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SS-Junker Schools

January 07, 2023

SS-Junker Schools (German SS-Junkerschulen) were leadership training facilities for officer candidates of the Schutzstaffel (SS). The term Junkerschulen was introduced by Nazi Germany in 1937, although the first facilities were established at Bad Tölz and Braunschweig in 1934 and 1935. Additional schools were founded at Klagenfurt and Posen-Treskau in 1943, and Prague in 1944. Unlike the Wehrmacht's "war schools", admission to the SS-Junker Schools did not require a secondary diploma. Training at these schools provided the groundwork for employment with the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; security police), the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; security service), and later for the Waffen-SS. Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, intended for these schools to mold cadets for future service in the officer ranks of the SS.[1][2]

SS-Junker School at Bad Tölz, 1942

History

As part of an effort to professionalize their officers, the SS founded a leadership school in 1934; the first one was at the Bavarian town of Bad Tölz, established under the leadership of SS-Colonel Paul Lettow. Thereafter, a second school at Braunschweig under the direction of then SS-Oberführer Paul Hausser was founded.[3] Hausser's military experience and detailed knowledge as a retired army lieutenant general was leveraged by Himmler in developing the curriculum at both the Bad Tölz and Braunschweig training centers.[4] To his staff, Hausser added other experienced military veterans and gifted officers to build a training regimen that became the foundation for the Waffen-SS.[5]

In 1937, Himmler rechristened the Leadership Schools to "Junker Schools" in honor of the land-owning Junker aristocracy that once dominated the Prussian military. Akin to the Junker officers of their namesake, most cadets eventually led Waffen-SS regiments into combat.[6] By the time World War II in Europe was underway, additional SS Leadership Schools at Klagenfurt, Posen-Treskau and Prague had been founded.[7]

Himmler intended to use the SS-Junker Schools to help instill the SS ethic into Nazi Germany's police forces.[8] To accomplish this, a percentage of SS-Junker School graduates entered the ranks of the Uniformed Police; in 1937, some 40 percent of Junker School-graduates joined the police, and another 32 percent were integrated into the police in 1938.[8] Suitable members of the Hitler Youth were identified, as were students who had successfully completed their Abitur (university entrance exam) for application into the SS-Junker Schools or they could elect to attend Nazi Germany's police officer candidate schools.[9] Graduates and affiliates of the SS-Junker Schools were among those persons given the Hitler Sondergerichtsbarkeit (special jurisdiction), which freed them from prosecution for criminal acts.[10] Also included in this extrajudicial group were the likes of the Gestapo, the SiPO, and the SD.[11]

Training

Created to educate and mold the next generation of leadership within the SS, cadets were taught to be adaptable officers who could perform any task assigned to them, whether in a police role, at a Nazi concentration camp, as part of a fighting unit, or within the greater SS organization.[12] Additional administrative and economic training was included at the behest of SS-Gruppenführer Oswald Pohl and the SS Main Economic and Administrative Department. Pohl intended to shape future SS officers into effective and efficient managers of the SS economics industry and insisted that supplemental training in corporate operations was integrated into the curriculum.[6]

General military instruction over logistics and planning was provided but much of the training concentrated on small-unit tactics associated with raids, patrols, and ambushes.[13] Training an SS officer took as much as nineteen months overall and encompassed additional things like map reading, tactics, military maneuvers, political education, weapons training, physical education, combat engineering and even automobile mechanics, all of which were provided in varying degrees at additional training facilities based on the cadet's specialization.[14]

