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San Marcos salamander

January 01, 1970

The San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana) is a small species of aquatic, lungless salamander native to the United States, endemic to Spring Lake and a small region of the headwaters of the San Marcos River near Aquarena Springs, in Hays County, Texas. It is one to two inches long, with a slender body and external gills, and is reddish-brown in color.

San Marcos salamander
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Plethodontidae
Genus: Eurycea
Species:
E. nana
Binomial name
Eurycea nana
Bishop, 1941

Description edit

E. nana is an aquatic salamander. It does not leave the water to change into a terrestrial form, but rather matures in the water. As a neotenic form, E. nana retains its gills for its lifetime. The San Marcos salamander has a narrow head with a round snout, large eyes, and a dark iris. External gills are developed and pigmented. 2–6 palatopterygoid and 7–13 premaxillary teeth are present. The species is uniformly light brown in color, with a series of seven to nine irregular light spots present along its midline. The trunk is flattened above with a dorsal furrow that extends from head to tail. The venter, the bottom of a salamander, is white in color, and males have larger vents than females do. There are 16–17 costal grooves present, with 6–7 occurring between limbs. It has four toes on its forefeet and five on its hind feet.[4] The size of the species was measured to be 56 millimetres (2.2 in) total in length.[5]

 
Downstream from the headwaters of the San Marcos Springs

Taxonomy edit

The name nana is from the Greek nanos, meaning dwarf, as these adult salamanders are small in size. It is a member of the family Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders). Genetic variation of the species has not yet been observed.[6]

E. nana may be confused with E. neotenes, the only other species thus found to be in its genus; however, E. nana is smaller in size with a more slender form.[7]

Distribution edit

San Marcos River, located in Hays County, Texas, is the only known location of the San Marcos salamander. The population estimate in 1973 was about 20,880 salamanders living in the uppermost reaches of Spring Lake.[8] An estimate in 1993 suggested about 30,451 salamanders across all ranges of Spring Lake and up to 150 metres (490 ft) downstream. The ratio of males to females was reported to be stable throughout the year.[5]

Habitat edit

Clear, flowing spring water of the San Marcos River makes a well-delineated hydrologic system for the San Marcos Salamander. The springwater maintains a temperature of 21–22 °C (70–72 °F); the salamanders appeared to be stressed at waters over 30 °C (86 °F).[5] Critical thermal maximum temperatures of the species show a lower threshold for juveniles than adults. E. nana are often found along the river substrates, such as rocks and vegetation. The uppermost shallow portion of Spring Lake features sand, gravel, and large limestone boulders that provide habitat. Further down, concrete banks and boulders provide space for aquatic moss such as L. riparium and blue-green algae. A variety of aquatic macrophytes, including S. platyphylla, M. brasiliense, L. repens, and V. americana are also present. Substrates without vegetation and muddy slit areas are unsuitable for E. nana, as those serve as protective covers against predation from larger fish, turtles, and aquatic birds.[9]

Diet edit

The diet of E. nana includes amphipods, fly larvae, and aquatic snails.[5] San Marcos Salamanders typically follow a temporal diet, or a diet that varies with the availability of invertebrates present to them at a given time.[10] It relies on the schedule of invertebrate behavior and locations, and generally consumes many aquatic invertebrates.[10] The surrounding vegetation is a rich source of food.

Behavior edit

E. nana displays predator avoidance responses relying on chemical cues from its native predators, such as Micropterus salmoides. Antipredator responses include freezing behavior to its fish predators.[11] Site tenacity, the pattern of returning to the same nest or breeding site dependent on the season, was observed in both males and females of E. nana. This suggests that there is a selection favoring aggregation and shelter use as a part of anti-predatory tactics.[12] Lab results show that predator-naïve salamanders showed a greater reduction in activity compared to predator-experienced salamanders, suggesting behavioral plasticity in avoidance responses.[13] E. nana are also known to show predator generalization in response to novel predators similar to native ones.[14] The E. nana response to their crayfish predators is unknown and studies to answer this question are currently ongoing.[15]

The feeding behavior of the salamander is rather passive as it waits for prey to pass and will abruptly snap forward to catch its food. This suggests this response is likely generated from visual or vibrational cues from prey.

