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Wikipedia

Russell Garcia (composer)

January 01, 1970

Russell Garcia, QSM (12 April 1916 – 19 November 2011)[1] was an American composer and arranger who wrote a wide variety of music for screen, stage and broadcast.

Russ Garcia at Kerikeri.

Garcia was born in Oakland, California, but was a longtime resident of New Zealand. Self-taught, his break came when he substituted for an ill colleague on a radio show. Subsequently, he went on to become a composer/arranger at NBC Studios for such television shows as Rawhide 1962 and Laredo, 1965–67. He worked at Universal Studios and MGM, where at the latter he composed and conducted the original scores for such films as George Pal's The Time Machine (1960) and Atlantis, the Lost Continent (1961). He also orchestrated the music for Father Goose (1964) and The Benny Goodman Story (1956). Garcia collaborated with many Hollywood musicians and celebrities, including Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Anita O'Day, Mel Torme, Julie London, Oscar Peterson, Stan Kenton, Maynard Ferguson, Walt Disney, Orson Welles, Jane Wyman, Ronald Reagan, Andy Williams, Judy Garland, Henry Mancini, and Charlie Chaplin making arrangements and conducting orchestras as needed.[2] Russ loved to ski so he would write on-site scores to ski-content films.

Personal life edit

One of five brothers, Garcia grew up in what he said was an "ordinary" household where music was something that came out of the radio.[2] When his family noticed the five-year-old Russ standing by the radio every Sunday morning waiting for the New York Philharmonic to come on, it was obvious the child had a special interest in music. One of his brothers presented him with an old cornet he bought for $5, which Russ taught himself to play. In school he started a jazz band to play his new horn, and ended up using the band as an outlet for his compositions and arrangements of standards, all of which were self-taught. "I've been able to read music since I was little," he said at the time. "I don't know how, because I had lessons only when I went to high school. Call it instinct, call it a gift, I've never questioned my musical ability. I'm thankful for it. If I take up a sheet of manuscript paper and a pen there's a whole orchestra playing in my head. At times I can't write quickly enough to keep up with what's flowing out of me."

Garcia and his wife Gina Mauriello Garcia, a published author and singer-lyricist-writer in her own right, were members of the Baháʼí Faith since 1955.[3] In 1966, at the height of his career, the Garcias sold their home and possessions, bought a boat, and set sail on June 1. However, the couple knew nothing about sailing and Gina did not know how to swim; the early arrival of Hurricane Alma forced them to return after only two days at sea. It was December before damage to the boat was finally repaired and they set forth once again. This time they reached Nassau without further complications and spent several years as "travel-teachers" for the Baháʼís as they went around the world to places like the Galapagos Islands, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands.

When they reached Fiji in 1969, musicians from Auckland, New Zealand invited Garcia to do some live concerts, radio and television shows and to lecture at various universities around the country on behalf of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission and Music Trades Association. Russell, when finished with his lectures and concerts and on advice of friends, drove up to the Bay of Islands in the north of North Island. Garcia and his wife fell in love with the location and bought a house on the water's edge of Tangitu Bay in the Te Puna Inlet, east of the Purerua Peninsula near Kerikeri.[2]

They spent many years there, but after they moved to Kerikeri, Garcia continued to compose and arrange, including projects in the United States and around the world. His most recent project prior to his death was his and Gina's first opera, The Unquenchable Flame. Together, the Garcias further volunteered their services on a regular basis to teach primary school children in New Zealand about the virtues gained through the use of songs, stories, games and creative exercises.[2]

Events and awards edit

On Memorial Day weekend, 2003, Garcia and Buddy Childers had an event Contemporary Concepts Presented – A 4 Day Jazz Festival Celebrating The West Coast Big Band Sound in Concert in Los Angeles. Speakers/Panelists included Garcia, Buddy Childers, Pete Rugolo, and Allyn Ferguson.[4]

On 27 May 2005 the L.A. Jazz Institute honoured Garcia for his more than 60 years of contributions to jazz. The evening was hosted by Tierney Sutton and guest speakers included Bill Holman, Duane Tatro and Bud Shank.[5] Charmed Life: Shaynee Rainbolt Sings Russell Garcia is a recent CD release featuring his work in collaboration.[2]