Political and ideological indoctrination was part of the syllabus for all SS cadets but there was no merger of academic learning and military instruction like that found at West Point in the United States.[15] Instead, personality training was stressed, which meant future SS leaders/officers were shaped above all things by a National Socialist worldview and attitude. Instruction at the Junker Schools was designed to communicate a sense of racial superiority, a connection to other dependable like-minded men, ruthlessness, and a toughness that accorded the value system of the SS. Throughout their stay during the training, cadets were constantly monitored for their "ideological reliability."[16] It is postulated that the merger of the police with the SS was at least partly the result of their shared attendance at the SS Junker Schools.[17] By 1945, more than 15,000 cadets from these training institutions were commissioned as officers in the Waffen-SS.[18]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Snyder 1976, p. 187.
  2. ^ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991, p. 480.
  3. ^ Weale 2012, p. 206.
  4. ^ Gilbert 2019, p. 21.
  5. ^ Gilbert 2019, p. 22.
  6. ^ a b Allen 2002, p. 112.
  7. ^ Pine 2010, p. 89.
  8. ^ a b Westermann 2005, p. 99.
  9. ^ Westermann 2005, p. 100.
  10. ^ Ziegler 1989, pp. 40–41.
  11. ^ Ziegler 1989, p. 41.
  12. ^ Weale 2012, pp. 206–207.
  13. ^ Weale 2012, p. 207.
  14. ^ Weale 2012, pp. 207–208.
  15. ^ Weale 2012, p. 209.
  16. ^ Mineau 2011, p. 29.
  17. ^ Laqueur & Baumel 2001, p. 606.
  18. ^ Gilbert 2019, p. 25.

Bibliography

  • Allen, Michael Thad (2002). The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps. London and Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-80782-677-5.
  • Gilbert, Adrian (2019). Waffen-SS: Hitler's Army at War. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-30682-465-4.
  • Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). The Holocaust Encyclopedia. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0.
  • Mineau, André (2011). SS Thinking and the Holocaust. New York: Editions Rodopi. ISBN 978-9401207829.
  • Pine, Lisa (2010). Education in Nazi Germany. New York: Berg. ISBN 978-1-84520-265-1.
  • Snyder, Louis L (1976). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. London: Robert Hale. ISBN 978-1-56924-917-8.
  • Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0451237910.
  • Westermann, Edward B. (2005). Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1724-1.
  • Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: MacMillan. ISBN 0-02-897500-6.
  • Ziegler, Herbert F. (1989). Nazi Germany's New Aristocracy: The SS Leadership, 1925–1939. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05577-7.

