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Rune poems
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Íslenska rúnakvæðið (Icelandic Rune Poem)
Rune poems are poems that list the letters of runic alphabets while providing an explanatory poetic stanza for each letter. Four different poems have been preserved: the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem, the Norwegian Rune Poem, the Icelandic Rune Poem and the Swedish Rune Poem.
The Icelandic and Norwegian poems list 16 Younger Futhark runes, while the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem lists 29 Anglo-Saxon runes.[citation needed] Each poem differs in poetic verse, but they contain numerous parallels between one another. Further, the poems provide references to figures from Norse and Anglo-Saxon paganism, the latter included alongside Christian references. A list of rune names is also recorded in the Abecedarium Nordmannicum, a 9th-century manuscript, but whether this can be called a poem or not is a matter of some debate.
The rune poems have been theorized as having been mnemonic devices that allowed the user to remember the order and names of each letter of the alphabet and may have been a catalog of important cultural information, memorably arranged; comparable with the Old English sayings, Gnomic poetry, and Old Norse poetry of wisdom and learning.[1]
The Old English Rune Poem as recorded was likely composed in the 7th century[2] and was preserved in the 10th-century manuscript Cotton Otho B.x, fol. 165a – 165b, housed at the Cotton library in London, England. In 1731, the manuscript was lost with numerous other manuscripts in a fire at the Cotton library.[3] However, the poem had been copied by George Hickes in 1705 and his copy has formed the basis of all later editions of the poems.[3]
George Hickes' record of the poem may deviate from the original manuscript.[3] Hickes recorded the poem in prose, divided the prose into 29 stanzas, and placed a copper plate engraved with runic characters on the left-hand margin so that each rune stands immediately in front of the stanza where it belongs.[3] For five of the runes (wen, hægl, nyd, eoh, and Ing) Hickes gives variant forms and two more runes are given at the foot of the column; cweorð and an unnamed rune (calc) which are not handled in the poem itself.[3] A second copper plate appears across the foot of the page and contains two more runes: stan and gar.[3]
Van Kirk Dobbie states that this apparatus is not likely to have been present in the original text of the Cotton manuscript and states that it's possible that the original Anglo-Saxon rune poem manuscript would have appeared similar in arrangement of runes and texts to that of the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems.[3]
Norwegian
The Norwegian Rune Poem was preserved in a 17th-century copy of a destroyed 13th-century manuscript.[4] The Norwegian Rune Poem is preserved in skaldic metre, featuring the first line exhibiting a "(rune name)(copula) X" pattern, followed by a second rhyming line providing information somehow relating to its subject.[5]
Icelandic
The Icelandic Rune Poem is recorded in four Arnamagnæan manuscripts, the oldest of the four dating from the late 15th century.[4] The Icelandic Rune Poem has been called the most systemized of the rune poems (including the Abecedarium Nordmannicum) and has been compared to the ljóðaháttr verse form.[5][6]
Swedish
The Old Swedish rune poem is the youngest of the four, first being recorded in a letter that was published in 1908. Due to its age, it has received relatively little attention from runologists.[7]
Example (Icelandic Rune Poem)
Here is an example of a rune poem with English translation side-by-side from Dickins:[8]
#
rune
name
Old Icelandic
English
1
ᚠ
Fé
Fé er frænda róg ok flæðar viti ok grafseiðs gata
Wealth = source of discord among kinsmen and fire of the sea and path of the serpent.
2
ᚢ
Úr
Úr er skýja grátr ok skára þverrir ok hirðis hatr.
Shower = lamentation of the clouds and ruin of the hay-harvest and abomination of the shepherd.
3
ᚦ
Þurs
Þurs er kvenna kvöl ok kletta búi ok varðrúnar verr.
Giant = torture of women and cliff-dweller and husband of a giantess.
4
ᚬ
Óss
Óss er algingautr ok ásgarðs jöfurr, ok valhallar vísi.
Recorded in the 9th century, the Abecedarium Nordmannicum is the earliest known catalog of Norse rune names, though it does not contain definitions, is partly in Continental Germanic and also contains an amount of distinctive Anglo-Saxon rune types.[9] The text is recorded in Codex Sangallensis 878,[5] kept in the St. Gallen abbey, and may originate from Fulda, Germany.
