Ryszard Kukliński
Ryszard Jerzy Kukliński (June 13, 1930 – February 11, 2004) was a Polish Army colonel and Cold War spy for NATO. He was posthumously promoted to brigadier general by Polish President Andrzej Duda.[1]
Ryszard Kukliński | |
|---|---|
Colonel Ryszard Kukliński | |
| Birth name | Ryszard Jerzy Kukliński |
| Born | June 13, 1930 Warsaw, Poland |
| Died | February 11, 2004 (aged 73) Tampa, Florida, U.S. |
| Allegiance | Poland |
| Service/ | Polish People's Army |
| Rank | Colonel |
Between 1972 and 1981 Kukliński passed top-secret Soviet documents to the CIA, including Soviet plans for the invasion of Western Europe.[2]
Former United States National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzeziński described him as "the first Polish officer in NATO."[3]
Biography edit
Kukliński was born in Warsaw to a working-class family with strong Catholic and socialist traditions. During World War II, his father became a member of the Polish resistance movement; he was captured by the Gestapo, and subsequently died in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After the war, Kukliński began a successful career in the Polish People's Army. Since 1964 he was working for the Polish espionage and counterintelligence operations.[4] In 1968, he took part in preparations for the Warsaw Pact's invasion of Czechoslovakia. Disturbed by the invasion, and by the brutal crushing of the parallel Polish 1970 protests, in 1972, Kukliński sent a letter to the US embassy in Bonn describing himself as an army officer from a Communist country, and requested a secret meeting.[5]
In 1994, Kukliński said that his awareness of the "unambiguously offensive" nature of Soviet military plans was an important factor in his decision to communicate the details of those plans to the United States, adding that "Our front could only be a sacrifice of Polish blood at the altar of the Red Empire".[6] Kukliński was also concerned that his homeland would be turned into a nuclear wasteland as the Warsaw Pact's superiority in conventional forces would mean NATO would respond to military action with tactical nuclear weapons.
Between 1972 and 1981, he passed 35,000 pages of mostly Soviet secret documents to the CIA. The documents described Moscow's strategic plans regarding the use of nuclear weapons, technical data about the T-72 tank and 9K31 Strela-1 missiles, the whereabouts of Soviet anti-aircraft bases in Poland and East Germany, the methods used by the Soviets to avoid spy satellite detection of their military hardware, plans for the imposition of martial law in Poland, and many other matters.
He was the first foreign recipient of the Distinguished Intelligence Medal.[7]
Escape to the United States edit
Facing imminent danger of discovery from a denunciation by a secret Communist collaborator known only by his alias "Prorok",[8] Kukliński, his wife and two sons were spirited out of Poland by the CIA shortly before the imposition of martial law in December 1981. Though Kukliński and his family successfully defected, his past may have followed him to the United States as both of his sons later died in separate incidents. The older, Waldemar, was run over by a truck without a licence plate in August 1994 on the grounds of an American university. His younger son, Bogdan Kukliński, drowned on December 31, 1993, when his yacht capsized on a quiet sea. Ryszard Kukliński did not claim that they were assassinated, but never rejected such a possibility either.[9]
On May 23, 1984, Kukliński was sentenced to death, in absentia, by a military court in Warsaw. After the fall of communism, the sentence was changed to 25 years. In 1995, the court revoked the sentence and said that Kukliński was acting under special circumstances and Kukliński visited Poland again in April 1998.
Death edit
He died from a stroke at the age of 73 in Tampa, Florida, February 11, 2004. The funeral Mass for Kukliński was held at Fort Myer with CIA honors on March 30, 2004. His remains were transported to Poland and on June 19, 2004, Kukliński was buried in the row of honour in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, Poland, along with the remains of his son Waldemar.[10]
Legacy edit
In June 1986, a spokesman for the Soviet-backed Jaruzelski regime, Jerzy Urban, revealed Kukliński's existence to the world in order to make the argument that the Reagan administration had been informed by Kukliński of the plans to install martial law but had betrayed the Solidarity movement by not passing that information on to its "friends" in Solidarity. When the journal Kultura interviewed Kukliński, he said that planning for martial law had begun in late 1980 and that the Jaruzelski group planned to crush Solidarity regardless of the outcome of negotiations with the trade union and the Polish church. He also rejected the regime's claim that declaring martial law was an internal decision by describing how the Soviets had applied pressure on Polish authorities to impose martial law. When asked whether Jaruzelski was a hero or a traitor, Kukliński replied:
My view has been consistently that in Poland there existed a real chance to avoid both Soviet intervention and martial law. Had he, together with Stanislaw Kania, proved capable of greater dignity and strength, had they honestly adhered to the existing social agreements, instead of knuckling under to Moscow, present-day Poland would undoubtedly look completely different.[11]
Kukliński was the chief of a military strategic command planning division of the Polish army. He was very familiar with the layout of the Polish forces within the Warsaw Pact. While details of the general plans for the Warsaw Pact forces were known only in Moscow, Kukliński could infer much from his contacts at the Moscow high command headquarters.
