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Rose madder

February 16, 2024

For the Stephen King novel, see Rose Madder (novel).
Not to be confused with Madder Rose.

Rose madder (also known as madder) is a red paint made from the pigment madder lake, a traditional lake pigment extracted from the common madder plant Rubia tinctorum.

Rose Madder
 
Rubia tinctorum, from whose root the colour is extracted
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet#E32636
sRGBB (r, g, b)(227, 38, 54)
HSV (h, s, v)(355°, 83%, 89%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)(49, 142, 10°)
Source[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Madder lake contains two organic red dyes: alizarin and purpurin.[1][2][3] As a paint, it has been described as a fugitive, transparent, nonstaining, mid valued, moderately dull violet red pigment in tints and medium solutions, darkening to an impermanent, dull magenta red in masstone.[4][5]

History edit

Madder has been cultivated as a dyestuff since antiquity in Central Asia, South Asia, and Egypt, where it was grown as early as 1500 BC.[6] Cloth dyed with madder root dye was found in the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun and on an Egyptian tomb painting from the Graeco-Roman period, diluted with gypsum to produce a pink color.[7] It was also found in ancient Greece (in Corinth), and in Italy in the Baths of Titus and the ruins of Pompeii. It is referred to in the Talmud as well as mentioned in writings by Dioscorides (who referred to it as ἐρυθρόδανον, "erythródanon"), Hippocrates, and other literary figures, and in artwork where it is referred to as rubio and used in paintings by J. M. W. Turner and as a color for ceramics. In Spain, madder was introduced and then cultivated by the Moors.[8]

The production of a lake pigment from madder seems to have been first invented by the ancient Egyptians.[9] Several techniques and recipes developed. Ideal color was said to come from plants 18 to 28 months old that had been grown in calcareous soil, which is full of lime and typically chalky. Most were considered relatively weak and extremely fugitive until 1804, when the English dye maker George Field[10] refined the technique of making a lake from madder by treating it with alum and an alkali.[9][11] The resulting madder lake had a less fugitive color[9] and could be used more efficaciously, for example by blending it into a paint. Over the following years, other metal salts, including those containing chromium, iron, and tin, were found to be usable in place of alum to give madder-based pigments of various other colors.

In 1827, the French chemists Pierre-Jean Robiquet and Colin began producing garancine, the concentrated version of natural madder. They then found that madder lake contained two colorants, the red alizarin and the more rapidly fading purpurin. Purpurin is only present in the natural form of madder and gives a distinctive orange/red generally warmer tone that pure synthetic alizarin does not. Purpurin fluoresces yellow to red under ultraviolet light, while synthetic alizarin slightly shows violet.[12] Alizarin was discovered before purpurin, by heating the ground madder with acid and potash. A yellow vapor crystallized into bright red needles: alizarin. This alizarin concentrate comprises only 1% of the madder root.

Natural rose madder supplied half the world with red, until 1868, when its alizarin component became the first natural dye to be synthetically duplicated by Carl Gräbe and Carl Liebermann. Advances in the understanding of chemistry, such as chemical structures, chemical formulas, and elemental formulas, aided these Berlin-based scientists in discovering that alizarin had an anthracene base. However, their recipe was not feasible for large-scale production; it required expensive and volatile substances, specifically bromine.

William Perkin, the inventor of mauveine, filed a patent in June 1869 for a new way to produce alizarin without bromine.[6] Gräbe, Liebermann, and Heinrich Caro filed a patent for a similar process just one day before Perkin did – yet both patents were granted, as Perkin's had been sealed first. They divided the market in half: Perkin sold to the English market, and the scientists from Berlin to the United States and mainland Europe.

Because this synthetic alizarin dye could be produced for a fraction of the cost of the natural madder dye, it quickly replaced all madder-based colorants then in use (in, for instance, British army red coats that had been a shade of madder from the late 17th century to 1870, and French military cloth, often called "Turkey Red"[13]). In turn, alizarin itself has now been largely replaced by the more light-resistant quinacridone pigments originally developed at DuPont in 1958.

