SN 1885A (also S Andromedae) was a supernova in the Andromeda Galaxy, the only one seen in that galaxy so far by astronomers. It was the first supernova ever seen outside the Milky Way,[3] though it was not appreciated at the time how far away it was. It is also known as "Supernova 1885".
The supernova appears to have been seen first on August 17, 1885, by French astronomer Ludovic Gully during a public stargazing event.[4] Gully thought it was scattered moonlight in his telescope and did not follow up on this observation. Irish amateur astronomer Isaac Ward in Belfast claimed to have seen the object on August 19, 1885, but did not immediately publish its existence.[5][6]
The independent detection of the supernova by Ernst Hartwig at Dorpat (Tartu) Observatory in Estonia on August 20, 1885, however, was communicated in a telegram on August 31, 1885, once Hartwig had verified in more ideal circumstances that the feature was not caused by reflected moonlight.[7][8] The telegram prompted widespread observations of the event,[9] and prompted Isaac Ward, Ludovic Gully, and several others to publish their earlier observations (the first reports on S Andromedae appeared before Hartwig's discovery letter which followed his telegram, since the letter was initially lost by Astronomische Nachrichten and only reprinted in a later issue). The history of the discovery is summarized by K.G. Jones[10] and de Vaucouleurs and Corwin.[2] Both studies doubt that Ward really saw the event since his estimated magnitude is significantly off from the later reconstructed light curve,[2] and conclude that Hartwig should be considered as the discoverer of the supernova.
Features
SN 1885A reached magnitude 5.85 on 21 August 1885, and faded to magnitude 14 six months later.[2] It was reddish in color and declined rapidly in brightness, which is unusual for type Ia supernovae. Some astronomers observed the spectrum of the star visually (no photographic spectral observations were made in that time). These observations were made at the limit of visibility, but they were considered to be in good agreement with each other and with modern data on typical supernovae of type Ia; SN 1885A has thus been assigned to this type.[2] Studies led by Dovi Poznanski and by Hagai Perets suggest that SN 1885A belongs to a new subclass of Type I supernovae, along with SN 2002bj and SN 1939B.[11][12]
The supernova occurred 16″ from the relatively bright nucleus of the galaxy. This made detection of its remnant difficult — early attempts were unsuccessful. In 1988, R. A. Fesen and others used the 4-meter Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak to discover the iron-rich remnant of the explosion.[13] Further observations were made with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999.[14] The spectrum of the remnant shows the presence of iron, calcium and manganese, which were likely created during the explosion. There is some evidence for spherical symmetry in the explosion; this would mean that this type Ia supernova was not triggered by merging.[15]
^Patchett, B. E.; Stickland, D. J.; Crilly, D.; Wood, R. (December 1985). "A revised light curve for the 1885 supernova in M 31". The Observatory. 105: 232–238. Bibcode:1985Obs...105..232P.
^ abcdede Vaucouleurs, G.; Corwin Jr., H. G. (1985). "S Andromedae 1885 - A centennial review". Astrophysical Journal. 295: 287. Bibcode:1985ApJ...295..287D. doi:10.1086/163374.
^Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine. "S Andromedae: Supernova 1885 in M31". SEDS Messier Database. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^"Ueber den neuen Stern im grossen Andromeda-Nebel". Astronomische Nachrichten. 113 (3): 45–46. 1885. Bibcode:1885AN....113...45.. doi:10.1002/asna.18861130306.
^Beesley, D. E. (September 1985). "Isaac Ward and S Andromedae". Irish Astronomical Journal. 17 (2): 98. Bibcode:1985IrAJ...17...98B.
^Ward, Isaac (1885). "New Star in Andromeda". Astronomical Register. 23: 242. Bibcode:1885AReg...23..242W.
^Hartwig, Ernst (1885). "Ueber den neuen Stern im grossen Andromeda-Nebel". Astronomische Nachrichten. 112 (24): 355. Bibcode:1885AN....112..355H. doi:10.1002/asna.18851122408.
^Copeland, Ralph (September 1885). "Dun Echt Circulars, No. 97 and No. 98". Dun Echt Circular. 23 (97): 248. Bibcode:1885AReg...23..248C.
^Vogel, H.C. (1885). "Ueber den neuen Stern im grossen Andromeda-Nebel". Astronomische Nachrichten. 112 (16–17): 283–288. Bibcode:1885AN....112..283V. doi:10.1002/asna.18851121604.