The San Marcos salamander breeds and lays eggs in standing ponds in the middle of dense mats of aquatic vegetation. Eggs are jelly-covered and will hatch in about 24 days. Male E. nana reaches maturity with a snout-vent greater than 19 millimetres (0.75 in). Four classes of ova are present: small-clear ova, small-opaque ova, small-yellow ova, and large-yellow ova. Female E. nana with a snout-vent greater than 26 millimetres (1.0 in) carry large yellow ova, and are considered ready for oviposition. E. nana relies primarily on chemical cues rather than visual cues for association preference.[16] Both males and females exhibit sexual discrimination, suggesting the seeking out of potential mates—a rare behavior among salamanders.[citation needed] In addition, female and intersexual pairs are found cohabiting more than male pairs, suggesting selective aggressive behavior. While natural courtship and egg deposition have not been observed and documented as of yet, eggs of similar species of salamanders are known to be deposited on single plants and stones about 24 hours after courtship.[9]

Depending on how light or dark the substrate is, E. nana can change its dorsal coloring from light tan to dark brown by migrating pigments in melanophores. The color of its gills also changes in response to the oxygen content of the surrounding water, where it appears bright red from increased blood flow in low-oxygenated waters to the point of resorption when kept at highly-oxygenated areas.[9]

Conservation status edit

The San Marcos salamander has been federally listed as a threatened species since 1980.[2][3] Due to its extremely limited geographic range, it is threatened primarily by the contamination of groundwater sources and heavy dependence of central Texas cities upon the Edwards Aquifer for water. Other threats include drying of the spring and introduced species. As migration cannot introduce genetic variation due to limited geographic range, the loss of genetic diversity cannot recover naturally when lost.[6] Availability of food and sufficient prey also remain of concern for these salamanders, but less so than habitat loss or change.[10]

The San Marcos salamander and four other listed species are covered by the 1996 San Marcos/Comal (Revised) Recovery Plan,[11] which includes recovery goals such as preserving the integrity and function of the aquifer and developing strategies to address both local and broad regional issues related to recovery. Experiments at the Dallas Aquarium were initiated to develop captive breeding techniques in case the natural population was lost. E. nana in captivity showed a 30% hatching success rate, with a single female producing potentially 176 eggs per year.[17]

Diseases edit

Kyphosis due to microsporidia, intracellular protistan parasites, has been reported in captivated E. nana.[18]

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a global threat to amphibians, has also been detected in E. nana. It causes chytridiomycosis and death in salamanders, and has led to multiple extinctions since its discovery.[19]