According to President Carter's NSA, Zbigniew Brzeziński, "Kukliński's information permitted us to make counterplans to disrupt command-and-control facilities rather than only relying on a massive counterattack on forward positions, which would have hit Poland."[12]
In January 2013, Władysław Pasikowski began shooting a movie about Ryszard Kukliński. With Marcin Dorociński in the lead role, the script for Jack Strong (title taken from Kukliński's CIA secret-agent pseudonym), written by director Pasikowski, is based on new material from the Polish Institute of National Remembrance archives, CIA operating documents and statements by eyewitnesses including David Forden, the former CIA operations officer who was the liaison with Colonel Kukliński.[13]
Opinions in Poland edit
During his term as Poland's first freely elected president, a Solidarity leader, Lech Wałęsa, refused to pardon Kukliński and a poll taken in 1998 found that more Poles (34%) considered Kukliński a traitor than a hero (29%), with many undecided.[14][verification needed] The administration of US President Clinton nonetheless took the stance that it would oppose Polish membership in NATO unless Kukliński were exonerated.[15]
When all charges were dropped against Kukliński in 1997, the left leaning Trybuna lamented that "Colonel Ryszard Kukliński—a spy, deserter, and traitor—has been turned into a model of virtue and a national hero of the rightists."[16] In a 1997 survey conducted by the CBOS, 27 percent of Poles considered Kukliński a hero and 24 percent a traitor (compared to 12 and 24 percent, respectively, in 1992).[17]
According to some historians, it was possible that Kukliński was a double agent, of the Soviet GRU, used in an operational game with the CIA.[18][19] A Polish Minister of Internal Affairs during communist times, Czesław Kiszczak revealed such a theory in a later interview,[18] while a former Soviet military attaché, Yuriy Rylyov, claimed so directly in an interview.[19] Historians, like Paweł Wieczorkiewicz and Franciszek Puchała (a general in the Polish Army during communist times) suggest, that the knowledge Kukliński had was exaggerated, and while he had a lot of information about the Polish Army and the organization of the Warsaw Pact in general, he could not have had detailed information on Soviet plans, since no one in Poland had it. Puchała supported his opinion in official hearings of Kukliński by Polish prosecutors during his revised trial. Revealing plans about the enforcement of martial law in Poland, which would make a Soviet invasion unnecessary, could have been profitable for the Soviet side, ensuring that the US would not be surprised by martial law and would not undertake unpredictable actions against the Soviets.[18] It is noteworthy, that despite Kukliński's revelations, the US did not warn Solidarity about martial law. The Soviets took the escape of such an important spy nonchalantly and did not demand any consequences from the Polish politician responsible for intelligence, namely Czesław Kiszczak.[18] Also, the matter of Kukliński's sons' deaths is unclear and they may have been part of a protection program; besides, according to Wieczorkiewicz, such revenge on a defector's family would be quite unusual for Soviet intelligence.[18]
Kukliński is buried in the row of honour in the Powązki Military Cemetery in Warsaw, and he has been given honorary citizenship of several Polish cities, including Kraków and Gdańsk. The Polish political group Centrum (at the time headed by Zbigniew Religa) requested in 2004 that the President of Poland posthumously promote Kukliński to the rank of general.
