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Saingilo

May 06, 2023

Saingilo (Georgian: საინგილო) is a cultural region in the Caucasus. The term was invented in the nineteenth century to designate districts of Balakan, Zaqatala and Qakh — altogether an area of 4,780 km2 — currently part of Azerbaijan, with an Ingiloy Georgian minority.

Saingilo
საინგილო
Cultural region
  Distribution of the Ingiloan dialect
Country Azerbaijan
Largest cityZaqatala
Saingilo is not an official subdivision of the Azerbaijan; it constitutes a historical region only.

History

Initially this territory was a province of Caucasian Albania.[1] With decline of Caucasian Albania, the area was gradually incorporated into the Iberian kingdom forming one of its duchies (saeristavo) in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the Georgians proper. This was when the name Hereti first appeared in the Georgian sources. According to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of Thargamos, who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the Alazani River.

Medieval

Main articles: Kingdom of Hereti and Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti

During the Arab occupation the region was a separate kingdom within Georgian cultural and political influence. At that time, Hereti became part of the Kingdom of Kakheti. The latter was annexed to Georgian Kingdom in 1104. After the displacement, during the early medieval period, of the central government from southern Georgia (Tao-Klarjeti) to eastern Georgia, these principalities came to play an especially significant role. In the fifteenth century the term "Hereti" gradually disappeared from the political nomenclature and was replaced by the word "Kakheti," which referred to Kakheti proper plus Hereti.

In the Middle Ages seven Georgian schools operated in Saingilo which included the courses of theology, philosophy, orthography, church history, and the history of Georgia and for the students. These schools played an essential cultural and educational. They put a vital contribution in establishing cultural relations among the peoples of the Caucasus. Literary materials were prepared in the schools for diffusion in the northern Caucasus. In the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries the use of the Georgian alphabet and Georgian Christian literature spread from Saingilo to the neighboring province of Dagestan, and churches were founded there, remnants of which can be seen today. For a long time, beginning in the fifth century, a significant part of Dagestan was within the sphere of Georgian political influence.

Modern

In the early 17th century, Shah Abbas I of Safavid of Persia took these lands from the king of Kakheti and granted them to the Dagestani feudal clans who enjoyed a degree of autonomy (society Djar-Belakan, the sultanate of Elisu). Northern Caucasian mountaineers established there Avarian (in the Ch'ar-Belakan District) and Tsakhurian "free communes." As a result of raids (Lekianoba) conducted by bands of Avar and Tsakhur warriors in Saingilo, the Ingilos became serfs of the Dagestanian rulers, who forced them to make pay tribute. Some Dagestanian families hired themselves out as temporary workers on Ingilo farms. In this way, gradually, by peaceful or hostile means, these tribes settled in Saingilo and colonized it. Already after the foundation of the sultanate of Elisu the conquerors had, by a concerted effort, undertaken the Islamization of the region. After 1801, when the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (eastern Georgia) became part of the Russian Empire the region ended up in the Imperial Russian conquest in 1803. After dissolving Sultanate of İlisu, it was initially part of Jaro-Belokany region, latterly became Zakatal Okrug in Tiflis Governorate.

From 1918 to 1920 both Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) claimed its territory as theirs, but the dispute never led to an armed confrontation. On 26 June 1918, the National Council of the Zakataly Okrug issued a statement whereby "for cultural, economic and religious reasons [...] joining the Republic of Azerbaijan is the most appropriate solution for the Zakatala Okrug".[2][3] Zakatala was represented in the Parliament of Azerbaijan by three members.[4] After the fall of the ADR in 1920 and its Sovietisation, Soviet Russia recognized Zakatala as part of Georgia (whose government granted these lands a degree of internal autonomy) "in exchange for the Georgian government legalising the activity of the Communist Party of Georgia", according to Kvashonkin.[5] Following the Sovietization of Georgia in 1921, the area became again officially part of Azerbaijan by a decree issued by the central communist government in Moscow in 1922. Nowadays there are Georgians — Ingiloy people (Georgian: ინგილოები/ჰერები; Azerbaijani: Ingiloylar) — living in this region of Azerbaijan (districts of Qax, Balakan and Zaqatala). Ingiloys (more than 11,000 as of 1999) are an ethnographic group of Georgian people. Most of the Ingiloys residing in Qakh district remain Christians at present, those living in Balakan and Zaqatala are mostly Muslim.