References edit

  1. ^ Hammerson, Geoffrey; Chippindale, Paul (2004). "Eurycea nana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T8391A12909269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T8391A12909269.en. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  2. ^ a b "San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  3. ^ a b USDI (U.S. Department of the Interior), U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (14 July 1980). "Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; listing of San Marcos salamanders as threatened, the San Marcos gambusia as endangered, and the listing of critical habitat for Texas wild rice, San Marcos salamander, San Marcos gambusia, and fountain darter" (PDF). Federal Register. 45 (136): 47355–47364. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  4. ^ "Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles". Evolution. 19 (2): 268. 1965. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1965.tb01719.x. ISSN 0014-3820. S2CID 221728532.
  5. ^ a b c d Nelson, Janet M. (1993). "Population Size, Distribution, and Life History of Eurycea nana in the San Marcos River" (PDF). Southwest Texas State University.
  6. ^ a b Lucas, Lauren K.; Fries, Joe N.; Gabor, Caitlin R.; Nice, Chris C. (2009). "Genetic Variation and Structure in Eurycea nana, a Federally Threatened Salamander Endemic to the San Marcos Springs". Journal of Herpetology. 43 (2): 220–227. doi:10.1670/0022-1511-43.2.220. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 18230121.
  7. ^ Bishop, Sherman C. (13 November 1941). "Notes on salamanders with descriptions of several new forms" (PDF). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan. OCLC 1325657925. Number 451.
  8. ^ Tupa, Dianna Dowden; Davis, William K. (1976). "Population Dynamics of the San Marcos, Texas salamander Eurycea nana" (PDF). Texas Journal of Science. 27 (1): 179–195.
  9. ^ a b c San Marcos and Comal Springs and Associated Aquatic Ecosystems Recovery Plan (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. pp. 36–41. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  10. ^ a b c Diaz, Peter H.; Fries, Joe N.; Bonner, Timothy H.; Alexander, Mara L.; Nowlin, Weston H. (2015-03-19). "Mesohabitat associations of the threatened San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana) across its geographic range". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 25 (3): 307–321. doi:10.1002/aqc.2559. ISSN 1052-7613.
  11. ^ a b Davis, Drew R.; Gabor, Caitlin R. (2015-02-01). "Behavioral and physiological antipredator responses of the San Marcos salamander, Eurycea nana". Physiology & Behavior. 139: 145–149. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.013. ISSN 0031-9384. PMID 25446225. S2CID 17749965.
  12. ^ Thaker, Maria; Gabor, Caitlin; Fries, Joe; Epp, Kristen (2010). "Cohabitation patterns of the San Marcos salamander (Eurycea nana)". Amphibia-Reptilia. 31 (4): 503–508. doi:10.1163/017353710X524697. ISSN 0173-5373.
  13. ^ Epp, Kristen J. (2013). "Threat sensitivity in the San Marcos salamander: effects of predator diet and prey experience". Behaviour. 150 (6): 617–634. doi:10.1163/1568539X-00003073. ISSN 0005-7959. JSTOR 23435031.
  14. ^ Davis, Drew R.; Epp, Kristen J.; Gabor, Caitlin R. (2012). Ebensperger, L. (ed.). "Predator Generalization Decreases the Effect of Introduced Predators in the San Marcos Salamander, Eurycea nana". Ethology. 118 (12): 1191–1197. doi:10.1111/eth.12025.
  15. ^ Zabierek, Kristina; Epp, Kristen (2016-01-01). "Antipredator response of Eurycea nana to a nocturnal and a diurnal predator: avoidance is not affected by circadian cycles of predators". Amphibia-Reptilia. 37 (4): 397–403. doi:10.1163/15685381-00003070. ISSN 1568-5381.
  16. ^ Thaker, Maria; Gabor, Caitlin R.; Fries, Joe N. (2006). "Sensory Cues for Conspecific Associations in Aquatic San Marcos Salamanders". Herpetologica. 62 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1655/05-38.1. ISSN 0018-0831. S2CID 17529957.
  17. ^ Najvar, Paige A.; Fries, Joe N.; Baccus, John T. (2007). "Fecundity of San Marcos Salamanders in Captivity". The Southwestern Naturalist. 52 (1): 145–147. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2007)52[145:FOSMSI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0038-4909. S2CID 85844062.
  18. ^ Gamble, Kathryn C.; Garner, Michael M.; West, Gary; Didier, Elizabeth S.; Cali, Ann; Alvarado, Thomas P. (2005). "Kyphosis Associated with Microsporidial Myositis in San Marcos Salamanders, Eurycea nana". Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery. 15 (4): 14–18. doi:10.5818/1529-9651.15.4.14. ISSN 1529-9651.
  19. ^ Gaertner, James P.; Forstner, Michael R. J.; O’Donnell, Lisa; Hahn, Dittmar (2009). "Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Endemic Salamander Species from Central Texas". EcoHealth. 6 (1): 20–26. doi:10.1007/s10393-009-0229-x. ISSN 1612-9202. PMID 19424755. S2CID 23997421.
  • Chippindale, P.T., A.H. Price, Wiens, J.J. & Hillis, D.M. (2000): Phylogenetic relationships of central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders, genus Eurycea, and a taxonomic revision of the group. Herpetological Monographs 14: 1-80.
  • Hillis, D.M., Chamberlain, D.A., Wilcox, T.P., & Chippindale, P.T. (2001): A new species of subterranean blind salamander (Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliini: Eurycea: Typhlomolge) from Austin, Texas, and a systematic revision of central Texas paedomorphic salamanders. Herpetologica 57: 266–280.

