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Royal Kobayashi

Kazuo Kobayashi (小林 和男[1], Kobayashi Kazuo, born October 10, 1949 – November 17, 2020), better known as Royal Kobayashi, was a Japanese boxer who competed at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games in the featherweight division, and won the WBC junior featherweight titles in 1976. He is an alumnus of the Takushoku University.[2]

Royal Kobayashi
小林 和男
Born
Kazuo Kobayashi

(1949-10-10)October 10, 1949
DiedNovember 17, 2020(2020-11-17) (aged 71)
Kumamoto, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
NationalityJapanese
Other namesKO maker
Statistics
Weight(s)
Height5 ft 5+12 in (166 cm)
StanceOrthodox
Boxing record
Total fights43
Wins35
Wins by KO27
Losses8

Amateur career edit

Kobayashi who had practiced kendo until high school graduation, began boxing after admission to the Physical Training School of the Self Defense Forces.[3][4] He won the All-Japan Amateur Boxing Championships in the featherweight division in 1971 and 1972.[4]

Kobayashi represented Japan at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. In the second round match against Pat Ryan, Kobayashi knocked him down thrice, badly damaged his face, and won by a 4–1 decision. Beaver County Times called the one vote against Kobayashi "the most ridiculous decision (vote) of the night".[5] Kobayashi then knocked out Italy's Pasqualino Morbidelli in one round, before losing 1–4 to András Botos in the quarterfinals. He compiled an amateur record of 34–3 (28 KOs)[1] before turning professional.

Professional career edit

Since Kobayashi was an amateur boxer, he was said to be suitable for professional for his hard punches. In 1973, Kobayashi ran into Yoshinori Takahashi who is the president of Kokusai Boxing Sports Gym established in Tokyo in 1971 at a sports massage clinic, and was encouraged to turn professional.[6]

Kobayashi made his professional debut under the ring name Royal Kobayashi in an eight-round bout in February 1973. His first world title shot against WBA featherweight champion Alexis Argüello ended in a fifth round knockout loss,[7] in front of 16,000 spectators at the Kuramae Kokugikan in Tokyo in October 1975. After the fight, Kobayashi stated that he felt as if he had been beaten with a chunk of ice.[8] In February 1976, he made an expedition to Panama,[9] and lost on points there.

On October 9, 1976, Kobayashi moved down a weight class and dethroned Rigoberto Riasco as the WBC and lineal junior featherweight champion while being watched by 9,000 spectators at the Kuramae Kokugikan.[10] He floored Riasco once with his left hook in the seventh round, and twice with his right hooks in the eighth round.[11][12] However, he lost the title in his first defense against Dong-Kyun Yum via a majority decision at the Jangchung Gymnasium in Seoul, South Korea, on November 24 of that year.[13][14] In January 1978, Kobayashi challenged Wilfredo Gómez to regain the WBC junior featherweight title in front of 10,000 spectators[14] at the Kitakyūshū Municipal Gymnasium in Fukuoka, but was knocked out in the third round.[15]

Kobayashi went back to the featherweight division, and captured the OPBF title in April 1978. After defending that title once, he fought against Eusebio Pedroza for the WBA featherweight title at the Korakuen Hall in January 1979. However he quit after thirteen rounds with his face swollen by a barrage of blows in the eighth round.[16] Kobayashi defended the OPBF title seven times in total, for about two and a half years. In his eighth defense in October 1981, he suffered a first round knockout loss and retired as a boxer. His manager Takahashi later told that he realized the importance of short punches when Kobayashi lost to Pedroza and when he brought up Leopard Tamakuma to be a world champion he taught it to him thoroughly.[6]