^Jones, Kenneth Glyn (1976). "S Andromedae, 1885: An Analysis of Contemporary Reports and a Reconstruction". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 7: 27. Bibcode:1976JHA.....7...27J. doi:10.1177/002182867600700103. S2CID 125433348.
^Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (November 5, 2009). "US-Israeli team's speedily evolving supernova seems to be a new class of exploding star". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2009-11-06.[permanent dead link]
^Pulliam, Christine (April 26, 2011). "New Type of Exploding Star Discovered". Smithsonian Insider. Retrieved 2017-01-22.
^Fesen, Robert A.; Saken, Jon M.; Hamilton, Andrew J. S. (June 15, 1989). "Discovery of the remnant of S Andromedae (SN 1885) in M31". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 341: L55–L57. Bibcode:1989ApJ...341L..55F. doi:10.1086/185456.
^Hamilton, Andrew J. S.; Fesen, Robert A. (October 2000). "An Ultraviolet Fe II Image of SN 1885 in M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 542 (2): 779–784. arXiv:astro-ph/9907102. Bibcode:2000ApJ...542..779H. doi:10.1086/317014. S2CID 14856435.
^Fesen, R. A.; et al. (October 2017). "Optical and UV Spectra of the Remnant of SN 1885 (S And) in M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 848 (2): 130. arXiv:1603.04895. Bibcode:2017ApJ...848..130F. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8b11. S2CID 119232746.
External links
Light curve on the Open Supernova Catalog
"S Andromedae: Supernova 1885 in M31". Students for the Exploration and Developments of Space. Retrieved 2005-08-12.
. Archived from the original on February 19, 2001. Retrieved August 12, 2005.
1885a, also, andromedae, supernova, andromeda, galaxy, only, seen, that, galaxy, astronomers, first, supernova, ever, seen, outside, milky, though, appreciated, time, away, also, known, supernova, 1885, supernova, 1885the, visual, band, light, curve, andromeda. SN 1885A also S Andromedae was a supernova in the Andromeda Galaxy the only one seen in that galaxy so far by astronomers It was the first supernova ever seen outside the Milky Way 3 though it was not appreciated at the time how far away it was It is also known as Supernova 1885 Supernova 1885The visual band light curve of S Andromedae adapted from Patchett et al 1985 1 Event typeSupernova I pecDate20 August 1885 UTCConstellationAndromedaRight ascension00h 42m 43 11sDeclination 41 16 04 2 EpochJ2000 0Galactic coordinates121 1702 21 5741Distance2 6 MlyRemnantUnknownHostAndromeda GalaxyProgenitorUnknownProgenitor typeUnknownColour B V 1 3 0 6 2 Notable featuresFirst and only supernova observed in Andromeda first extragalactic supernova observed closest type Ia observedPeak apparent magnitude 6Other designationsSN 1885A HR 182 2MASS J00424312 4116032 AAVSO 0037 40 BD 40 147a EV M31 V0894 S And O2006 SNR 2 CXOM31 J004243 0 411603 Nova RJC99 Sep 95 KGP2002 r1 35 M31N 1995 09b CXOM31 J004243 1 411604 K2002 J004243 11 411604 2 HPH2013 146 TIC 438234291Preceded bySN 1604 observed Cassiopeia A unobserved c 1680 G1 9 0 3 unobserved c 1868 Followed bySN 1895B edit on Wikidata Contents 1 Discovery 2 Features 3 References 4 External linksDiscovery Edit Isaac Ward The supernova appears to have been seen first on August 17 1885 by French astronomer Ludovic Gully during a public stargazing event 4 Gully thought it was scattered moonlight in his telescope and did not follow up on this observation Irish amateur astronomer Isaac Ward in Belfast claimed to have seen the object on August 19 1885 but did not immediately publish its existence 5 6 The independent detection of the supernova by Ernst Hartwig at Dorpat Tartu Observatory in Estonia on August 20 1885 however was communicated in a telegram on August 31 1885 once Hartwig had verified in more ideal circumstances that the feature was not caused by reflected moonlight 7 8 The telegram prompted widespread observations of the event 9 and prompted Isaac Ward Ludovic Gully and several others to publish their earlier observations the first reports on S Andromedae appeared before Hartwig s discovery letter which followed his telegram since the letter was initially lost by Astronomische Nachrichten and only reprinted in a later issue The history of the discovery is summarized by K G Jones 10 and de Vaucouleurs and Corwin 2 Both studies doubt that Ward really saw the event since his estimated magnitude is significantly