Russell and Gina Garcia both received the 2009 Queen's Service Medal for New Zealand for their service to music.[6]

Professional career edit

When he was eleven years old, the Oakland Symphony Orchestra performed his arrangement of "Stardust". By the time Garcia was in high school, he was working five nights a week playing music and earning more than his father, who was a credit manager in a large department store. After one year at San Francisco State University he dropped out because he felt he was not learning enough and instead went on the road with several big bands. But he remained unsatisfied because, he said, "I wasn't advancing fast enough." He recalled, "I quit and went to Hollywood and had lessons with the best teachers I could find." He studied composition, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and form. He took lessons on every instrument so he could write for each with a deeper awareness, rather than just by ear as he had done in the past. He also conducted the West Hollywood Symphony Orchestra once a week for two years, a remarkable experience for a young man in his 20s; he said it primed him for what was to come.

His first break came in 1939, when the composer/conductor of the radio show This is Our America fell ill and Garcia was recommended to fill in. He so impressed the director, Ronald Reagan, that he was kept on for two years. Reagan was then married to Jane Wyman who recommended Garcia to NBC, where he was hired as a staff composer and arranger. As word got out, he said he never had to look for work: "It's always come to me. I do lead a charmed life." Soon after, Henry Mancini called on Garcia and his extraordinary talent of transcribing note for note, instrument for instrument, to work on The Glenn Miller Story.

Universal Studios contracted Garcia to work as composer, arranger and conductor in the 1950s. He remained in the post for 15 years.

According to Garcia's obituary in the Los Angeles Times and his obituary by Marc Myers in Jazzwax, a daily jazz blog[7][8][9] Garcia did the orchestration[10] for "the 65-piece studio symphony"[8] for Charlie Chaplin's 1952 film Limelight. However, in 1972, when Limelight won an Oscar for the best original dramatic score, the three Oscars were given to Chaplin, Raymond Rasch and posthumously to Larry Russell, who was also a composer and movie arranger at the time.[8][9]

In 1957, through his Universal Studios contract, he arranged and conducted Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald's record album Porgy And Bess.[10] He undertook three more albums and a concert at the Hollywood Bowl with Armstrong.

Bethlehem Records often called on Garcia for his arranging abilities; he was one of the few Hollywood soundstage and studio veterans who could easily and naturally switch from film scoring to jazz arranging.[2] Developing a parallel career, not only did he provide arrangements for many singers and instrumentalists, he recorded over 60 albums under his own name, as well as composing for cutting-edge projects such as the Stan Kenton Neophonic Orchestra.

He was considered an innovator with his music using experimental frameworks on which newer and greater presentations could be fashioned, as he proved, assembling his unexpected and groundbreaking four-trombone band[11] with brass players Frank Rosolino, Tommy Pederson, Maynard Ferguson and Herbie Harper. Marty Paich can even be heard on some of these sessions at the piano. He used this instrumentation and sound to great success in collaborations with singers like Frances Faye and Anita O'Day, and brought it back in his most recent collaboration: a recording of all Garcia originals with New York vocalist Shaynee Rainbolt.[12]

Although he loved what he was doing, he decided to walk away from it all in 1966. "I fought in the Battle of the Bulge during World War II and vowed that if I ever got out of it alive, I was going to dedicate myself to world peace." The Garcias decided to sail the Pacific Ocean, carrying the message of peace and the Baháʼí Faith to the remote islands of the South Pacific. Garcia said, "Not many people have the chance to follow their hearts with no financial worries. We had the "charm" working for us: we knew the royalties would see us through for some years." They spent the next six years on their 13-metre fiberglass trimaran the Dawn-Breaker, as "traveling teachers," anchoring in such exotic locations as Jamaica, the Galapagos Islands, the Marquesas and Tahiti.

In Fiji, in 1969, the "charm" spun again when musicians visiting from Auckland invited Garcia, on behalf of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission and the Music Trades Association, to do live concerts, radio and TV shows as well as lecture at universities around the country, a perfect fit seeing as Garcia is also known in music circles as the author of what are considered the definitive textbooks on composition: The Professional Arranger Composer Books I and II. They have been translated into six languages and are used in universities and conservatories around the world.