Demography

According to census held in 1897, the population of the region was 84,224. The ethnic makeup of the district was the following:[6]

As of the census of 2009, the population of the region was 261,314. The ethnic makeup of the district was the following:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Further consolidation of different Turkic speaking ethnic groups (commonly known as Caucasian Tatars) led to the formation of the Azerbaijani community.[7]"

References

  1. ^ Ingilos - History and Cultural Relations World Culture Encyclopedia.
  2. ^ Айдын Х. Асланов. "Из истории взаимоотношений государств и народов Кавказа". In: Rauf Rajabov, Stepan Grigoryan and Vakhtang Kolbaya (eds.). "История и идентичность: Южный Кавказ и другие регионы, находящиеся в переходном периоде" (History and Identity: The South Caucasus and Other Regions in Transition), Yerevan, 2010.
  3. ^ Harun Yilmaz. An Unexpected Peace: Azerbaijani–Georgian Relations, 1918–20. Revolutionary Russia, 22:1, pp. 37-67.
  4. ^ Аварская партия «Ахрар». MKRU Dagestan. 16.11.2016.
  5. ^ Kvashonkin Aleksandr V.Советизация Закавказья в переписке большевистского руководства, 1920-1922 гг.. In: Cahiers du monde russe : Russie, Empire russe, Union soviétique, États indépendants, vol. 38, n°1-2, Janvier-juin 1997. Guerre, guerres civiles et conflits nationaux dans l'Empire russe et en Russie soviétique, 1914 - 1922. pp. 163-194
  6. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2013-10-05.
  7. ^ The Ancient Orient. Transcaucasia in the 11th–15th centuries by Lev Gumilev
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saingilo.

