick, Andrew (2020). The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History: Ethnic Identity and Political Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-19-093754-6.
  7. ^ Strong, John S. (1983). The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna. Vol. xii. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 198–201.
  8. ^ a b Coblin, Weldon South (1990). "Notes on Sanghabhara's Mahamayuri transcriptions". Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale. 19 (2): 197. doi:10.3406/clao.1990.1329.
  9. ^ Bapat, P. V. (1968). "Some Mis-Interpretations of Chinese Translators". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 48/49: 363. ISSN 0378-1143. JSTOR 41694259.
  10. ^ Nanjio, Bunyiu (1883). A Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka: The Sacred Canon of the Buddhists in China and Japan. Clarendon Press.
  11. ^ Cœdès, George (1931). "Etudes cambodgiennes. XXV, Deux inscriptions sanskrites du Fou-nan. XXVI, La date de Kôh Ker. XXVII, La date du Bàphûon". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (in French). 31 (1): 9. doi:10.3406/befeo.1931.4415.
  12. ^ Nanjio, Bunyiu (1883). A catalogue of the Chinese translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka : the sacred canon of the Buddhists in China and Japan. Cornell University Library. Oxford Clarendon Press. p. 422.

External links edit

  Media related to Sanghapāla at Wikimedia Commons


sanghapala, sanghapāla, famous, khmer, monk, traveled, southern, northern, dynasties, china, សង, ឃប, លtitlepreah, phikhopersonalborn460funandied524, jiankang, eastern, wureligionbuddhismnationalitycambodianschooltheravada, senior, postingteacherguṇavṛddhī, alo. Sanghapala 506 518 CE was a famous Khmer monk who traveled to Southern and Northern Dynasties China Sanghapalaភ ក ខ សង ឃប លTitlePreah PhikhoPersonalBorn460FunanDied524 age 65 Jiankang Eastern WuReligionBuddhismNationalityCambodianSchoolTheravada Senior postingTeacherGuṇavṛddhi He along with the fellow Funan monk Mandrasena translated Buddhist scriptures such as the Vimuttimagga or Path to Freedom into Chinese 1 58 92 He is one of the only two Cambodian monks whose translations currently figure in the Tripitaka 2 Contents 1 Identification 2 Biography 3 Legacy the Chinese translation of lost Pali texts 4 Bibliography 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksIdentification editSanghapala is sometimes referred to by the Khmer name of Sanghavarman In Chinese he is also known as Sengqie Poluo 僧伽婆羅 3 Biography editSanghapala was born in Funan in the year 460 AD 2 in the modern day Kingdom of Cambodia He became a monk in his teens and traveled to China where he lived in Jiankang nowadays Nanking the capital city of Southern Qi dynasty during that time He was discipled by Guṇavṛddhi a certain Indian monk who had travelled to Chinaduring the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang who intended to propagate Buddhism to China as King Ashoka had one for India 4 He acquired the knowledge of many languages including Pali Sanskrit and classical Chinese Pala was clean of body and of mind and was reluctant to engage in conversation In the seclusion of his room he stayed and worked taking a very simple fare Zokukosoden Further Biographies of Famous Clerics number 2060 volume 50 of the Taisho edition of the Chinese Tripitaka 5 He was then sponsored by the court of Jiankang to translate new works into Chinese as early as 506 6 Among others Sanghapala was ordered to write a new translation known as Ayuwang jing or the Scripture of King Asoka T 2043 from the original Ashokavadana an Indian Sanskrit language text that describes the birth and reign of the third Mauryan Emperor Ashoka 7 He worked as an official translator for 16 years and established offices in five different locations one of which was now as The Funan Desk 2 Sanghapala died at the age of 65 in 524 AD 8 Legacy the Chinese translation of lost Pali texts edit nbsp Buddhaghosa with three copies of Visuddhimagga i e The Path to Purity