Professional boxing record edit

43 fights 35 wins 8 losses
By knockout 27 4
By decision 8 4
No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes
43 Loss 35–8 Jung Han Hwang KO 1 (12) 1981-10-18 Munhwa Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea Lost OPBF featherweight title
42 Loss 35–7 Young Se Oh UD 12 (12) 1981-09-06 Munhwa Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea
41 Win 35–6 Dae Hwan Lee PTS 12 (12) 1981-05-19 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title
40 Win 34–6 Koichi Matsushima KO 8 (12) 1981-01-25 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title
39 Win 33–6 Dae Hwan Lee SD 12 (12) 1980-08-19 Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title
38 Win 32–6 Takao Maruki KO 6 (12) 1980-06-09 Nagoya, Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title
37 Win 31–6 Masa Ito KO 7 (10) 1980-02-24 City Gymnasium, Hofu, Japan
36 Win 30–6 Kashi Keno KO 6 (10) 1979-12-20 Japan
35 Win 29–6 Suk Tae Yun UD 12 (12) 1979-10-28 Aomori City, Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title
34 Win 28–6 Chong Yun Lee KO 5 (10) 1979-09-08 Seoul, South Korea
33 Loss 27–6 Hikaru Tomonari MD 10 (10) 1979-07-26 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan
32 Win 27–5 Bok Soo Hwang PTS 12 (12) 1979-04-27 Kumamoto, Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title
31 Loss 26–5 Eusebio Pedroza RTD 13 (15) 1979-01-09 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan For WBA featherweight title
30 Win 26–4 Spider Nemoto SD 12 (12) 1978-08-06 Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title
29 Win 25–4 Bok Soo Hwang TKO 10 (12) 1978-04-27 Japan Won OPBF featherweight title
28 Loss 24–4 Wilfredo Gómez KO 3 (15) 1978-01-19 Municipal Gymnasium, Kitakyushu, Japan For WBC super bantamweight title
27 Win 24–3 Satoshi Nakai TKO 1 (10) 1977-11-03 Japan
26 Win 23–3 Shigeru Sasaki KO 1 (10) 1977-05-23 Japan
25 Win 22–3 Blazer Okubo KO 7 (10) 1977-02-08 Ōtsu, Japan
24 Loss 21–3 Yum Dong-kyun MD 15 (15) 1976-11-24 Jangchung Gymnasium, Seoul, South Korea Lost WBC super bantamweight title
23 Win 21–2 Rigoberto Riasco KO 8 (15) 1976-10-09 Kuramae Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan Won WBC super bantamweight title
22 Win 20–2 Jaguar Sekino TKO 5 (10) 1976-07-10 Japan
21 Loss 19–2 Emilio Salcedo UD 10 (10) 1976-02-15 Feria de David, David, Panama
20 Win 19–1 Ushiwakamaru Harada PTS 10 (10) 1975-12-21 Japan
19 Loss 18–1 Alexis Argüello KO 5 (15) 1975-10-12 Kuramae Kokugikan, Tokyo, Japan For WBA & The Ring featherweight titles
18 Win 18–0 Hwa Ryong Yuh KO 4 (10) 1975-06-16 Japan
17 Win 17–0 Zensuke Utagawa KO 2 (12) 1975-05-09 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan
16 Win 16–0 Jun Gallego KO 9 (10) 1975-04-04 Sendai, Japan
15 Win 15–0 Masanao Toyoshima KO 6 (10) 1975-02-17 Japan
14 Win 14–0 Sanjo Takemori KO 2 (10) 1974-12-30 Japan
13 Win 13–0 Bert Nabalatan UD 10 (10) 1974-09-16 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan
12 Win 12–0 Ryu Fukita KO 4 (10) 1974-09-05 Osaka, Japan
11 Win 11–0 Freddie Mensah KO 7 (10) 1974-08-04 Japan
10 Win 10–0 José Medel RTD 6 (10) 1974-06-09 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan
9 Win 9–0 Sung Jong Hong KO 3 (10) 1974-03-17 Japan
8 Win 8–0 Hiroshi Nunose KO 4 (10) 1974-02-01 Japan
7 Win 7–0 Jaguar Sekino KO 2 (10) 1973-11-23 Japan
6 Win 6–0 Nam Chul Chung KO 5 (10) 1973-10-19 Japan
5 Win 5–0 Katsutoshi Inuzuka KO 5 (10) 1973-09-07 Japan
4 Win 4–0 Victor Dounue KO 7 (10) 1973-07-21 Kumamoto, Japan
3 Win 3–0 Hiroshi Miura KO 2 (10) 1973-06-15 Japan
2 Win 2–0 Gypsy Sato KO 2 (8) 1973-04-27 Japan
1 Win 1–0 Baron Kumazawa PTS 8 (8) 1973-02-25 Korakuen Hall, Tokyo, Japan