Silva, Inmaculada Senra (1 January 2006). "A note on the meaning of os in the Old English Rune Poem". Epos: Revista de filología (22): 393. doi:10.5944/epos.22.2006.10523. ISSN 2255-3495.
The Rune Poem (Old English), ed. and tr. T.A. Shippey, Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English. Cambridge, 1976: 80–5.
Foys, Martinet al. (eds.) Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project, (Madison, WI: Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, 2019-). Online edition annotated and linked to digital facsimile, with a modern translation.
External links
from "Runic and Heroic Poems" by Bruce Dickins
August 22, 2023
rune, poem, this, article, contains, runic, characters, without, proper, rendering, support, question, marks, boxes, other, symbols, instead, runes, wikisource, original, text, related, this, article, icelandic, wikisource, original, text, related, this, artic. This article contains runic characters Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of runes Wikisource has original text related to this article Rune poems Icelandic Wikisource has original text related to this article Islenska runakvaedid Icelandic Rune Poem Rune poems are poems that list the letters of runic alphabets while providing an explanatory poetic stanza for each letter Four different poems have been preserved the Anglo Saxon Rune Poem the Norwegian Rune Poem the Icelandic Rune Poem and the Swedish Rune Poem The Icelandic and Norwegian poems list 16 Younger Futhark runes while the Anglo Saxon Rune Poem lists 29 Anglo Saxon runes citation needed Each poem differs in poetic verse but they contain numerous parallels between one another Further the poems provide references to figures from Norse and Anglo Saxon paganism the latter included alongside Christian references A list of rune names is also recorded in the Abecedarium Nordmannicum a 9th century manuscript but whether this can be called a poem or not is a matter of some debate The rune poems have been theorized as having been mnemonic devices that allowed the user to remember the order and names of each letter of the alphabet and may have been a catalog of important cultural information memorably arranged comparable with the Old English sayings Gnomic poetry and Old Norse poetry of wisdom and learning 1 Contents 1 Rune poems 1 1 English 1 2 Norwegian 1 3 Icelandic 1 4 Swedish 2 Example Icelandic Rune Poem 3 Abecedarium Nordmannicum 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksRune poems EditEnglish Edit Main article Old English rune poem The Old English Rune Poem as recorded was likely composed in the 7th century 2 and was preserved in the 10th century manuscript Cotton Otho B x fol 165a 165b housed at the Cotton library in London England In 1731 the manuscript was lost with numerous other manuscripts in a fire at the Cotton library 3 However the poem had been copied by George Hickes in 1705 and his copy has formed the basis of all later editions of the poems 3 George Hickes record of the poem may deviate from the original manuscript 3 Hickes recorded the poem in prose divided the prose into 29 stanzas and placed a copper plate engraved with runic characters on the left hand margin so that each rune stands immediately in front of the stanza where it belongs 3 For five of the runes wen haegl nyd eoh and Ing Hickes gives variant forms and two more runes are given at the foot of the column cweord and an unnamed rune calc which are not handled in the poem itself 3 A second copper plate appears across the foot of the page and contains two more runes stan and gar 3 Van Kirk Dobbie states that this apparatus is not likely to have been present in the original text of the Cotton manuscript and states that it s possible that the original Anglo Saxon rune poem manuscript would have appeared similar in arrangement of runes and texts to that of the Norwegian and Icelandic rune poems 3 Norwegian Edit The Norwegian Rune Poem was preserved in a 17th century copy of a destroyed 13th century manuscript 4 The Norwegian Rune Poem is preserved in skaldic metre featuring the first line exhibiting a rune name copula X pattern followed by a second rhyming line providing information somehow relating to its subject 5 Icelandic Edit The Icelandic Rune Poem is recorded in four Arnamagnaean manuscripts the oldest of the four dating from the late 15th century 4 The Icelandic Rune Poem has been called the most systemized of the rune poems including the Abecedarium Nordmannicum