It is still manufactured in traditional ways to meet the demands of the fine art market.[citation needed]

Other names edit

  • Alizarin's chemical composition: 1,2 dihydroxyanthraquinone (C14H8O4)[3]
  • Alizarin crimson, a paint very similar in color to Rose Madder Genuine but derived from synthetic Alizarin[3]
  • Lacca di robbia, Italian name[2]
  • Laque de garance, French name[2]
  • Natural Red 9 abbreviated NR9, Color Index name[2]
  • Purpurin's chemical composition: 1,2,4 trihydroxyanthraquinone (C14H8O5)[3]
  • Rose madder genuine, sometimes used to specify a paint derived from the root of the madder plant in the traditional manner[14] It is still manufactured and used by some, but is too fugitive for professional artistic use.[4]
  • Rose madder hue, sometimes used to specify a paint made from other pigments but meant to approximate the color of rose madder
  • Rubia tinctorum, the herbaceous perennial from which the rose madder pigment is derived
  • Turkey red[7]

Substitutes edit

As all madder-based pigments are fugitive, artists have long sought a more permanent and lightfast replacement for rose madder and alizarin. Alternative pigments include:

  • Anthraquinone red (PR177), a chemical cousin of Alizarin[3]
  • Benzamida carmine (PR176)[3]
  • Perylene maroon (PR179), for mixing dull violets[3]
  • Pyrrole rubine (PR264)[3]
  • Quinacridone magenta (PR122), for a brighter violet[3][4]
  • Quinacridone pyrrolodone[3]
  • Quinacridone rose (PV19), for a brighter violet[3][4]
  • Quinacridone violet (PV19), particularly dark and reddish varieties[3]

In art, entertainment, and media edit

  • HMS Surprise is a 1973 novel by Patrick O'Brian which mentions rose madder.
  • Rose Madder is the title of a 1995 novel by Stephen King, in which a woman named Rose Daniels escapes her abusive husband and travels through time by entering a painting of a woman in a gown dyed with rose madder.
  • "Madder Red" is the title of a 2009 song by Yeasayer on the album Odd Blood.
  • Jonathon Keats uses the gradual fading of rose madder oil paint to record a single image over the course of 1000 years in his "millennium camera".[15]
  • Blue Madder is the third album released by Savoy Brown in May 1969 on Decca Records.
  • Yukino in The Garden of Words is described as having 'a madder-red ribbon' in her school uniform.
  • The Maddermarket Theatre in Norwich has connections with the use of madder as a dye in the city.

References edit

  1. ^ Murphy, Brian (2005). The Root of Wild Madder: Chasing the History, Mystery, and Lore of the Persian Carpet.
  2. ^ a b c d "Red". Colour Index Pigment Codes, Colour Index Number And Chemical Composition. Artiscreation.com.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Red". Technical Information of Red Pigments. Handprint.com.
  4. ^ a b c d "Magenta". Technical Information of Magenta Pigments. Handprint.com.
  5. ^ Conley, Greg (2015-09-21). "How-To-Paint Tutorials: Pigments and Paints: What you make art with: Pigments: Fugitive Pigments". watercolorpainting.com. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
  6. ^ a b St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1-4736-3081-9. OCLC 936144129.
  7. ^ a b Gettens, Rutherford J.& George L. Stout (1947). Painting Materials A Short Encyclopedia (4th ed.). D. Van Nostrand Company. ISBN 0-486-21597-0.
  8. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Madder" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ a b c "Resource Article on Reds and Crimsons". Winsornewton.com.
  10. ^ Field's notes are held at the Courtauld Institute of Art. See: http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=4107&inst_id=2 (accessed: 2007/09/05)
  11. ^ Winsor & Newton's madder pigment is still made according to his process. See http://www.winsornewton.com/artnews/EN/artnewsletterA4_english03_2002.pdf page 6. (accessed: 2007/09/03). Note that Henry Charles Newton, founder of Winsor Newton, was his assistant and friend.
  12. ^ Mouseion (1933). Les Rayons Ultra-Violet Applicques a l'Examen des Couleurs et des Agglutinants.
  13. ^ "Where did the Redcoat red dye come from?". The First Foot Guards. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  14. ^ Simon Jennings (2003). Artist's Color Manual. Chronicle Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8118-4143-6. rose madder pigment.
  15. ^ Joey Eschrich (March 5, 2015). "Take a Picture. It'll Last Longer". Slate. from the original on February 22, 2019.