External links

May 06, 2023
saingilo, georgian, საინგილო, cultural, region, caucasus, term, invented, nineteenth, century, designate, districts, balakan, zaqatala, qakh, altogether, area, currently, part, azerbaijan, with, ingiloy, georgian, minority, საინგილოcultural, region, distributi. Saingilo Georgian საინგილო is a cultural region in the Caucasus The term was invented in the nineteenth century to designate districts of Balakan Zaqatala and Qakh altogether an area of 4 780 km2 currently part of Azerbaijan with an Ingiloy Georgian minority Saingilo საინგილოCultural region Distribution of the Ingiloan dialectCountry AzerbaijanLargest cityZaqatalaSaingilo is not an official subdivision of the Azerbaijan it constitutes a historical region only Contents 1 History 1 1 Medieval 1 2 Modern 2 Demography 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditInitially this territory was a province of Caucasian Albania 1 With decline of Caucasian Albania the area was gradually incorporated into the Iberian kingdom forming one of its duchies saeristavo in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the Georgians proper This was when the name Hereti first appeared in the Georgian sources According to traditional accounts the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch Heros the son of Thargamos who founded the city of Hereti later known as Khoranta at the Alazani River Medieval Edit Main articles Kingdom of Hereti and Kingdom of Kakheti HeretiDuring the Arab occupation the region was a separate kingdom within Georgian cultural and political influence At that time Hereti became part of the Kingdom of Kakheti The latter was annexed to Georgian Kingdom in 1104 After the displacement during the early medieval period of the central government from southern Georgia Tao Klarjeti to eastern Georgia these principalities came to play an especially significant role In the fifteenth century the term Hereti gradually disappeared from the political nomenclature and was replaced by the word Kakheti which referred to Kakheti proper plus Hereti In the Middle Ages seven Georgian schools operated in Saingilo which included the courses of theology philosophy orthography church history and the history of Georgia and for the students These schools played an essential cultural and educational They put a vital contribution in establishing cultural relations among the peoples of the Caucasus Literary materials were prepared in the schools for diffusion in the northern Caucasus In the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries the use of the Georgian alphabet and Georgian Christian literature spread from Saingilo to the neighboring province of Dagestan and churches were founded there remnants of which can be seen today For a long time beginning in the fifth century a significant part of Dagestan was within the sphere of Georgian political influence Modern Edit In the early 17th century Shah Abbas I of Safavid of Persia took these lands from the king of Kakheti and granted them to the Dagestani feudal clans who enjoyed a degree of autonomy society Djar Belakan the sultanate of Elisu Northern Caucasian mountaineers established there Avarian in the Ch ar Belakan District and Tsakhurian free communes As a result of raids Lekianoba conducted by bands of Avar and Tsakhur warriors in Saingilo the Ingilos became serfs of the Dagestanian rulers who forced them to make pay tribute Some Dagestanian families hired themselves out as temporary workers on Ingilo farms In this way gradually by peaceful or hostile means these tribes settled in Saingilo and colonized it Already after the foundation of the sultanate of Elisu the conquerors had by a concerted effort undertaken the Islamization of the region After 1801 when the Kingdom of Kartli Kakheti eastern Georgia became part of the Russian Empire the region ended up in the Imperial Russian conquest in 1803 After dissolving Sultanate of Ilisu it was initially part of Jaro Belokany region latterly became Zakatal Okrug in Tiflis Governorate From 1918 to 1920 both Democratic Republic of Georgia DRG and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic ADR claimed its territory as theirs but the dispute never led to an armed confrontation On 26 June 1918 the National Council of the Zakataly Okrug issued a statement whereby for cultural economic and religious reasons joining the Republic of Azerbaijan is the most appropriate solution for the Zakatala Okrug 2 3 Zakatala was represented in the Parliament of Azerbaijan by three members 4 After the fall of the ADR in 1920 and its Sovietisation Soviet Russia recognized Zakatala as part of Georgia whose government granted these lands a degree of internal autonomy in exchange for the Georgian government legalising the activity of the Communist Party of Georgia according to Kvashonkin 5 Following the Sovietization of Georgia in 1921 the area became again officially part of Azerbaijan by a decree issued by the central communist government in Moscow in 1922 Nowadays there are Georgians Ingiloy people Georgian ინგილოები ჰერები Azerbaijani Ingiloylar living in this region of Azerbaijan districts of Qax Balakan and Zaqatala Ingiloys more than 11 000 as of 1999 are an ethnographic group of Georgian people Most of the Ingiloys residing in Qakh district remain Christians at present those living in Balakan and Zaqatala are mostly Muslim Demography EditAccording to census held in 1897 the population of the region was 84 224 The ethnic makeup of the district was the following 6 Avars 31 670 36 9 Azerbaijani A 28 950 29 4 Georgians 12 389 16 6 As of the census of 2009 the population of the region was 261 314 The ethnic makeup of the district was the following Azerbaijanis 128 007 48 98 Avars 37 043 14 17 Georgians 7 506 2 87 See also EditHistory of Georgia Caucasian AlbaniaNotes Edit Further consolidation of different Turkic speaking ethnic groups commonly known as Caucasian Tatars led to the formation of the Azerbaijani community 7 References Edit Ingilos History and Cultural Relations World Culture Encyclopedia Ajdyn H Aslanov Iz istorii vzaimootnoshenij gosudarstv i narodov Kavkaza In Rauf Rajabov Stepan Grigoryan and Vakhtang Kolbaya eds Istoriya i identichnost Yuzhnyj Kavkaz i drugie regiony nahodyashiesya v perehodnom periode History and Identity The South Caucasus and Other Regions in Transition Yerevan 2010 Harun Yilmaz An Unexpected Peace Azerbaijani Georgian Relations 1918 20 Revolutionary Russia 22 1 pp 37 67 Avarskaya partiya Ahrar MKRU Dagestan 16 11 2016 Kvashonkin Aleksandr V Sovetizaciya Zakavkazya v perepiske bolshevistskogo rukovodstva 1920 1922 gg In Cahiers du monde russe Russie Empire russe Union sovietique Etats independants vol 38 n 1 2 Janvier juin 1997 Guerre guerres civiles et conflits nationaux dans l Empire russe et en Russie sovietique 1914 1922 pp 163 194 Demoskop Weekly Prilozhenie Spravochnik statisticheskih pokazatelej Demoscope ru Retrieved 2013 10 05 The Ancient Orient Transcaucasia in the 11th 15th centuries by Lev Gumilev Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saingilo External links Editabout saingilo s in Georgian Nugzar Mgeladze Translated by Kevin Tuite Ingilos World Culture Encyclopedia Accessed on September 1 2007 Clifton John M et al 2005 The Sociolinguistic situation of the Inghiloi of Azerbaijan SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2005 008 12 1 http www everyculture com Russia Eurasia China Ingilos History and Cultural Relations html Original source The Cambridge Ancient History volume XIV chapter 22b page 662 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Saingilo amp oldid 1092168747, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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