and has been compared to the ljodahattr verse form 5 6 Swedish Edit The Old Swedish rune poem is the youngest of the four first being recorded in a letter that was published in 1908 Due to its age it has received relatively little attention from runologists 7 Example Icelandic Rune Poem EditHere is an example of a rune poem with English translation side by side from Dickins 8 rune name Old Icelandic English1 ᚠ Fe Fe er fraenda rog ok flaedar viti ok grafseids gata Wealth source of discord among kinsmen and fire of the sea and path of the serpent 2 ᚢ Ur Ur er skyja gratr ok skara thverrir ok hirdis hatr Shower lamentation of the clouds and ruin of the hay harvest and abomination of the shepherd 3 ᚦ THurs THurs er kvenna kvol ok kletta bui ok vardrunar verr Giant torture of women and cliff dweller and husband of a giantess 4 ᚬ oss oss er algingautr ok asgards jofurr ok valhallar visi God aged Gautr and prince of Asgardr and lord of Valhalla 5 ᚱ Reid Reid er sitjandi saela ok snudig ferd ok jors erfidi Riding joy of the horsemen and speedy journey and toil of the steed 6 ᚴ Kaun Kaun er barna bol ok bardaga for ok holdfua hus Ulcer disease fatal to children and painful spot and abode of mortification 7 ᚼ Hagall Hagall er kaldakorn ok krapadrifa ok snaka sott Hail cold grain and shower of sleet and sickness of serpents 8 ᚾ Naud Naud er THyjar thra ok thungr kostr ok vassamlig verk Constraint grief of the bond maid and state of oppression and toilsome work 9 ᛁ Iss Iss er arborkr ok unnar thak ok feigra manna far Ice bark of rivers and roof of the wave and destruction of the doomed 10 ᛅ Ar Ar er gumna godi ok gott sumar algroinn akr Plenty boon to men and good summer and thriving crops 11 ᛋ Sol Sol er skyja skjoldr ok skinandi rodull ok isa aldrtregi Sun shield of the clouds and shining ray and destroyer of ice 12 ᛏ Tyr Tyr er einhendr ass ok ulfs leifar ok hofa hilmir Tyr god with one hand and leavings of the wolf and prince of temples 13 ᛒ Bjarkan Bjarkan er laufgat lim ok litit tre ok ungsamligr vidr Birch leafy twig and little tree and fresh young shrub 14 ᛘ Madr Madr er manns gaman ok moldar auki ok skipa skreytir Man delight of man and augmentation of the earth and adorner of ships 15 ᛚ Logr Logr er vellanda vatn ok vidr ketill ok glommungr grund Water eddying stream and broad geysir and land of the fish 16 ᛦ Yr Yr er bendr bogi ok brotgjarnt jarn ok fifu farbauti Yew bent bow and brittle iron and giant of the arrow Abecedarium Nordmannicum EditMain article Abecedarium Nordmannicum Recorded in the 9th century the Abecedarium Nordmannicum is the earliest known catalog of Norse rune names though it does not contain definitions is partly in Continental Germanic and also contains an amount of distinctive Anglo Saxon rune types 9 The text is recorded in Codex Sangallensis 878 5 kept in the St Gallen abbey and may originate from Fulda Germany See also EditBriatharogam Gothic alphabet List of runestones Runic magicNotes Edit Lapidge 2007 25 26 Van Kirk Dobbie 1965 XLIX a b c d e f g Van Kirk Dobbie 1965 XLVI a b Lapidge 2007 25 a b c Acker 1998 52 53 Nordic Medieval Runes Silva 2006 pp 398 Dickins 1915 28 33 Page 1999 660 References EditAcker Paul 1998 Revising Oral Theory Formulaic Composition in Old English and Old Icelandic Verse Routledge ISBN 0 8153 3102 9 Dickins Bruce 1915 Runic and Heroic Poems of the Old Teutonic Peoples Cambridge University Press Internet Archive Lapidge Michael Editor 2007 Anglo Saxon England Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 03843 X Page Raymond Ian 1999 An Introduction to English Runes Boydell Press ISBN 0 85115 946 X Silva Inmaculada Senra 1 January 2006 A note on the meaning of os in the Old English Rune Poem Epos Revista de filologia 22 393 doi 10 5944 epos 22 2006 10523 ISSN 2255 3495 Van Kirk Dobbie Elliott 1942 The Anglo Saxon Minor Poems Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 08770 5 The Rune Poem Old English ed and tr T A Shippey Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English Cambridge 1976 80 5 Foys Martin et al eds Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project Madison WI Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture 2019 Online edition annotated and linked to digital facsimile with a modern translation External links EditRune Poems from Runic and Heroic Poems by Bruce Dickins Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rune poem amp oldid 1168983578, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,