Later life & death edit

After retiring in 1981 with a record of 35-8 (27 KOs), Kobayashi worked as a trainer at the Yokohama Hikari Gym. He returned to his hometown of Kumamoto & worked as a security guard until his passing in 2020.[17][18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Baseball Magazine Sha 2002, p. 295.
  2. ^ Takahashi & Ashizawa 1993, p. 25
  3. ^ Takahashi & Ashizawa 1993, p. 80
  4. ^ a b Boxing Magazine editorial department, ed. (March 1, 2004). "ロイヤル小林". 日本プロボクシングチャンピオン大鑑 (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 41. ISBN 978-4-583-03784-4.
  5. ^ Mike Rabun (UPI) (August 30, 1972). "Decisions 'Disgusting': Officials On Hot Seat". Beaver County Times. p. D-2. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  6. ^ a b Jun'ichi Hirata; et al. (January 15, 2000). "名伯楽は語る〜世界王者育成秘話〜". In Boxing Magazine editorial department (ed.). The Glorious Moments 究極の栄光・世界チャンピオン名鑑 – 日本ボクシング史に輝く41人の男たち. B.B.mook; 117, sports series; No.72 (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. p. 108. ISBN 978-4-583-61076-4.
  7. ^ UPI (October 14, 1975). "Arguello keeps feather crown". The Gazette. p. 24. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  8. ^ Baseball Magazine Sha 2002, p. 196.
  9. ^ Takahashi & Ashizawa 1993, p. 81
  10. ^ "Royal Kobayashi - Lineal Jr. Featherweight Champion". The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia.
  11. ^ "Sports Briefs". Tri-City Herald. October 10, 1976. p. 23. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  12. ^ Baseball Magazine Sha 2002, p. 172.
  13. ^ AP (November 24, 1976). "Dong-Kyun Winner In Title Go". Reading Eagle. p. 37. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  14. ^ a b Baseball Magazine Sha 2002, p. 173.
  15. ^ AP (January 20, 1978). "Gomez retains title". The StarPhoenix. p. 9. Retrieved September 8, 2011.
  16. ^ Baseball Magazine Sha 2002, p. 198.
  17. ^ "Requiem to former WBC-122Lb. champ Royal Kobayashi". World Boxing Council. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
  18. ^ "FORMER WBC 122-POUND TITLEHOLDER KAZUO 'ROYAL' KOBAYASHI DEAD AT 71". The Ring. Retrieved 2024-03-08.

Bibliography edit

  • Boxing Magazine editorial department, ed. (May 31, 2002). 日本プロボクシング史 世界タイトルマッチで見る50年 (Japan Pro Boxing History – 50 Years of World Title Bouts) (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Baseball Magazine Sha Co., Ltd. pp. 172–173, 196, 198, 295. ISBN 978-4-583-03695-3.
  • Takahashi, Takashi; Ashizawa, Seiichi (June 1993). ボクシング写真画報. World Boxing (in Japanese) (special issue). Tokyo, Japan: Nippon Sports Publishing Co., Ltd.: 25, 80–81.