At the age of ninety-two, Garcia was still composing and touring internationally, and he conducted his own 95th birthday concert in Kerikeri.[13]

Discography edit

His Baha'i music includes the music (and non scripture lyrics) for 1960s and 1970s songs "One Heart Ruby Red" (with Donna Taylor), "Nightingale of Paradise" (with Gina Garcia), "Hollow Reed", "We Will Have One World", "The Hatin' Wall" (with Donna Taylor), "Live in the Glory" (with Dorothy Wayne), "Hidden Words", and "Into Parched and Arid Wastelands"[14]

In his nineties, he composed original music for "A Path to Peace,", a piece inspired by the Baha'i writings that included his wife's lyrics. The Path to Peace incorporated nine major principles from The Promise of World Peace, published by the Baháʼí international administrative body, the Universal House of Justice, in 1985. The "[p]rinciples that promote peace include the equality of men and women, universal education, and the elimination of extremes of wealth and poverty."[13]

References edit

  1. ^ Voce, Steve (29 November 2011). "Russ Garcia: Musician who worked with Welles and Armstro". The Independent. London. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Rainbolt, Shaynee (2009). Charmed Life: Shaynee Rainbolt Sings Russell Garcia (Media notes). Liner Notes. 634479863998. Retrieved 27 December 2017.This biography Was approved by Russell Garcia and Gina Garcia in connection to their collaboration
  3. ^ Coleman, Don (nd). "Russell Garcia Interview". Coleman Zone. Time Machine Project: Russell Garcia. Burbank, California. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  4. ^ Coleman, Don (nd). "Russell Garcia and Buddy Childers in Concert". Coleman Zone. Time Machine Project: Russell Garcia. Burbank, California. Retrieved 27 December 2017.The Time Machine Project was created by Don Coleman in 1998. This website was first created in 1999
  5. ^ Coleman, Don (nd). "L.A. Jazz Institute honors Russell Garcia". Coleman Zone. Time Machine Project: Russell Garcia. Burbank, California. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  6. ^ 2009 Queen's Service Medal 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Top 25 Jazz blogs". Invesp. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  8. ^ a b c d Myers, Marc (19 September 2008), , Jazz Wax, archived from the original on 2 April 2009, retrieved 27 December 2017
  9. ^ a b Myers, Marc (21 November 2011). "Russ Garcia (1916-2011)". Jazzwax. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  10. ^ a b McLellan, Dennis (24 November 2011). "Russell Garcia dies at 95; arranger, composer and conductor". Los Angeles Times. Obituary. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Garcia, who orchestrated Charles Chaplin's 1952 film "Limelight," was under contract at Universal as an arranger, composer and conductor in the 1950s and early '60s.
  11. ^ Russell Garcia And His Four Trombone Band
  12. ^ Shaynee Rainbolt Official Webpage
  13. ^ a b "A musical life that goes on and on". Baháʼí News Service. Ried im Innkreis, Austria: Baháʼí International Community. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
  14. ^ "Baha'i Victory Chorus", BF1000, album directed by Russ Garcia

