Russian destroyer Azard (1916)

Azard (Russian: Азард) was one of eight Orfey-class destroyers built for the Russian Imperial Navy during World War I. Completed in 1916, she served with the Baltic Fleet and joined the Bolshevik Red Fleet after the October Revolution of 1918. She was active during the Russian Civil War, taking part in several engagements against British ships during the British campaign in the Baltic. The destroyer was renamed Zinoviev (Russian: Зиновьев) in 1922 and Artem (Russian: Aртёm) in 1928. She remained in service with the Soviet Baltic Fleet when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, and was sunk by a mine on 28 August.

History
Russian Empire
Name	Azard
Builder	Metal Works, St. Petersburg
Launched	5 January 1915
Fate	Joined the Bolsheviks, November 1917
Soviet Union
Name	Azard 1917 to 1922 Zinoviev 1922 to 1928 Artem from 1928
Acquired	November 1917
Fate	Mined and sunk, 28 August 1941
General characteristics (as built)
Class and type	Orfey-class destroyer
Displacement	1,260 long tons (1,280 t)
Length	98 m (321 ft 6 in)
Beam	9.3 m (30 ft 6 in)
Draught	3 m (9 ft 10 in)
Installed power	4 Vulcan-Thornycroft boilers 30,000 shp (22,000 kW)
Propulsion	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines
Speed	35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph)
Range	1,250 nmi (2,320 km; 1,440 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement	167
Armament	4 × single 102 mm (4 in) guns 1 × single 40 mm (1.6 in) AA gun 3 × triple 450 mm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes

Design and construction

In 1912, the Russian State Duma passed a shipbuilding programme for the Imperial Russian Navy that envisioned the construction of four battlecruisers, eight cruisers, 36 destroyers and 18 submarines, mainly for the Baltic Fleet.^[1][2] To meet this requirement, the Putilov Yard of Saint Petersburg proposed a modified version of the Derzky-class destroyer, to be built by Putilov, the Metal Works of Saint Petersburg, and the Russo-Baltic Yard of Reval (now Tallinn) in Estonia. An order for 22 destroyers to Putilov's design was placed with the three shipyards in December 1912.^[3]

The Orfey-class destroyers were 98 m (321 ft 6 in) long, with a beam of 9.3 m (30 ft 6 in) and a draught of 3 m (9 ft 10 in). Displacement was 1,260 long tons (1,280 t) normal.^[4] Four Vulkan-Thornycroft boilers fed steam at 17 atm (250 psi; 1,700 kPa) to two AEG steam turbines that drove two propeller shafts.^[4][5] The machinery was rated at 30,000 shaft horsepower (22,000 kW),^[a] giving a speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph).^[4] A speed of 31.5 kn (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph) was reached during sea trials.^[6]

The ships were originally designed to carry an armament of two 102-millimetre (4 in) guns and four triple 450-millimetre (17.7 in) torpedo tubes, but during construction, the Russian Naval Staff decided to strengthen the gun armament, replacing one set of torpedo tubes with two more 102 mm guns. One 40 mm (1.6 in) anti-aircraft gun was fitted, while 50 mines could be carried. The ships had a crew of 150.^[7][8] By the Second World War, Artem had lost one triple torpedo tube mount and the old 40 mm anti-aircraft gun, replacing them by two 45 mm and two 37 mm guns, which were backed up by three 12.7mm and nine 7.62mm machine guns. The ships crew had increased to 160.^[9][10]

Azard was laid down in July 1915, launched on 22 May 1916 (9 May 1916 Old Style) and commissioned on 10 October 1916 (27 September 1916 Old Style).^[9]

Service

Azard joined the 2nd Destroyer Division of the Baltic Fleet on commissioning, being employed on screening operations of the fleet, convoy escort and patrol.^[5][11][12] Azard sided with the Bolsheviks following the October Revolution, joining the Red Fleet.^[11][12] In March 1918, Germany intervened in the Finnish Civil War, landing a division of troops (the Baltic Sea Division) to reinforce the Finnish White forces. The advance of the Germans and White Finns soon threatened the port of Helsingfors (now Helsinki), where the Baltic Fleet was based. On 10 April 1918, the Bolsheviks managed to evacuate most of the Baltic Fleet, including Azard, to Kronstadt in the "Ice Cruise", despite much of the Baltic still being ice-bound.^[13][11]

