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Rocky Mount Instruments

January 07, 2023

Rocky Mount Instruments (RMI) was a subsidiary of the Allen Organ Company, based in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, active from 1966 to 1982. The company was formed to produce portable musical instruments, and manufactured several electronic pianos, harpsichords, and organs that used oscillators to create sound, instead of mechanical components like an electric piano.

Rocky Mount Instruments
The RMI 300B Electra-piano
TypeCorporation
Founded1966
Defunct1982
ProductsElectronic pianos, synthesizers
ParentAllen Organ Company

The first significant instrument produced by RMI was the Rock-Si-Chord, which emulated a harpsichord. The best-selling and most widely used instrument was the RMI Electra-piano, that was played by numerous artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Steve Winwood, Genesis' Tony Banks, and Yes' Rick Wakeman. Later, the company became a pioneer of digital synthesizers, including the Keyboard Computer and RMI Harmonic Synthesizer, both were used by Jean Michel Jarre. The company struggled to compete with digital synthesizers in the early 1980s, which led to its closure. A number of sample libraries featuring RMI instruments are available for modern digital keyboards.

Early models

 
The Rock-Si-Chord preceded RMI's best-known Electra-piano.

The origins of RMI date to 1959, when Allen started using transistors in their organs instead of vacuum tubes. A separate division was set up to see if this technology could be used for portable musical instruments.[1] A patent was filed in 1963 on the group's electronic keyboard design.[2] Most models were designed at the company headquarters in Pennsylvania and manufactured in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, which led to the sub-division's name, Rocky Mount Instruments.[1] Production started off in part of a former tobacco warehouse, before moving to a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) factory employing 100 staff.[3]

The first models produced were combo organs in early 1967. The Explorer cost $845 and was a four-octave instrument that had a dedicated oscillator for each key, and was fitted with a "flying hammer" mechanism that repeatedly made or broke the oscillator's electrical connection, giving a strumming sound like a banjo or mandolin. The Lark was a three-octave organ which shared an oscillator between every two notes.[a][4][5] Other instruments included the "Band Organ" (a three-octave electrical imitation of a calliope), manufactured from 1968 to 1969.[6]

The first electric piano model was the "Model 100 Rock-Si-Chord" in 1967.[6] Retailing for $695, it contained two sounds (string and lute) but was later updated as the "Model 100A" which contained additional sounds (harpsichord, cembalo, lute, and two guitars). The "Model 200 Rock-Si-Chord" cost $995 and added an additional 4' voice, which required an additional set of tone generator boards for each key.[7] Allen's Tom Emerick later said the Rock-Si-Chord was manufactured first because harpsichord voices were easier to design and manufacture than piano ones.[3] The Rock-Si-Chord was discontinued in 1968.[6]

RMI had no experience in the rock and pop market, as Allen had been used to selling instruments to churches and theatres. They produced advertisements featuring a mascot, "Gopher Baroque" and described the instrument in typical slang of the era, such as "I mean, you start swinging this axe and plastic things like crumble."[8]

Electra-pianos

 
Promenade
Mussorgsky, "Promenade" from Pictures at an Exhibition played on an Electra-piano 368X
Problems playing this file? See media help.
 
The RMI 368X with a black textured plastic case is the best-known Electra-piano

RMI began producing the 300 Series Electra-piano in 1967. As with earlier instruments, the Electra-piano featured an oscillator for each key. It uses an LC oscillator to generate the sound, as it produced a stable frequency that was not prone to drift.[8] The signal is then run through a series of filters in order to produce an envelope resembling that of a piano.[9] The Electra-piano also had an "organ mode" that allowed each note to sustain indefinitely instead of decay like a piano, and an "accenter" that added a percussion effect to the start of each note being played.[6]

The original 300A (1967) and B (1969) models had 61 keys (G to C). The 368 was introduced in 1972 and added seven additional notes at the top end.[10] It was the best-selling Electra-piano.[11] The 368X (1974) was a 368 housed in a molded plastic case instead of the previously used tolex-covered plywood.[10][12] The 68D was a touch sensitive version of the 368X; it was made to order and few were produced.[10]