External links edit

January 01, 1970
russell, garcia, composer, russell, garcia, april, 1916, november, 2011, american, composer, arranger, wrote, wide, variety, music, screen, stage, broadcast, russ, garcia, kerikeri, garcia, born, oakland, california, longtime, resident, zealand, self, taught, . Russell Garcia QSM 12 April 1916 19 November 2011 1 was an American composer and arranger who wrote a wide variety of music for screen stage and broadcast Russ Garcia at Kerikeri Garcia was born in Oakland California but was a longtime resident of New Zealand Self taught his break came when he substituted for an ill colleague on a radio show Subsequently he went on to become a composer arranger at NBC Studios for such television shows as Rawhide 1962 and Laredo 1965 67 He worked at Universal Studios and MGM where at the latter he composed and conducted the original scores for such films as George Pal s The Time Machine 1960 and Atlantis the Lost Continent 1961 He also orchestrated the music for Father Goose 1964 and The Benny Goodman Story 1956 Garcia collaborated with many Hollywood musicians and celebrities including Ella Fitzgerald Louis Armstrong Anita O Day Mel Torme Julie London Oscar Peterson Stan Kenton Maynard Ferguson Walt Disney Orson Welles Jane Wyman Ronald Reagan Andy Williams Judy Garland Henry Mancini and Charlie Chaplin making arrangements and conducting orchestras as needed 2 Russ loved to ski so he would write on site scores to ski content films Contents 1 Personal life 2 Events and awards 3 Professional career 4 Discography 5 References 6 External linksPersonal life editOne of five brothers Garcia grew up in what he said was an ordinary household where music was something that came out of the radio 2 When his family noticed the five year old Russ standing by the radio every Sunday morning waiting for the New York Philharmonic to come on it was obvious the child had a special interest in music One of his brothers presented him with an old cornet he bought for 5 which Russ taught himself to play In school he started a jazz band to play his new horn and ended up using the band as an outlet for his compositions and arrangements of standards all of which were self taught I ve been able to read music since I was little he said at the time I don t know how because I had lessons only when I went to high school Call it instinct call it a gift I ve never questioned my musical ability I m thankful for it If I take up a sheet of manuscript paper and a pen there s a whole orchestra playing in my head At times I can t write quickly enough to keep up with what s flowing out of me Garcia and his wife Gina Mauriello Garcia a published author and singer lyricist writer in her own right were members of the Bahaʼi Faith since 1955 3 In 1966 at the height of his career the Garcias sold their home and possessions bought a boat and set sail on June 1 However the couple knew nothing about sailing and Gina did not know how to swim the early arrival of Hurricane Alma forced them to return after only two days at sea It was December before damage to the boat was finally repaired and they set forth once again This time they reached Nassau without further complications and spent several years as travel teachers for the Bahaʼis as they went around the world to places like the Galapagos Islands Haiti Cuba Jamaica Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands When they reached Fiji in 1969 musicians from Auckland New Zealand invited Garcia to do some live concerts radio and television shows and to lecture at various universities around the country on behalf of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission and Music Trades Association Russell when finished with his lectures and concerts and on advice of friends drove up to the Bay of Islands in the north of North Island Garcia and his wife fell in love with the location and bought a house on the water s edge of Tangitu Bay in the Te Puna Inlet east of the Purerua Peninsula near Kerikeri 2 They spent many years there but after they moved to Kerikeri Garcia continued to compose and arrange including projects in the United States and around the world His most recent project prior to his death was his and Gina s first opera The Unquenchable Flame Together the Garcias further volunteered their services on a regular basis to teach primary school children in New Zealand about the virtues gained through the use of songs stories games and creative exercises 2 Events and awards editOn Memorial Day weekend 2003 Garcia and Buddy Childers had an event Contemporary Concepts Presented A 4 Day Jazz Festival Celebrating The West Coast Big Band Sound in Concert in Los Angeles Speakers Panelists included Garcia Buddy Childers Pete Rugolo and Allyn Ferguson 4 On 27 May 2005 the L A Jazz Institute honoured Garcia for his more than 60 years of contributions to jazz The evening was hosted by Tierney Sutton and guest speakers included Bill Holman Duane Tatro and Bud Shank 5 Charmed Life Shaynee Rainbolt Sings Russell