Azard was active during the Russian Civil War,^[3] and from 4–24 December 1918 shelled German and Estonian forces near Aseri and Kunda in Estonia.^[11][12] Fyodor Raskolnikov, Commissar of the Baltic Fleet, planned an attack on British naval forces at Reval (now Tallinn) on 25 December, to be carried out by Azard and the destroyers Spartak and Avtroil, with the cruiser Oleg and battleship Andrei Pervozvanny in distant support. Azard was out of fuel and Avtroil was suffering from mechanical problems, so Spartak attacked Reval alone on the morning of 26 December, but was caught by the British destroyers Vendetta, Vortigern and Wakeful while trying to retreat to Kronstadt. Spartak ran aground and surrendered to the British.^[14][15]

On 29 May 1919, Azard was escorting six minesweepers when she was unsuccessfully attacked by the British submarine L16.^[16] This encounter prompted the British to send a force of three light cruisers and six destroyers into the Gulf of Finland, arriving off Seskar on 30 May. On 31 May, Azard was again escorting minesweepers, with the battleship Petropavlovsk as distant cover, when it encountered the British destroyer Walker. Azard opened fire on Walker, but the remainder of the British force soon arrived on the scene, and Azard retreated towards Petropavlovsk and behind a minefield, with both the two Russian ships and coastal artillery maintaining fire on Walker until the British broke off the engagement, with Walker being hit twice with slight damage.^[17][18] On 2 June 1919, Azard and the destroyer Gavriil were engaged by the British destroyers Vivacious and Voyager across a minefield, with no damage occurring on either side. A similar exchange of fire occurred on 4 June, between Gavriil and Azard on the Russian side and the destroyers Versatile, Vivacious and Walker, with Petropavlovsk providing distant support to the Russian destroyers. Shortly after this exchange of fire, the British submarine L55 attempted a torpedo attack against the two Russian destroyers, but broke surface after the attack and was hit by a shell from one of the destroyers. L55 attempted to dive away to safety but exploded and sank with the loss of all hands (probably after striking a mine).^[19][20] On the morning of 21 October 1919, Azard and the destroyers Gavriil, Konstantin and Svoboda, set out from Kronstadt to lay a minefield in Koporye Bay to deter British ships supporting Estonian troops advancing on Petrograd, but ran into a British minefield. Gavriil, leading the destroyers, was the first to strike a mine at 05:48 and sank after twenty minutes. Konstantin and Svoboda were sunk by mines within minutes, with only Azard, at the rear of the formation, escaping unharmed. Only 25 men were rescued from the three lost destroyers.^{[21][22][23][b]}

The ship was renamed Zinoviev on 31 December 1922,^[3][12][6] and underwent a major refit in 1923.^[12] She was commanded by Gordey Levchenko, later to become an Admiral in the Soviet Navy, from April 1928 to May 1929.^[12] The ship was again renamed to Artem on 27 November 1928.^[12][6] Artem was refitted again in 1933.^[12]

Artem took part in the Winter War, the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939–1940, shelling Finnish fortifications on islands in the Gulf of Finland in December 1939.^[11][12]

On 22 June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, and as a response the Baltic Fleet laid minefields in the Gulf of Finland, with Artem sailing from Tallinn as part of a minelaying force that also included the destroyers Leningrad, Minsk, Karl Marx and Volodarskiy and the minelayers Marti and Ural.^[25] On 2 August 1941, Artem was unsuccessfully attacked by the German motor-torpedo boats S-55 and S-58 in the Gulf of Riga.^[26] On 21 August, Artem and Surovy unsuccessfully attacked German transports in the Gulf of Riga.^[27] By August 1941, Tallinn was surrounded by German troops, with the Germans launching a final assault on the city on 19 August.^[28] The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn began on 27 August, with 190 ships being split between four convoys bound for Kronstadt, with Artem forming part of the covering force.^[29] On the night of 28/29 August, the convoys encountered dense minefields off Cape Juminda. Artem was sunk by a mine during that night, as were the destroyers Yakov Sverdlov, Skory, Kalinin and Voldarsky, three submarines, three minesweepers and thirteen transports.^[30]