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to San Marcos salamander.
  • Texas Parks & Wildlife: San Marcos Salamander
  • US Fish & Wildlife Service: San Marcos Salamander
  • Animal Diversity Web: Eurycea nana
  • IUCN Red List: Eurycea nana

January 01, 1970
marcos, salamander, eurycea, nana, small, species, aquatic, lungless, salamander, native, united, states, endemic, spring, lake, small, region, headwaters, marcos, river, near, aquarena, springs, hays, county, texas, inches, long, with, slender, body, external. The San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana is a small species of aquatic lungless salamander native to the United States endemic to Spring Lake and a small region of the headwaters of the San Marcos River near Aquarena Springs in Hays County Texas It is one to two inches long with a slender body and external gills and is reddish brown in color San Marcos salamander Conservation status Vulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Threatened ESA 2 3 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Amphibia Order Urodela Family Plethodontidae Genus Eurycea Species E nana Binomial name Eurycea nanaBishop 1941 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Distribution 4 Habitat 5 Diet 6 Behavior 7 Conservation status 8 Diseases 9 References 10 External linksDescription editE nana is an aquatic salamander It does not leave the water to change into a terrestrial form but rather matures in the water As a neotenic form E nana retains its gills for its lifetime The San Marcos salamander has a narrow head with a round snout large eyes and a dark iris External gills are developed and pigmented 2 6 palatopterygoid and 7 13 premaxillary teeth are present The species is uniformly light brown in color with a series of seven to nine irregular light spots present along its midline The trunk is flattened above with a dorsal furrow that extends from head to tail The venter the bottom of a salamander is white in color and males have larger vents than females do There are 16 17 costal grooves present with 6 7 occurring between limbs It has four toes on its forefeet and five on its hind feet 4 The size of the species was measured to be 56 millimetres 2 2 in total in length 5 nbsp Downstream from the headwaters of the San Marcos SpringsTaxonomy editThe name nana is from the Greek nanos meaning dwarf as these adult salamanders are small in size It is a member of the family Plethodontidae lungless salamanders Genetic variation of the species has not yet been observed 6 E nana may be confused with E neotenes the only other species thus found to be in its genus however E nana is smaller in size with a more slender form 7 Distribution editSan Marcos River located in Hays County Texas is the only known location of the San Marcos salamander The population estimate in 1973 was about 20 880 salamanders living in the uppermost reaches of Spring Lake 8 An estimate in 1993 suggested about 30 451 salamanders across all ranges of Spring Lake and up to 150 metres 490 ft downstream The ratio of males to females was reported to be stable throughout the year 5 Habitat editClear flowing spring water of the San Marcos River makes a well delineated hydrologic system for the San Marcos Salamander The springwater maintains a temperature of 21 22 C 70 72 F the salamanders appeared to be stressed at waters over 30 C 86 F 5 Critical thermal maximum temperatures of the species show a lower threshold for juveniles than adults E nana are often found along the river substrates such as rocks and vegetation The uppermost shallow portion of Spring Lake features sand gravel and large limestone boulders that provide habitat Further down concrete banks and boulders provide space for aquatic moss such as L riparium and blue green algae A variety of aquatic macrophytes including S platyphylla M brasiliense L repens and V americana are also present Substrates without vegetation and muddy slit areas are unsuitable for E nana as those serve as protective covers against predation from larger fish turtles and aquatic birds 9 Diet editThe diet of E nana includes amphipods fly larvae and aquatic snails 5 San Marcos Salamanders typically follow a temporal diet or a diet that varies with the availability of invertebrates present to them at a given time 10 It relies on the schedule of invertebrate behavior and locations and generally consumes many aquatic invertebrates 10 The surrounding vegetation is a rich source of food Behavior editE nana displays predator avoidance responses relying on chemical cues from its native predators such as Micropterus salmoides Antipredator responses