Garcia is a recent CD release featuring his work in collaboration 2 Russell and Gina Garcia both received the 2009 Queen s Service Medal for New Zealand for their service to music 6 Professional career editWhen he was eleven years old the Oakland Symphony Orchestra performed his arrangement of Stardust By the time Garcia was in high school he was working five nights a week playing music and earning more than his father who was a credit manager in a large department store After one year at San Francisco State University he dropped out because he felt he was not learning enough and instead went on the road with several big bands But he remained unsatisfied because he said I wasn t advancing fast enough He recalled I quit and went to Hollywood and had lessons with the best teachers I could find He studied composition harmony orchestration counterpoint and form He took lessons on every instrument so he could write for each with a deeper awareness rather than just by ear as he had done in the past He also conducted the West Hollywood Symphony Orchestra once a week for two years a remarkable experience for a young man in his 20s he said it primed him for what was to come His first break came in 1939 when the composer conductor of the radio show This is Our America fell ill and Garcia was recommended to fill in He so impressed the director Ronald Reagan that he was kept on for two years Reagan was then married to Jane Wyman who recommended Garcia to NBC where he was hired as a staff composer and arranger As word got out he said he never had to look for work It s always come to me I do lead a charmed life Soon after Henry Mancini called on Garcia and his extraordinary talent of transcribing note for note instrument for instrument to work on The Glenn Miller Story Universal Studios contracted Garcia to work as composer arranger and conductor in the 1950s He remained in the post for 15 years According to Garcia s obituary in the Los Angeles Times and his obituary by Marc Myers in Jazzwax a daily jazz blog 7 8 9 Garcia did the orchestration 10 for the 65 piece studio symphony 8 for Charlie Chaplin s 1952 film Limelight However in 1972 when Limelight won an Oscar for the best original dramatic score the three Oscars were given to Chaplin Raymond Rasch and posthumously to Larry Russell who was also a composer and movie arranger at the time 8 9 In 1957 through his Universal Studios contract he arranged and conducted Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald s record album Porgy And Bess 10 He undertook three more albums and a concert at the Hollywood Bowl with Armstrong Bethlehem Records often called on Garcia for his arranging abilities he was one of the few Hollywood soundstage and studio veterans who could easily and naturally switch from film scoring to jazz arranging 2 Developing a parallel career not only did he provide arrangements for many singers and instrumentalists he recorded over 60 albums under his own name as well as composing for cutting edge projects such as the Stan Kenton Neophonic Orchestra He was considered an innovator with his music using experimental frameworks on which newer and greater presentations could be fashioned as he proved assembling his unexpected and groundbreaking four trombone band 11 with brass players Frank Rosolino Tommy Pederson Maynard Ferguson and Herbie Harper Marty Paich can even be heard on some of these sessions at the piano He used this instrumentation and sound to great success in collaborations with singers like Frances Faye and Anita O Day and brought it back in his most recent collaboration a recording of all Garcia originals with New York vocalist Shaynee Rainbolt 12 Although he loved what he was doing he decided to walk away from it all in 1966 I fought in the Battle of the Bulge during World War II and vowed that if I ever got out of it alive I was going to dedicate myself to world peace The Garcias decided to sail the Pacific Ocean carrying the message of peace and the Bahaʼi Faith to the remote islands of the South Pacific Garcia said Not many people have the chance to follow their hearts with no financial worries We had the charm working for us we knew the royalties would see us through for some years They spent the next six years on their 13 metre fiberglass trimaran the Dawn Breaker as traveling teachers anchoring in such exotic locations as Jamaica the Galapagos Islands the Marquesas and Tahiti In Fiji in 1969 the charm spun again when musicians visiting from Auckland invited Garcia on behalf of the New Zealand Broadcasting Commission and the Music Trades Association to do live concerts radio and TV shows as well as lecture at universities around the country a perfect fit seeing as Garcia is also known in music circles as the author of what are considered the definitive textbooks on composition The Professional Arranger Composer Books I and II They have been translated into six languages and are used in universities and conservatories around the world At the age of ninety two Garcia