External links edit

  • Boxing record for Royal Kobayashi from BoxRec (registration required)
  • Royal Kobayashi at Olympedia  
Sporting positions
Regional boxing titles
Preceded by
Bok Soo Hwang
OPBF featherweight champion
April 27, 1978 – October 18, 1981
Succeeded by
Jung Han Hwang
World boxing titles
Preceded by WBC super bantamweight champion
October 9, 1976 – November 24, 1976
Succeeded by

royal, kobayashi, kazuo, kobayashi, 小林, 和男, kobayashi, kazuo, born, october, 1949, november, 2020, better, known, japanese, boxer, competed, 1972, munich, olympic, games, featherweight, division, junior, featherweight, titles, 1976, alumnus, takushoku, univers. Kazuo Kobayashi 小林 和男 1 Kobayashi Kazuo born October 10 1949 November 17 2020 better known as Royal Kobayashi was a Japanese boxer who competed at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games in the featherweight division and won the WBC junior featherweight titles in 1976 He is an alumnus of the Takushoku University 2 Royal Kobayashi小林 和男BornKazuo Kobayashi 1949 10 10 October 10 1949Shimomashiki District Kumamoto JapanDiedNovember 17 2020 2020 11 17 aged 71 Kumamoto Kumamoto Prefecture JapanNationalityJapaneseOther namesKO makerStatisticsWeight s Super bantamweight FeatherweightHeight5 ft 5 1 2 in 166 cm StanceOrthodoxBoxing recordTotal fights43Wins35Wins by KO27Losses8 Contents 1 Amateur career 2 Professional career 3 Professional boxing record 4 Later life amp death 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksAmateur career editKobayashi who had practiced kendo until high school graduation began boxing after admission to the Physical Training School of the Self Defense Forces 3 4 He won the All Japan Amateur Boxing Championships in the featherweight division in 1971 and 1972 4 Kobayashi represented Japan at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich In the second round match against Pat Ryan Kobayashi knocked him down thrice badly damaged his face and won by a 4 1 decision Beaver County Times called the one vote against Kobayashi the most ridiculous decision vote of the night 5 Kobayashi then knocked out Italy s Pasqualino Morbidelli in one round before losing 1 4 to Andras Botos in the quarterfinals He compiled an amateur record of 34 3 28 KOs 1 before turning professional Professional career editSince Kobayashi was an amateur boxer he was said to be suitable for professional for his hard punches In 1973 Kobayashi ran into Yoshinori Takahashi who is the president of Kokusai Boxing Sports Gym established in Tokyo in 1971 at a sports massage clinic and was encouraged to turn professional 6 Kobayashi made his professional debut under the ring name Royal Kobayashi in an eight round bout in February 1973 His first world title shot against WBA featherweight champion Alexis Arguello ended in a fifth round knockout loss 7 in front of 16 000 spectators at the Kuramae Kokugikan in Tokyo in October 1975 After the fight Kobayashi stated that he felt as if he had been beaten with a chunk of ice 8 In February 1976 he made an expedition to Panama 9 and lost on points there On October 9 1976 Kobayashi moved down a weight class and dethroned Rigoberto Riasco as the WBC and lineal junior featherweight champion while being watched by 9 000 spectators at the Kuramae Kokugikan 10 He floored Riasco once with his left hook in the seventh round and twice with his right hooks in the eighth round 11 12 However he lost the title in his first defense against Dong Kyun Yum via a majority decision at the Jangchung Gymnasium in Seoul South Korea on November 24 of that