which compares with the work that Sanghapala translated to Chinese Vimuttimagga i e The Path of Freedom Edwin G Pulleyblank suggests that Sanghapala dictated his Chinese translations of the dharani to two of his collaborators known as Fayun and Baochang His rendition of Sanskrit was probably influenced by his mother tongue which was Old Khmer though his discipleship with an Indian master guarantees that his knowledge of the language was checked 8 Misinterpretations in his translations and confusion of similar sounding words have been noted in his works 9 He translated the Maha Asoka Sutra Vimoksa Marga sastra and others but most notoriously his Chinese translation is a canonical reference for the Vimuttimagga or Path to Freedom According to the catalogue of the Chinese translations of the Buddhist Tripitaka established by Nanjō Bun yu in 1883 10 all of the texts translated by Sanghamala are relative to the Mahayana 11 which was practised in Cambodia until the end of the reign of Jayavarman VII until it was replaced by a majority Theravada Buddhism until this day Bibliography editThere are nine works of Sanghapala in the catalogue of the Chinese translations of the Buddhist Tripitaka established by Nanjō Bun yu namely No 22 Saptasatika Prajnaparamita S M N 29 Dasadharmaka N 56 Sarvabuddhavishayavatara N 301 Ashtabuddhaka N 308 Mahamayuri Vidyaragni N 353 Anantamukha nirhara dharaṇi N 442 Manjusri pariprikkha N 1103 Bodhisattvapiṭaka Sutra N 1293 Vimuttimagga or Vimoksha marga sastra as the Sanskrit rendering of the Chinese title gives it 12 See also editList of BuddhistsReferences edit Coedes George 1968 Walter F Vella ed The Indianized States of Southeast Asia trans Susan Brown Cowing University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0368 1 a b c Pelliot Paul 1903 Le Fou nan Bulletin de l Ecole francaise d Extreme Orient 3 1 284 doi 10 3406 befeo 1903 1216 Tōru Funayama 8 November 2022 Jizang s 吉藏 Sanskrit Chinese Buddhism and the Scholarship of Erik Zurcher Brill pp 233 254 ISBN 978 90 04 52215 2 retrieved 26 May 2023 Chen Jinhua 2006 Pancavarṣika Assemblies in Liang Wudi s Buddhist Palace Chapel Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 66 1 43 103 ISSN 0073 0548 JSTOR 25066800 Arahant Upatossa Rev N R M Ehara 1961 Vimuttimagga or the Path of Freedom PDF Translated by Soma Thera amp Kheminda Thera Buddhist Publication Society pp XLII Chittick Andrew 2020 The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History Ethnic Identity and Political Culture Oxford University Press p 91 ISBN 978 0 19 093754 6 Strong John S 1983 The Legend of King Asoka A Study and Translation of the Asokavadana Vol xii Princeton N J Princeton University Press pp 198 201 a b Coblin Weldon South 1990 Notes on Sanghabhara s Mahamayuri transcriptions Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 19 2 197 doi 10 3406 clao 1990 1329 Bapat P V 1968 Some Mis Interpretations of Chinese Translators Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 48 49 363 ISSN 0378 1143 JSTOR 41694259 Nanjio Bunyiu 1883 A Catalogue of the Chinese Translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka The Sacred Canon of the Buddhists in China and Japan Clarendon Press Cœdes George 1931 Etudes cambodgiennes XXV Deux inscriptions sanskrites du Fou nan XXVI La date de Koh Ker XXVII La date du Baphuon Bulletin de l Ecole francaise d Extreme Orient in French 31 1 9 doi 10 3406 befeo 1931 4415 Nanjio Bunyiu 1883 A catalogue of the Chinese translation of the Buddhist Tripitaka the sacred canon of the Buddhists in China and Japan Cornell University Library Oxford Clarendon Press p 422 External links edit nbsp Media related to Sanghapala at Wikimedia Commons nbsp This Chinese religion related biographical article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This Buddhist biography related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sanghapala amp oldid 1216948812, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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