The Model 400 was a console version of the 300, which was intended for the home and club market and included a self-contained speaker system. The 400A (1970) used the same internals as the 300B, adding a 50 watt amplifier. The 468 (1972) was based on the 368.[10]

The 600 series combined the sounds of the Electra-piano and the Rock-Si-Chord. The first model was the 600A (1968). It included 8' and 4' tabs, which required two oscillators for every key and a separate bank of filters for each footage. The 600B (1970) featured an improved voicing circuitry and a pedal board with two volume and two sustain pedals. The 668 and 668X were the equivalents to the 368 and 368X respectively. The 668X weighed 100 pounds (45 kg) and cost $2,095. It was the last analog Electra-piano remaining in production in the early 1980s.[11]

The Electra-piano had a standard audio jack output, so it could be connected to any guitar or keyboard amplifier. However, RMI designed amps specifically for the instrument. The 140 came with a single 15-inch (380 mm) JBL woofer, while the 140A featured a pair of them, and both had a set of dual high-frequency drivers. An optional accessory was available that was particularly good at producing high frequencies, that sat on top of the amp and was nicknamed the "Hi-Scream Cone".[11]

In total, around 10,000 RMI Electra-pianos were sold. However, unlike the Rhodes and Wurlitzer, RMI pianos have been reported as hard to find by collectors.[12] Samples of RMI instruments are available for digital keyboards such as the Nord Stage. The Roland JV-series sound modules include a "Keyboards of the '60s and '70s" library, which includes a series of RMI samples programmed by Nick Magnus.[6][13]

Other products

In 1974, RMI produced the "Keyboard Computer". It was derived from the digital Allen Computer Organ, with fewer voices, and was marketed as the world's first portable digital musical instrument. It cost $4,495 and supported transposition, pitch bend, and upgradeable voices via a series of punch cards. It was possible for the end user to store their own patches on punch cards. Though marketed as a synthesizer, the Keyboard Computer was based more on organ technology and did not have the full set of synthesizer functions.[14] The Keyboard Computer II was introduced in 1977. It cost $4,750 and featured an improved user interface, an increased range of voices, and allowed users to store more patches.[15]

In 1975, RMI produced its only true synthesizer, the $2,995 RMI Harmonic Synthesizer. It is one of the first digital synthesizers to be commercially produced, pre-dating the better-known Yamaha DX7 by almost a decade.[16][6] It featured 48 keys and two digital harmonic generators, each supporting sixteen different sets, and was equipped with a voltage-controlled filter and octave shifter. Other features included pitch bend, portamento, and controls for amplitude and frequency modulation.[16] Though it was technically advanced, it did not sell well and was discontinued in 1976.[16] Around 150 to 250 units were produced and only four were ever sold in Europe.[17][18]

The DK-20 (Digital Keyboard) was released in 1979 as a replacement for the analog Electra-pianos. It featured 68 keys and was housed in a similar cabinet to earlier instruments. Effects included adjustable decay, a phaser, and various filters. This model was produced until 1982.[16]

By the early 1980s, RMI was in decline owing to the high price of its instruments and competition from polyphonic synthesizers like the Prophet 5 and Oberheim OB-X. The company ceased production in 1982.[16]

Notable users

The Rock-Si-Chord quickly became popular and was used by the Beach Boys, the Lovin' Spoonful, Quasi, Sun Ra, and Garth Hudson of The Band.[8] The Electra-piano was widely used by rock musicians in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including Deep Purple's Jon Lord, Frank Zappa, Rick Wakeman with Yes, and in his solo albums, Tony Banks with Genesis, Ron Mael with Sparks, Nicky Hopkins, Stevie Wonder, and Elton John. Steve Winwood played an Electra-piano solo on John Barleycorn Must Die's "Empty Pages". Dr. John played an RMI on "Right Place, Wrong Time".[19][13]

Lord transplanted the internals of an RMI into a Hammond organ and allowed it to be triggered from the Hammond's manuals.[3] Banks later said he used the RMI as it was the best possible onstage alternative to a piano at the time, but disliked the lack of touch sensitivity and fewer notes than a grand piano. Owing to a lack of polyphonic synthesizers, he ran the RMI through effects pedals in order to create new sounds. The RMI was used for live renditions of songs that had a piano on the studio version, such as "Firth of Fifth" and "The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway". He eventually replaced the RMI with a Yamaha CP-70.[6]