year 13 14 In January 1978 Kobayashi challenged Wilfredo Gomez to regain the WBC junior featherweight title in front of 10 000 spectators 14 at the Kitakyushu Municipal Gymnasium in Fukuoka but was knocked out in the third round 15 Kobayashi went back to the featherweight division and captured the OPBF title in April 1978 After defending that title once he fought against Eusebio Pedroza for the WBA featherweight title at the Korakuen Hall in January 1979 However he quit after thirteen rounds with his face swollen by a barrage of blows in the eighth round 16 Kobayashi defended the OPBF title seven times in total for about two and a half years In his eighth defense in October 1981 he suffered a first round knockout loss and retired as a boxer His manager Takahashi later told that he realized the importance of short punches when Kobayashi lost to Pedroza and when he brought up Leopard Tamakuma to be a world champion he taught it to him thoroughly 6 Professional boxing record edit43 fights 35 wins 8 losses By knockout 27 4 By decision 8 4 No Result Record Opponent Type Round time Date Location Notes 43 Loss 35 8 Jung Han Hwang KO 1 12 1981 10 18 Munhwa Gymnasium Seoul South Korea Lost OPBF featherweight title 42 Loss 35 7 Young Se Oh UD 12 12 1981 09 06 Munhwa Gymnasium Seoul South Korea 41 Win 35 6 Dae Hwan Lee PTS 12 12 1981 05 19 Korakuen Hall Tokyo Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title 40 Win 34 6 Koichi Matsushima KO 8 12 1981 01 25 Korakuen Hall Tokyo Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title 39 Win 33 6 Dae Hwan Lee SD 12 12 1980 08 19 Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title 38 Win 32 6 Takao Maruki KO 6 12 1980 06 09 Nagoya Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title 37 Win 31 6 Masa Ito KO 7 10 1980 02 24 City Gymnasium Hofu Japan 36 Win 30 6 Kashi Keno KO 6 10 1979 12 20 Japan 35 Win 29 6 Suk Tae Yun UD 12 12 1979 10 28 Aomori City Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title 34 Win 28 6 Chong Yun Lee KO 5 10 1979 09 08 Seoul South Korea 33 Loss 27 6 Hikaru Tomonari MD 10 10 1979 07 26 Korakuen Hall Tokyo Japan 32 Win 27 5 Bok Soo Hwang PTS 12 12 1979 04 27 Kumamoto Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title 31 Loss 26 5 Eusebio Pedroza RTD 13 15 1979 01 09 Korakuen Hall Tokyo Japan For WBA featherweight title 30 Win 26 4 Spider Nemoto SD 12 12 1978 08 06 Japan Retained OPBF featherweight title 29 Win 25 4 Bok Soo Hwang TKO 10 12 1978 04 27 Japan Won OPBF featherweight title 28 Loss 24 4 Wilfredo Gomez KO 3 15 1978 01 19 Municipal Gymnasium Kitakyushu Japan For WBC super bantamweight title 27 Win 24 3 Satoshi Nakai TKO 1 10 1977 11 03 Japan 26 Win 23 3 Shigeru Sasaki KO 1 10 1977 05 23 Japan 25 Win 22 3 Blazer Okubo KO 7 10 1977 02 08 Ōtsu Japan 24 Loss 21 3 Yum Dong kyun MD 15 15 1976 11 24 Jangchung Gymnasium Seoul South Korea Lost WBC super bantamweight title 23 Win 21 2 Rigoberto Riasco KO 8 15 1976 10 09 Kuramae Kokugikan Tokyo Japan Won WBC super bantamweight title 22 Win 20 2 Jaguar Sekino TKO 5 10 1976 07 10 Japan 21 Loss 19 2 Emilio Salcedo UD 10 10 1976 02 15 Feria de David David Panama 20 Win 19 1 Ushiwakamaru Harada PTS 10 10 1975 12 21 Japan 19 Loss 18 1 Alexis Arguello KO 5 15 1975 10 12 Kuramae Kokugikan Tokyo Japan For WBA amp The Ring featherweight titles 18 Win 18 0 Hwa Ryong Yuh KO 4 10 1975 06 16 Japan 17 Win 17 0 Zensuke Utagawa KO 2 12 1975 05 09 Korakuen Hall Tokyo Japan 16 Win 16 0 Jun Gallego KO 9 10 1975 04 04 Sendai Japan 15 Win 15 0 Masanao Toyoshima KO 6 10 1975 02 17 Japan 14 Win 14 0 Sanjo Takemori KO 