Further reading edit

  • "Red oil paints". Paintmaking.com.

February 16, 2024
rose, madder, stephen, king, novel, rose, madder, novel, confused, with, madder, rose, also, known, madder, paint, made, from, pigment, madder, lake, traditional, lake, pigment, extracted, from, common, madder, plant, rubia, tinctorum, rose, madder, rubia, tin. For the Stephen King novel see Rose Madder novel Not to be confused with Madder Rose Rose madder also known as madder is a red paint made from the pigment madder lake a traditional lake pigment extracted from the common madder plant Rubia tinctorum Rose Madder Rubia tinctorum from whose root the colour is extracted Color coordinatesHex triplet E32636sRGBB r g b 227 38 54 HSV h s v 355 83 89 CIELChuv L C h 49 142 10 Source Unsourced B Normalized to 0 255 byte Madder lake contains two organic red dyes alizarin and purpurin 1 2 3 As a paint it has been described as a fugitive transparent nonstaining mid valued moderately dull violet red pigment in tints and medium solutions darkening to an impermanent dull magenta red in masstone 4 5 Contents 1 History 2 Other names 3 Substitutes 4 In art entertainment and media 5 References 6 Further readingHistory editMadder has been cultivated as a dyestuff since antiquity in Central Asia South Asia and Egypt where it was grown as early as 1500 BC 6 Cloth dyed with madder root dye was found in the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun and on an Egyptian tomb painting from the Graeco Roman period diluted with gypsum to produce a pink color 7 It was also found in ancient Greece in Corinth and in Italy in the Baths of Titus and the ruins of Pompeii It is referred to in the Talmud as well as mentioned in writings by Dioscorides who referred to it as ἐry8rodanon erythrodanon Hippocrates and other literary figures and in artwork where it is referred to as rubio and used in paintings by J M W Turner and as a color for ceramics In Spain madder was introduced and then cultivated by the Moors 8 The production of a lake pigment from madder seems to have been first invented by the ancient Egyptians 9 Several techniques and recipes developed Ideal color was said to come from plants 18 to 28 months old that had been grown in calcareous soil which is full of lime and typically chalky Most were considered relatively weak and extremely fugitive until 1804 when the English dye maker George Field 10 refined the technique of making a lake from madder by treating it with alum and an alkali 9 11 The resulting madder lake had a less fugitive color 9 and could be used more efficaciously for example by blending it into a paint Over the following years other metal salts including those containing chromium iron and tin were found to be usable in place of alum to give madder based pigments of various other colors In 1827 the French chemists Pierre Jean Robiquet and Colin began producing garancine the concentrated version of natural madder They then found that madder lake contained two colorants the red alizarin and the more rapidly fading purpurin Purpurin is only present in the natural form of madder and gives a distinctive orange red generally warmer tone that pure synthetic alizarin does not Purpurin fluoresces yellow to red under ultraviolet light while synthetic alizarin slightly shows violet 12 Alizarin was discovered before purpurin by heating the ground madder with acid and potash A yellow vapor crystallized into bright red needles alizarin This alizarin concentrate comprises only 1 of the madder root Natural rose madder supplied half the world with red until 1868 when its alizarin component became the first natural dye to be synthetically duplicated by Carl Grabe and Carl Liebermann Advances in the understanding of chemistry such as chemical structures chemical formulas and elemental formulas aided these Berlin based scientists in discovering that alizarin had an anthracene base However their recipe was not feasible for large scale production it required expensive and volatile substances specifically bromine William Perkin the inventor of mauveine filed a patent in June 1869 for a new way to produce alizarin without bromine 6 Grabe Liebermann and Heinrich Caro filed a patent for a similar process just one day before Perkin did yet both patents were granted as Perkin s had been sealed first They divided the market in half Perkin sold to the English market and the scientists from Berlin to the United States and mainland Europe Because this synthetic alizarin dye could be produced for a fraction of the cost of the natural madder dye it quickly replaced all madder based