The RMI Keyboard Computer was used by Wakeman, the Band's Garth Hudson, the Moody Blues' Mike Pinder, and The Enid's Robert John Godfrey.[16][6] It was also used together with the RMI Harmonic Synthesizer by Jean Michel Jarre on Oxygène (1976).[20][6][21] Subsequently, it has been used by Aphex Twin, who listed it under the instrument credits for Syro (2014).[22]

References

Notes

  1. ^ The sharing of oscillators made it impossible to play the respective two notes (eg: C and C♯) at the same time.

Citations

  1. ^ a b Vail 2000, p. 268.
  2. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 289.
  3. ^ a b c Vail 2000, p. 269.
  4. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 290.
  5. ^ Vail 2000, pp. 268–269.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Reid, Gordon. . Sound On Sound Ltd. Archived from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
  7. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 290, 294.
  8. ^ a b c Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 294.
  9. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 296.
  10. ^ a b c d Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 297.
  11. ^ a b c Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 298.
  12. ^ a b Vail 2000, p. 270.
  13. ^ a b "RMI Electra 368x". Clavia. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  14. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 300.
  15. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 300–301.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 301.
  17. ^ "RMI Harmonic Synthesizer". MATRIXSYNTH. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
  18. ^ "RMI Harmonic Synthesizer (1974)". Aerozone JMJ (in French). Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  19. ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 284.
  20. ^ Thévenin, Patrick (May 3, 2012), Jean-Michel Jarre's Favorite Synths
  21. ^ "In pictures: Jean-Michel Jarre's mindblowing studio". Future Music. November 11, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  22. ^ "Aphex Twin's List of Gear Used on Syro Surfaces". Pitchfork. September 9, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2021.

Sources

External links

  • RMI at MatrixSynth
  • Synthmuseum, descriptions of the RMI models
  • RMI 368X Service Manual (pdf) posted by Black Magic Amplifiers
  • Hollow Sun – Description of its piano sound