January 07, 2023
junker, schools, german, junkerschulen, were, leadership, training, facilities, officer, candidates, schutzstaffel, term, junkerschulen, introduced, nazi, germany, 1937, although, first, facilities, were, established, tölz, braunschweig, 1934, 1935, additional. SS Junker Schools German SS Junkerschulen were leadership training facilities for officer candidates of the Schutzstaffel SS The term Junkerschulen was introduced by Nazi Germany in 1937 although the first facilities were established at Bad Tolz and Braunschweig in 1934 and 1935 Additional schools were founded at Klagenfurt and Posen Treskau in 1943 and Prague in 1944 Unlike the Wehrmacht s war schools admission to the SS Junker Schools did not require a secondary diploma Training at these schools provided the groundwork for employment with the Sicherheitspolizei SiPo security police the Sicherheitsdienst SD security service and later for the Waffen SS Heinrich Himmler head of the SS intended for these schools to mold cadets for future service in the officer ranks of the SS 1 2 SS Junker School at Bad Tolz 1942 Contents 1 History 2 Training 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 BibliographyHistory EditAs part of an effort to professionalize their officers the SS founded a leadership school in 1934 the first one was at the Bavarian town of Bad Tolz established under the leadership of SS Colonel Paul Lettow Thereafter a second school at Braunschweig under the direction of then SS Oberfuhrer Paul Hausser was founded 3 Hausser s military experience and detailed knowledge as a retired army lieutenant general was leveraged by Himmler in developing the curriculum at both the Bad Tolz and Braunschweig training centers 4 To his staff Hausser added other experienced military veterans and gifted officers to build a training regimen that became the foundation for the Waffen SS 5 In 1937 Himmler rechristened the Leadership Schools to Junker Schools in honor of the land owning Junker aristocracy that once dominated the Prussian military Akin to the Junker officers of their namesake most cadets eventually led Waffen SS regiments into combat 6 By the time World War II in Europe was underway additional SS Leadership Schools at Klagenfurt Posen Treskau and Prague had been founded 7 Himmler intended to use the SS Junker Schools to help instill the SS ethic into Nazi Germany s police forces 8 To accomplish this a percentage of SS Junker School graduates entered the ranks of the Uniformed Police in 1937 some 40 percent of Junker School graduates joined the police and another 32 percent were integrated into the police in 1938 8 Suitable members of the Hitler Youth were identified as were students who had successfully completed their Abitur university entrance exam for application into the SS Junker Schools or they could elect to attend Nazi Germany s police officer candidate schools 9 Graduates and affiliates of the SS Junker Schools were among those persons given the Hitler Sondergerichtsbarkeit special jurisdiction which freed them from prosecution for criminal acts 10 Also included in this extrajudicial group were the likes of the Gestapo the SiPO and the SD 11 Training EditCreated to educate and mold the next generation of leadership within the SS cadets were taught to be adaptable officers who could perform any task assigned to them whether in a police role at a Nazi concentration camp as part of a fighting unit or within the greater SS organization 12 Additional administrative and economic training was included at the behest of SS Gruppenfuhrer Oswald Pohl and the SS Main Economic and Administrative Department Pohl intended to shape future SS officers into effective and efficient managers of the SS economics industry and insisted that supplemental training in corporate operations was integrated into the curriculum 6 General military instruction over logistics and planning was provided but much of the training concentrated on small unit tactics associated with raids patrols and ambushes 13 Training an SS officer took as much as nineteen months overall and encompassed additional things like map reading tactics military maneuvers political education weapons training physical education combat engineering and even automobile mechanics all of which were provided in varying degrees at additional training facilities based on the cadet s specialization 14 Political and ideological indoctrination was part of the syllabus for all SS cadets but there was no merger of academic learning and military instruction like that found at West Point in the United States 15 Instead personality training was stressed which meant future SS leaders officers were shaped above all things by a National Socialist worldview and attitude Instruction at the Junker Schools was designed to communicate a sense of racial superiority a connection to other dependable like minded men ruthlessness and a toughness that accorded the value system of the SS Throughout their stay during the training cadets were constantly monitored for their ideological reliability 16 It is postulated that the merger of the police with the SS was at least partly the result of their shared attendance at the SS Junker Schools 17 By 1945 more than 15 000 cadets from these training institutions were commissioned as officers in the Waffen SS 18 See also EditIdeology of the SSReferences EditCitations Edit Snyder 1976 p 187 Zentner amp Bedurftig 1991 p 480 Weale 2012 p 206 Gilbert 2019 p 21 Gilbert 2019 p 22 a b Allen 2002 p 112 Pine 2010 p 89 a b Westermann 2005 p 99 Westermann 2005 p 100 Ziegler 1989 pp 40 41 Ziegler 1989 p 41 Weale 2012 pp 206 207 Weale 2012 p 207 Weale 2012 pp 207 208 Weale 2012 p 209 Mineau 2011 p 29 Laqueur amp Baumel 2001 p 606 Gilbert 2019 p 25 Bibliography Edit Allen Michael Thad 2002 The Business of Genocide The SS Slave Labor and the Concentration Camps London and Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 80782 677 5 Gilbert Adrian 2019 Waffen SS Hitler s Army at War New York Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 30682 465 4 Laqueur Walter Baumel Judith Tydor 2001 The Holocaust Encyclopedia New Haven and London Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 30008 432 0 Mineau Andre 2011 SS Thinking and the Holocaust New York Editions Rodopi ISBN 978 9401207829 Pine Lisa 2010 Education in Nazi Germany New York Berg ISBN 978 1 84520 265 1 Snyder Louis L 1976 Encyclopedia of the Third Reich London Robert Hale ISBN 978 1 56924 917 8 Weale Adrian 2012 Army of Evil A History of the SS New York Caliber Printing ISBN 978 0451237910 Westermann Edward B 2005 Hitler s Police Battalions Enforcing Racial War in the East Lawrence KS University Press of Kansas ISBN 978 0 7006 1724 1 Zentner Christian Bedurftig Friedemann 1991 The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich New York MacMillan ISBN 0 02 897500 6 Ziegler Herbert F 1989 Nazi Germany s New Aristocracy The SS Leadership 1925 1939 Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 0 691 05577 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title SS Junker Schools amp oldid 1117643848, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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