Since its unveiling in 2006, his monument in Kraków had been vandalized three times by 2014:[20][21] first on December 13, 2011, (the anniversary of martial law in Poland) and then on February 11, 2012 (the anniversary of Kukliński's death). In both cases, the terms such as: "Traitor", the crossed CIA name and "Death to the USA" were sprayed. On February 11, 2014, his statue was found splashed with brown paint or oil.[22]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej / Aktualności / Wydarzenia / Andrzej Duda nominował pośmiertnie płk. Ryszarda Kuklińskiego na stopień generała". www.prezydent.pl.
- ^ Keller, Michael (November 6, 2017). "Kukliński: How the CIA's Best-Placed Cold War Spy Escaped the Eastern Bloc". Culture.pl.
- ^ Benjamin B. Fischer (April 14, 2007). . Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
Notes: Warsaw PAP in English, 2148 GMT, 27 September 1992
- ^ Franciszek Puchała: Szpieg CIA w polskim sztabie generalnym. O Ryszardzie Kuklińskim bliżej prawdy, Warsaw: Bellona, 2014. ISBN 978-83-11-13170-5, p. 70 (in Polish)
- ^ Rupert Cornwell, Ryszard Kuklinski: Cold War spy for the West 2010-06-24 at the Wayback Machine The Independent February 13, 2004. Cached by info-poland.buffalo.edu.
- ^ Marat Miklszewski, "Colonel Kuklinski Speaks!", Tygodnik Solidarność, December 9, 1994, p. 12
- ^ . Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
- ^ Edward Kotowski "Kim był 'Prorok'?" – Do dziś nie wiadomo. Leszk Szymowski utrzymuje, że był to arcybiskup Janusz Bolonek (see) Cezary Gmyz (February 2, 2009), "Pietro, specagent w Watykanie" reprint from Rzeczpospolita, September 21, 2011 (Aleksander Szumański), Portal Wolyn.
- ^ Jerzy Bukowski (May 20, 2009). "Niestosowne sugestie "Wprost"o synu śp.płk. Kuklińskiego (Rumours about Kukliński's son)". Salon24 (in Polish). Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- ^ "Ryszard Kuklinski memorial site". Kuklinski.us. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
- ^ Ryszard Kuklinski, "The Crushing of Solidarity," Orbis 32:1 (Winter 1988), p. 31
- ^ Andrew Nagorski, "All Is Forgiven, or Is It?," Newsweek, 27 October 1997, p. 40
- ^ "Władysław Pasikowski - Jack Strong". culture.pl. Retrieved May 14, 2013.
- ^ Jane Perlez, "Spy Recounts Passing Data to CIA," The New York Times, April 30, 1998
- ^ Benjamin Weiser, A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country (PublicAffairs, 2005).
- ^ Mieczyclaw Wodzicki, "Treason Rewarded; 'Learn from This, Poles'," Trybuna, September 25, 1997, p. 5
- ^ "Jeszcze raz o pułkowniku Kuklińskim | Komunikat z badań" (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa, Listopad. 1997.
- ^ a b c d e Paweł Wieczorkiewicz, Justyna Błażejowska: Przez Polskę Ludową na przełaj i na przekór ("Cross-country and oppositely through the People's Poland"). Poznań: Zysk i S-ka, 2011. ISBN 978-83-7506-651-7, pp. 30–34 (in Polish)
- ^ a b Franciszek Puchała: Pułkownika Kuklińskiego udział w grze wywiadów wielkich mocarstw ("Colonel Kukliński's part in powers' game of intellingce"), "Przegląd Historyczno-Wojskowy" nr. 4 (242), 2012, pp. 164–184 (in Polish)
- ^ "Kukliński's monument devastated once again. Prosecutors are helpless". Wprost. February 13, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
- ^ "Kukliński's monument in Krakow devastated once again!". Rmf24. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
- ^ "Kraków: zdewastowano popiersie płk. Ryszarda Kuklińskiego". Onet Kraków. February 14, 2014.
External links edit
- by Jolanta JABŁOŃSKA-GRUCA -, Oslo, Norway, in (polish) Dylemat polityczny i moralny.
- *Cause of death of Colonel Kukliński (polish)
- CIA Release of 83 Documents on Kuklinski and Martial Law in Poland 1981–82, from the Cold War International History Project
- from the Central Intelligence Agency
- from the Central Intelligence Agency
- by David R. Stokes
- SPY, podcast from Culture.pl's Stories From The Eastern West about Kukliński.
- Jack Strong (film), Polish political thriller. Also available in French