was still composing and touring internationally and he conducted his own 95th birthday concert in Kerikeri 13 Discography edit1950 Radar Secret Service 1953 Limelight miscredited 1972 Oscar for Best Original Dramatic Score given to Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell 8 1954 Buddy DeFranco and Oscar Peterson Play George Gershwin 1955 Wigville 1955 Four Horns and a Lush Life 1956 The Johnny Evergreens 1956 That Old Black Magic Peggy Connelly leader 1956 Our New Nellie Nellie Lutcher leader 1956 57 About the Blues Julie London leader 1956 The Complete Porgy and Bess 1957 Porgy and Bess Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong 1957 Louis Under the Stars Louis Armstrong 1957 I ve Got the World on a String Louis Armstrong 1957 Enchantment 1957 The Warm Feeling 1957 Listen to the Music of Russell Garcia 1957 Make Love to Me Julie London 1957 Sounds in the Night 1957 Sleepy Lagoon Si Zentner With Russ Garcia And His Orchestra 1958 Anita Sings the Winners Anita O Day 1958 Carioca 1958 Here s to My Lady Bobby Troup With Russ Garcia And His Orchestra 1959 Get Happy Ella Fitzgerald 1959 Jazz Music for Birds and Hep Cats 1959 Fantastica Music From Outer Space see Theodore Keep 1960 Cool Velvet see Stan Getz 1960 Swingin on the Moon Mel Torme 1960 Margaret Whiting Sings the Jerome Kern Songbook Margaret Whiting 1960 Soubrette Sings Broadway Hit Songs Blossom Dearie 1960 The Time Machine soundtrack 1961 Atlantis the Lost Continent soundtrack 1965 Laredo soundtrack 1965 Adventure in Emotion on Stan Kenton Conducts the Los Angeles Neophonic Orchestra 1966 The Pad and How to Use It soundtrack 1968 Three Guns for Texas soundtrack 1975 I ll Never Forget What s Her Name 1979 Variations for Flugelhorn String Quartet Bass amp Drums 1980 I Lead a Charmed Life 1986 Jazz Variations 1996 Artistry in Jazz Buddy Childers with the Russ Garcia Strings 2002 The Unquenchable Flame about Tahirih 2009 Charmed Life Shaynee Rainbolt Sings Russell Garcia His Baha i music includes the music and non scripture lyrics for 1960s and 1970s songs One Heart Ruby Red with Donna Taylor Nightingale of Paradise with Gina Garcia Hollow Reed We Will Have One World The Hatin Wall with Donna Taylor Live in the Glory with Dorothy Wayne Hidden Words and Into Parched and Arid Wastelands 14 In his nineties he composed original music for A Path to Peace a piece inspired by the Baha i writings that included his wife s lyrics The Path to Peace incorporated nine major principles from The Promise of World Peace published by the Bahaʼi international administrative body the Universal House of Justice in 1985 The p rinciples that promote peace include the equality of men and women universal education and the elimination of extremes of wealth and poverty 13 References edit Voce Steve 29 November 2011 Russ Garcia Musician who worked with Welles and Armstro The Independent London Retrieved 18 December 2011 a b c d e f Rainbolt Shaynee 2009 Charmed Life Shaynee Rainbolt Sings Russell Garcia Media notes Liner Notes 634479863998 Retrieved 27 December 2017 This biography Was approved by Russell Garcia and Gina Garcia in connection to their collaboration Coleman Don nd Russell Garcia Interview Coleman Zone Time Machine Project Russell Garcia Burbank California Retrieved 27 December 2017 Coleman Don nd Russell Garcia and Buddy Childers in Concert Coleman Zone Time Machine Project Russell Garcia Burbank California Retrieved 27 December 2017 The Time Machine Project was created by Don Coleman in 1998 This website was first created in 1999 Coleman Don nd L A Jazz Institute honors Russell Garcia Coleman Zone Time Machine Project Russell Garcia Burbank California Retrieved 27 December 2017 2009 Queen s Service Medal Archived 4 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Top 25 Jazz blogs Invesp Retrieved 25 October 2011 a b c d Myers Marc 19 September 2008 The Case of the Misplaced Oscar Jazz Wax archived from the original on 2 April 2009 retrieved 27 December 2017 a b Myers Marc 21 November 2011 Russ Garcia 1916 2011 Jazzwax Retrieved 27 December 2017 a b McLellan Dennis 24 November 2011 Russell Garcia dies at 95 arranger composer and conductor Los Angeles Times Obituary Retrieved 27 December 2017 Garcia who orchestrated Charles Chaplin s 1952 film Limelight was under contract at Universal as an arranger composer and conductor in the 1950s and early 60s Russell Garcia And His Four Trombone Band Shaynee Rainbolt Official Webpage a b A musical life that goes on and on Bahaʼi News Service Ried im Innkreis Austria Bahaʼi International Community 29 August 2008 Retrieved 27 December 2017 Baha i Victory Chorus BF1000 album directed by Russ GarciaExternal links editRussell Garcia at IMDb Garcia Website SoundTrackNet Interview LA Jazz Institute Russel Garcia papers at the American Heritage Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Russell Garcia composer amp oldid 1220578532, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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