off from the later reconstructed light curve 2 and conclude that Hartwig should be considered as the discoverer of the supernova Features EditSN 1885A reached magnitude 5 85 on 21 August 1885 and faded to magnitude 14 six months later 2 It was reddish in color and declined rapidly in brightness which is unusual for type Ia supernovae Some astronomers observed the spectrum of the star visually no photographic spectral observations were made in that time These observations were made at the limit of visibility but they were considered to be in good agreement with each other and with modern data on typical supernovae of type Ia SN 1885A has thus been assigned to this type 2 Studies led by Dovi Poznanski and by Hagai Perets suggest that SN 1885A belongs to a new subclass of Type I supernovae along with SN 2002bj and SN 1939B 11 12 The supernova occurred 16 from the relatively bright nucleus of the galaxy This made detection of its remnant difficult early attempts were unsuccessful In 1988 R A Fesen and others used the 4 meter Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak to discover the iron rich remnant of the explosion 13 Further observations were made with the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999 14 The spectrum of the remnant shows the presence of iron calcium and manganese which were likely created during the explosion There is some evidence for spherical symmetry in the explosion this would mean that this type Ia supernova was not triggered by merging 15 Astronomy portalReferences Edit Patchett B E Stickland D J Crilly D Wood R December 1985 A revised light curve for the 1885 supernova in M 31 The Observatory 105 232 238 Bibcode 1985Obs 105 232P a b c d e de Vaucouleurs G Corwin Jr H G 1985 S Andromedae 1885 A centennial review Astrophysical Journal 295 287 Bibcode 1985ApJ 295 287D doi 10 1086 163374 Frommert Hartmut Kronberg Christine S Andromedae Supernova 1885 in M31 SEDS Messier Database Retrieved 2017 01 22 Ueber den neuen Stern im grossen Andromeda Nebel Astronomische Nachrichten 113 3 45 46 1885 Bibcode 1885AN 113 45 doi 10 1002 asna 18861130306 Beesley D E September 1985 Isaac Ward and S Andromedae Irish Astronomical Journal 17 2 98 Bibcode 1985IrAJ 17 98B Ward Isaac 1885 New Star in Andromeda Astronomical Register 23 242 Bibcode 1885AReg 23 242W Hartwig Ernst 1885 Ueber den neuen Stern im grossen Andromeda Nebel Astronomische Nachrichten 112 24 355 Bibcode 1885AN 112 355H doi 10 1002 asna 18851122408 Copeland Ralph September 1885 Dun Echt Circulars No 97 and No 98 Dun Echt Circular 23 97 248 Bibcode 1885AReg 23 248C Vogel H C 1885 Ueber den neuen Stern im grossen Andromeda Nebel Astronomische Nachrichten 112 16 17 283 288 Bibcode 1885AN 112 283V doi 10 1002 asna 18851121604 Jones Kenneth Glyn 1976 S Andromedae 1885 An Analysis of Contemporary Reports and a Reconstruction Journal for the History of Astronomy 7 27 Bibcode 1976JHA 7 27J doi 10 1177 002182867600700103 S2CID 125433348 Siegel Itzkovich Judy November 5 2009 US Israeli team s speedily evolving supernova seems to be a new class of exploding star The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 2009 11 06 permanent dead link Pulliam Christine April 26 2011 New Type of Exploding Star Discovered Smithsonian Insider Retrieved 2017 01 22 Fesen Robert A Saken Jon M Hamilton Andrew J S June 15 1989 Discovery of the remnant of S Andromedae SN 1885 in M31 Astrophysical Journal Letters 341 L55 L57 Bibcode 1989ApJ 341L 55F doi 10 1086 185456 Hamilton Andrew J S Fesen Robert A October 2000 An Ultraviolet Fe II Image of SN 1885 in M31 The Astrophysical Journal 542 2 779 784 arXiv astro ph 9907102 Bibcode 2000ApJ 542 779H doi 10 1086 317014 S2CID 14856435 Fesen R A et al October 2017 Optical and UV Spectra of the Remnant of SN 1885 S And in M31 The Astrophysical Journal 848 2 130 arXiv 1603 04895 Bibcode 2017ApJ 848 130F doi 10 3847 1538 4357 aa8b11 S2CID 119232746 External links EditLight curve on the Open Supernova Catalog S Andromedae Supernova 1885 in M31 Students for the Exploration and Developments of Space Retrieved 2005 08 12 Supernova 1885A S Andromedae Archived from the original on February 19 2001 Retrieved August 12 2005 S And SIMBAD Centre de donnees astronomiques de Strasbourg Retrieved October 9 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title SN 1885A amp oldid 1097558058, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