include freezing behavior to its fish predators 11 Site tenacity the pattern of returning to the same nest or breeding site dependent on the season was observed in both males and females of E nana This suggests that there is a selection favoring aggregation and shelter use as a part of anti predatory tactics 12 Lab results show that predator naive salamanders showed a greater reduction in activity compared to predator experienced salamanders suggesting behavioral plasticity in avoidance responses 13 E nana are also known to show predator generalization in response to novel predators similar to native ones 14 The E nana response to their crayfish predators is unknown and studies to answer this question are currently ongoing 15 The feeding behavior of the salamander is rather passive as it waits for prey to pass and will abruptly snap forward to catch its food This suggests this response is likely generated from visual or vibrational cues from prey The San Marcos salamander breeds and lays eggs in standing ponds in the middle of dense mats of aquatic vegetation Eggs are jelly covered and will hatch in about 24 days Male E nana reaches maturity with a snout vent greater than 19 millimetres 0 75 in Four classes of ova are present small clear ova small opaque ova small yellow ova and large yellow ova Female E nana with a snout vent greater than 26 millimetres 1 0 in carry large yellow ova and are considered ready for oviposition E nana relies primarily on chemical cues rather than visual cues for association preference 16 Both males and females exhibit sexual discrimination suggesting the seeking out of potential mates a rare behavior among salamanders citation needed In addition female and intersexual pairs are found cohabiting more than male pairs suggesting selective aggressive behavior While natural courtship and egg deposition have not been observed and documented as of yet eggs of similar species of salamanders are known to be deposited on single plants and stones about 24 hours after courtship 9 Depending on how light or dark the substrate is E nana can change its dorsal coloring from light tan to dark brown by migrating pigments in melanophores The color of its gills also changes in response to the oxygen content of the surrounding water where it appears bright red from increased blood flow in low oxygenated waters to the point of resorption when kept at highly oxygenated areas 9 Conservation status editThe San Marcos salamander has been federally listed as a threatened species since 1980 2 3 Due to its extremely limited geographic range it is threatened primarily by the contamination of groundwater sources and heavy dependence of central Texas cities upon the Edwards Aquifer for water Other threats include drying of the spring and introduced species As migration cannot introduce genetic variation due to limited geographic range the loss of genetic diversity cannot recover naturally when lost 6 Availability of food and sufficient prey also remain of concern for these salamanders but less so than habitat loss or change 10 The San Marcos salamander and four other listed species are covered by the 1996 San Marcos Comal Revised Recovery Plan 11 which includes recovery goals such as preserving the integrity and function of the aquifer and developing strategies to address both local and broad regional issues related to recovery Experiments at the Dallas Aquarium were initiated to develop captive breeding techniques in case the natural population was lost E nana in captivity showed a 30 hatching success rate with a single female producing potentially 176 eggs per year 17 Diseases editKyphosis due to microsporidia intracellular protistan parasites has been reported in captivated E nana 18 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis a global threat to amphibians has also been detected in E nana It causes chytridiomycosis and death in salamanders and has led to multiple extinctions since its discovery 19 References edit Hammerson Geoffrey Chippindale Paul 2004 Eurycea nana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T8391A12909269 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T8391A12909269 en Retrieved 29 April 2023 a b San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana Environmental Conservation Online System U S Fish amp Wildlife Service Retrieved 30 April 2023 a b USDI U S Department of the Interior U S Fish amp Wildlife Service 14 July 1980 Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants listing of San Marcos salamanders as threatened the San Marcos gambusia as endangered and the listing of critical habitat for Texas wild rice San Marcos