2 10 1974 12 30 Japan 13 Win 13 0 Bert Nabalatan UD 10 10 1974 09 16 Korakuen Hall Tokyo Japan 12 Win 12 0 Ryu Fukita KO 4 10 1974 09 05 Osaka Japan 11 Win 11 0 Freddie Mensah KO 7 10 1974 08 04 Japan 10 Win 10 0 Jose Medel RTD 6 10 1974 06 09 Korakuen Hall Tokyo Japan 9 Win 9 0 Sung Jong Hong KO 3 10 1974 03 17 Japan 8 Win 8 0 Hiroshi Nunose KO 4 10 1974 02 01 Japan 7 Win 7 0 Jaguar Sekino KO 2 10 1973 11 23 Japan 6 Win 6 0 Nam Chul Chung KO 5 10 1973 10 19 Japan 5 Win 5 0 Katsutoshi Inuzuka KO 5 10 1973 09 07 Japan 4 Win 4 0 Victor Dounue KO 7 10 1973 07 21 Kumamoto Japan 3 Win 3 0 Hiroshi Miura KO 2 10 1973 06 15 Japan 2 Win 2 0 Gypsy Sato KO 2 8 1973 04 27 Japan 1 Win 1 0 Baron Kumazawa PTS 8 8 1973 02 25 Korakuen Hall Tokyo JapanLater life amp death editAfter retiring in 1981 with a record of 35 8 27 KOs Kobayashi worked as a trainer at the Yokohama Hikari Gym He returned to his hometown of Kumamoto amp worked as a security guard until his passing in 2020 17 18 See also editBoxing in Japan List of Japanese boxing world champions List of world super bantamweight boxing championsReferences edit a b Baseball Magazine Sha 2002 p 295 Takahashi amp Ashizawa 1993 p 25 Takahashi amp Ashizawa 1993 p 80 a b Boxing Magazine editorial department ed March 1 2004 ロイヤル小林 日本プロボクシングチャンピオン大鑑 in Japanese Tokyo Japan Baseball Magazine Sha Co Ltd p 41 ISBN 978 4 583 03784 4 Mike Rabun UPI August 30 1972 Decisions Disgusting Officials On Hot Seat Beaver County Times p D 2 Retrieved September 8 2011 a b Jun ichi Hirata et al January 15 2000 名伯楽は語る 世界王者育成秘話 In Boxing Magazine editorial department ed The Glorious Moments 究極の栄光 世界チャンピオン名鑑 日本ボクシング史に輝く41人の男たち B B mook 117 sports series No 72 in Japanese Tokyo Japan Baseball Magazine Sha Co Ltd p 108 ISBN 978 4 583 61076 4 UPI October 14 1975 Arguello keeps feather crown The Gazette p 24 Retrieved September 8 2011 Baseball Magazine Sha 2002 p 196 Takahashi amp Ashizawa 1993 p 81 Royal Kobayashi Lineal Jr Featherweight Champion The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia Sports Briefs Tri City Herald October 10 1976 p 23 Retrieved September 8 2011 Baseball Magazine Sha 2002 p 172 AP November 24 1976 Dong Kyun Winner In Title Go Reading Eagle p 37 Retrieved September 8 2011 a b Baseball Magazine Sha 2002 p 173 AP January 20 1978 Gomez retains title The StarPhoenix p 9 Retrieved September 8 2011 Baseball Magazine Sha 2002 p 198 Requiem to former WBC 122Lb champ Royal Kobayashi World Boxing Council Retrieved 2024 03 08 FORMER WBC 122 POUND TITLEHOLDER KAZUO ROYAL KOBAYASHI DEAD AT 71 The Ring Retrieved 2024 03 08 Bibliography editBoxing Magazine editorial department ed May 31 2002 日本プロボクシング史 世界タイトルマッチで見る50年 Japan Pro Boxing History 50 Years of World Title Bouts in Japanese Tokyo Japan Baseball Magazine Sha Co Ltd pp 172 173 196 198 295 ISBN 978 4 583 03695 3 Takahashi Takashi Ashizawa Seiichi June 1993 ボクシング写真画報 World Boxing in Japanese special issue Tokyo Japan Nippon Sports Publishing Co Ltd 25 80 81 External links editBoxing record for Royal Kobayashi from BoxRec registration required Royal Kobayashi at Olympedia nbsp Sporting positions Regional boxing titles Preceded byBok Soo Hwang OPBF featherweight championApril 27 1978 October 18 1981 Succeeded byJung Han Hwang World boxing titles Preceded byRigoberto Riasco WBC super bantamweight championOctober 9 1976 November 24 1976 Succeeded byYum Dong kyun Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Royal Kobayashi amp oldid 1216823271, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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