colorants then in use in for instance British army red coats that had been a shade of madder from the late 17th century to 1870 and French military cloth often called Turkey Red 13 In turn alizarin itself has now been largely replaced by the more light resistant quinacridone pigments originally developed at DuPont in 1958 It is still manufactured in traditional ways to meet the demands of the fine art market citation needed Other names editAlizarin s chemical composition 1 2 dihydroxyanthraquinone C14H8O4 3 Alizarin crimson a paint very similar in color to Rose Madder Genuine but derived from synthetic Alizarin 3 Lacca di robbia Italian name 2 Laque de garance French name 2 Natural Red 9 abbreviated NR9 Color Index name 2 Purpurin s chemical composition 1 2 4 trihydroxyanthraquinone C14H8O5 3 Rose madder genuine sometimes used to specify a paint derived from the root of the madder plant in the traditional manner 14 It is still manufactured and used by some but is too fugitive for professional artistic use 4 Rose madder hue sometimes used to specify a paint made from other pigments but meant to approximate the color of rose madder Rubia tinctorum the herbaceous perennial from which the rose madder pigment is derived Turkey red 7 Substitutes editAs all madder based pigments are fugitive artists have long sought a more permanent and lightfast replacement for rose madder and alizarin Alternative pigments include Anthraquinone red PR177 a chemical cousin of Alizarin 3 Benzamida carmine PR176 3 Perylene maroon PR179 for mixing dull violets 3 Pyrrole rubine PR264 3 Quinacridone magenta PR122 for a brighter violet 3 4 Quinacridone pyrrolodone 3 Quinacridone rose PV19 for a brighter violet 3 4 Quinacridone violet PV19 particularly dark and reddish varieties 3 In art entertainment and media editHMS Surprise is a 1973 novel by Patrick O Brian which mentions rose madder Rose Madder is the title of a 1995 novel by Stephen King in which a woman named Rose Daniels escapes her abusive husband and travels through time by entering a painting of a woman in a gown dyed with rose madder Madder Red is the title of a 2009 song by Yeasayer on the album Odd Blood Jonathon Keats uses the gradual fading of rose madder oil paint to record a single image over the course of 1000 years in his millennium camera 15 Blue Madder is the third album released by Savoy Brown in May 1969 on Decca Records Yukino in The Garden of Words is described as having a madder red ribbon in her school uniform The Maddermarket Theatre in Norwich has connections with the use of madder as a dye in the city References edit Murphy Brian 2005 The Root of Wild Madder Chasing the History Mystery and Lore of the Persian Carpet a b c d Red Colour Index Pigment Codes Colour Index Number And Chemical Composition Artiscreation com a b c d e f g h i j k l Red Technical Information of Red Pigments Handprint com a b c d Magenta Technical Information of Magenta Pigments Handprint com Conley Greg 2015 09 21 How To Paint Tutorials Pigments and Paints What you make art with Pigments Fugitive Pigments watercolorpainting com Retrieved December 9 2015 a b St Clair Kassia 2016 The Secret Lives of Colour London John Murray pp 152 153 ISBN 978 1 4736 3081 9 OCLC 936144129 a b Gettens Rutherford J amp George L Stout 1947 Painting Materials A Short Encyclopedia 4th ed D Van Nostrand Company ISBN 0 486 21597 0 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Madder Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press a b c Resource Article on Reds and Crimsons Winsornewton com Field s notes are held at the Courtauld Institute of Art See http www aim25 ac uk cgi bin search2 coll id 4107 amp inst id 2 accessed 2007 09 05 Winsor amp Newton s madder pigment is still made according to his process See http www winsornewton com artnews EN artnewsletterA4 english03 2002 pdf page 6 accessed 2007 09 03 Note that Henry Charles Newton founder of Winsor Newton was his assistant and friend Mouseion 1933 Les Rayons Ultra Violet Applicques a l Examen des Couleurs et des Agglutinants Where did the Redcoat red dye come from The First Foot Guards Retrieved 15 February 2011 Simon Jennings 2003 Artist s Color Manual Chronicle Books p 15 ISBN 978 0 8118 4143 6 rose madder pigment Joey Eschrich March 5 2015 Take a Picture It ll Last Longer Slate Archived from the original on February 22 2019 Further reading edit Red oil paints Paintmaking com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rose madder amp oldid 1198655817, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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