salamander San Marcos gambusia and fountain darter PDF Federal Register 45 136 47355 47364 Retrieved 30 April 2023 Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles Evolution 19 2 268 1965 doi 10 1111 j 1558 5646 1965 tb01719 x ISSN 0014 3820 S2CID 221728532 a b c d Nelson Janet M 1993 Population Size Distribution and Life History of Eurycea nana in the San Marcos River PDF Southwest Texas State University a b Lucas Lauren K Fries Joe N Gabor Caitlin R Nice Chris C 2009 Genetic Variation and Structure in Eurycea nana a Federally Threatened Salamander Endemic to the San Marcos Springs Journal of Herpetology 43 2 220 227 doi 10 1670 0022 1511 43 2 220 ISSN 0022 1511 S2CID 18230121 Bishop Sherman C 13 November 1941 Notes on salamanders with descriptions of several new forms PDF Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan OCLC 1325657925 Number 451 Tupa Dianna Dowden Davis William K 1976 Population Dynamics of the San Marcos Texas salamander Eurycea nana PDF Texas Journal of Science 27 1 179 195 a b c San Marcos and Comal Springs and Associated Aquatic Ecosystems Recovery Plan PDF U S Fish and Wildlife Service 1996 pp 36 41 Retrieved 30 April 2023 a b c Diaz Peter H Fries Joe N Bonner Timothy H Alexander Mara L Nowlin Weston H 2015 03 19 Mesohabitat associations of the threatened San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana across its geographic range Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 25 3 307 321 doi 10 1002 aqc 2559 ISSN 1052 7613 a b Davis Drew R Gabor Caitlin R 2015 02 01 Behavioral and physiological antipredator responses of the San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana Physiology amp Behavior 139 145 149 doi 10 1016 j physbeh 2014 11 013 ISSN 0031 9384 PMID 25446225 S2CID 17749965 Thaker Maria Gabor Caitlin Fries Joe Epp Kristen 2010 Cohabitation patterns of the San Marcos salamander Eurycea nana Amphibia Reptilia 31 4 503 508 doi 10 1163 017353710X524697 ISSN 0173 5373 Epp Kristen J 2013 Threat sensitivity in the San Marcos salamander effects of predator diet and prey experience Behaviour 150 6 617 634 doi 10 1163 1568539X 00003073 ISSN 0005 7959 JSTOR 23435031 Davis Drew R Epp Kristen J Gabor Caitlin R 2012 Ebensperger L ed Predator Generalization Decreases the Effect of Introduced Predators in the San Marcos Salamander Eurycea nana Ethology 118 12 1191 1197 doi 10 1111 eth 12025 Zabierek Kristina Epp Kristen 2016 01 01 Antipredator response of Eurycea nana to a nocturnal and a diurnal predator avoidance is not affected by circadian cycles of predators Amphibia Reptilia 37 4 397 403 doi 10 1163 15685381 00003070 ISSN 1568 5381 Thaker Maria Gabor Caitlin R Fries Joe N 2006 Sensory Cues for Conspecific Associations in Aquatic San Marcos Salamanders Herpetologica 62 2 151 155 doi 10 1655 05 38 1 ISSN 0018 0831 S2CID 17529957 Najvar Paige A Fries Joe N Baccus John T 2007 Fecundity of San Marcos Salamanders in Captivity The Southwestern Naturalist 52 1 145 147 doi 10 1894 0038 4909 2007 52 145 FOSMSI 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0038 4909 S2CID 85844062 Gamble Kathryn C Garner Michael M West Gary Didier Elizabeth S Cali Ann Alvarado Thomas P 2005 Kyphosis Associated with Microsporidial Myositis in San Marcos Salamanders Eurycea nana Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 15 4 14 18 doi 10 5818 1529 9651 15 4 14 ISSN 1529 9651 Gaertner James P Forstner Michael R J O Donnell Lisa Hahn Dittmar 2009 Detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Endemic Salamander Species from Central Texas EcoHealth 6 1 20 26 doi 10 1007 s10393 009 0229 x ISSN 1612 9202 PMID 19424755 S2CID 23997421 Chippindale P T A H Price Wiens J J amp Hillis D M 2000 Phylogenetic relationships of central Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders genus Eurycea and a taxonomic revision of the group Herpetological Monographs 14 1 80 Hillis D M Chamberlain D A Wilcox T P amp Chippindale P T 2001 A new species of subterranean blind salamander Plethodontidae Hemidactyliini Eurycea Typhlomolge from Austin Texas and a systematic revision of central Texas paedomorphic salamanders Herpetologica 57 266 280 External links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to San Marcos salamander Texas Parks amp Wildlife San Marcos Salamander US Fish amp Wildlife Service San Marcos Salamander Amphibian Species of the World Eurycea nana Animal Diversity Web Eurycea nana IUCN Red List Eurycea nana Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title San Marcos salamander amp oldid 1194535368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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