Notes

1. 36,000–40,000 PS (36,000–39,000 shp; 26,000–29,000 kW) according to Fock.^[5]
2. While the official enquiry into the loss blamed it on inadequate knowledge of British movements and minefields,^[24][23] some sources, including the British Naval officer Augustus Agar, state that the event was an attempt by the four destroyers to defect,^[22] with the ship's orders being doctored to ensure that they would be put into a position where they would have to surrender.^[23]

Citations

1. Budzbon 1985, p. 291
2. Halpern 1994, p. 17
3. Budzbon 1985, p. 310
4. Budzbon 1985, p. 309
5. Fock 1989, p. 192
6. Apalkov 1996, p. 52
7. Budzbon 1985, pp. 309–310
8. Friedman 2011, pp. 263–264
9. Whitley 2000, p. 234
10. Meister 1977, p. 54
11. Apalkov 1996, p. 53
12. Berezhnoy 2002, p. 315
13. Halpern 1994, pp. 221–222
14. Dunn 2020, pp. 59–61
15. Bennett 2002, pp. 40–43
16. Bennett 2002, p. 116
17. Bennett 2002, pp. 116–117
18. Dunn 2020, pp. 103–104
19. Bennett 2002, pp. 119, 121
20. Dunn 2020, pp. 110–111
21. Bennett 2002, pp. 181–182
22. Dunn 2020, pp. 170–171
23. Poukov, A. (1939). "Красный Балтийский флот и оборона Петрограда осенью 1919 г.:Трагическая гибель трех эсминцев Красного Балтийского флота в ночь на 21 октября 1919 г." [The Red Baltic Fleet and the Defense of Petrograd in the autumn of 1919: The tragic death of three destroyers of the Red Baltic Fleet on the night of October 21, 1919.]. Балтийский флот в обороне Петрограда. 1919 год [The Baltic Fleet is in defense of Petrograd. 1919.]. оенмориздат НКВМФ СССР. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
24. Bennett 2002, p. 182
25. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, pp. 68–69
26. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 76
27. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 79
28. Salisbury 2000, pp. 224–225
29. Salisbury 2000, p. 233
30. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 81

References

• Apalkov, Yu. V. (1996). Боевые корабли русского флота: 8.1914-10.1917г (in Russian). Saint Petersburg, Russia: ИНТЕК. ISBN 5-7559-0018-3.
• Bennett, Geoffrey (2002). Freeing the Baltic. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 1-84341-001-X.
• Berezhnoy, S. S. (2002). Крейсера и Миносцы: Справочик (in Russian). Moscow: Ввоенное Ииздательство. ISBN 5-203-01780-8.
• Budzbon, Przemysław (1985). "Russia". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 291–325. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
• Dunn, Steve R. (2020). Battle in the Baltic: The Royal Navy and the Fight to Save Estonia & Latvia 1918–1920. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4273-5.
• Fock, Harald (1989). Z-Vor!: Internationale Entwicklung und Kriegseinsätze von Zerstörern und Torpedobooten: 1914 bis 1939. Herford, Germany: Koelers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. ISBN 3-7822-0207-4.
• Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
• Halpern, Paul G. (1994). A Naval History of World War I. London: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-498-4.
• Meister, Jürg (1977). Soviet Warships of the Second World War. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd. ISBN 0356-08402-7.
• Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-117-7.
• Salisbury, Harrison E. (2000). The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-39282-4.
• Whitley, M. J. (2000). Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-85409-521-8.

Further reading

• Budzbon, Przemyslaw; Radziemski, Jan & Twardowski, Marek (2022). Warships of the Soviet Fleets 1939–1945. Vol. I: Major Combatants. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-68247-877-6.