January 07, 2023
rocky, mount, instruments, subsidiary, allen, organ, company, based, rocky, mount, north, carolina, active, from, 1966, 1982, company, formed, produce, portable, musical, instruments, manufactured, several, electronic, pianos, harpsichords, organs, that, used,. Rocky Mount Instruments RMI was a subsidiary of the Allen Organ Company based in Rocky Mount North Carolina active from 1966 to 1982 The company was formed to produce portable musical instruments and manufactured several electronic pianos harpsichords and organs that used oscillators to create sound instead of mechanical components like an electric piano Rocky Mount InstrumentsThe RMI 300B Electra pianoTypeCorporationFounded1966Defunct1982ProductsElectronic pianos synthesizersParentAllen Organ CompanyThe first significant instrument produced by RMI was the Rock Si Chord which emulated a harpsichord The best selling and most widely used instrument was the RMI Electra piano that was played by numerous artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s including Steve Winwood Genesis Tony Banks and Yes Rick Wakeman Later the company became a pioneer of digital synthesizers including the Keyboard Computer and RMI Harmonic Synthesizer both were used by Jean Michel Jarre The company struggled to compete with digital synthesizers in the early 1980s which led to its closure A number of sample libraries featuring RMI instruments are available for modern digital keyboards Contents 1 Early models 2 Electra pianos 3 Other products 4 Notable users 5 References 6 External linksEarly models Edit The Rock Si Chord preceded RMI s best known Electra piano The origins of RMI date to 1959 when Allen started using transistors in their organs instead of vacuum tubes A separate division was set up to see if this technology could be used for portable musical instruments 1 A patent was filed in 1963 on the group s electronic keyboard design 2 Most models were designed at the company headquarters in Pennsylvania and manufactured in Rocky Mount North Carolina which led to the sub division s name Rocky Mount Instruments 1 Production started off in part of a former tobacco warehouse before moving to a 60 000 square foot 5 600 m2 factory employing 100 staff 3 The first models produced were combo organs in early 1967 The Explorer cost 845 and was a four octave instrument that had a dedicated oscillator for each key and was fitted with a flying hammer mechanism that repeatedly made or broke the oscillator s electrical connection giving a strumming sound like a banjo or mandolin The Lark was a three octave organ which shared an oscillator between every two notes a 4 5 Other instruments included the Band Organ a three octave electrical imitation of a calliope manufactured from 1968 to 1969 6 The first electric piano model was the Model 100 Rock Si Chord in 1967 6 Retailing for 695 it contained two sounds string and lute but was later updated as the Model 100A which contained additional sounds harpsichord cembalo lute and two guitars The Model 200 Rock Si Chord cost 995 and added an additional 4 voice which required an additional set of tone generator boards for each key 7 Allen s Tom Emerick later said the Rock Si Chord was manufactured first because harpsichord voices were easier to design and manufacture than piano ones 3 The Rock Si Chord was discontinued in 1968 6 RMI had no experience in the rock and pop market as Allen had been used to selling instruments to churches and theatres They produced advertisements featuring a mascot Gopher Baroque and described the instrument in typical slang of the era such as I mean you start swinging this axe and plastic things like crumble 8 Electra pianos Edit Promenade source source Mussorgsky Promenade from Pictures at an Exhibition played on an Electra piano 368X Problems playing this file See media help The RMI 368X with a black textured plastic case is the best known Electra piano RMI began producing the 300 Series Electra piano in 1967 As with earlier instruments the Electra piano featured an oscillator for each key It uses an LC oscillator to generate the sound as it produced a stable frequency that was not prone to drift 8 The signal is then run through a series of filters in order to produce an envelope resembling that of a piano 9 The Electra piano also had an organ mode that allowed each note to sustain indefinitely instead of decay like a piano and an accenter that added a percussion effect to the start of each note being played 6 The original 300A 1967 and B 1969 models had 61 keys G to C The 368 was introduced in 1972 and added seven additional notes at the top end 10 It was the best selling Electra piano 11 The 368X 1974 was a 368 housed in a molded plastic case instead of the previously used tolex covered plywood 10 12 The 68D was a touch sensitive version of the 368X it was made to order and few were produced 10 The Model 400 was a console version of the 300 which was intended for the home and club market and included a self contained speaker system The 400A 1970 used the same internals as the 300B adding a 50 watt amplifier The 468 1972 was based on the 368 10 The 600 series combined the sounds of the Electra piano and the Rock Si Chord The first model was the 600A 1968 It included 8 and 4 tabs which required two oscillators for every key and a separate bank of filters for each footage The 600B 1970 featured an improved voicing circuitry and a pedal board with two volume and two sustain pedals The 668 and 668X were the equivalents to the 368 and 368X respectively The 668X weighed 100 pounds 45 kg and cost 2 095 It was the last analog Electra piano remaining in production in the early 1980s 11 The Electra piano had a standard audio jack output so it could be connected to any guitar or keyboard amplifier However RMI designed amps specifically for the instrument The 140 came with a single 15 inch 380 mm JBL woofer while the 140A featured a pair of them and both had a set of dual high frequency drivers An optional accessory was available that was particularly good at producing high frequencies that sat on top of the amp and was nicknamed the Hi Scream Cone 11 In total around 10 000 RMI Electra pianos were sold However unlike the Rhodes and Wurlitzer RMI pianos have been reported as hard to find by collectors 12 Samples of RMI instruments are available for digital keyboards such as the Nord Stage The Roland JV series sound modules include a Keyboards of the 60s and 70s library which includes a series of RMI samples programmed by Nick Magnus 6 13 Other products EditIn 1974 RMI produced the Keyboard Computer It was derived from the digital Allen Computer Organ with fewer voices and was marketed as the world s first portable digital musical instrument It cost 4 495 and supported transposition pitch bend and upgradeable voices via a series of punch cards It was possible for the end user to store their own patches on punch cards Though marketed as a synthesizer the Keyboard Computer was based more on organ technology and did not have the full set of synthesizer functions 14 The Keyboard Computer II was introduced in 1977 It cost 4 750 and featured an improved user interface an increased range of voices and allowed users to store more patches 15 In 1975 RMI produced its only true synthesizer the 2 995 RMI Harmonic Synthesizer It is one of the first digital synthesizers to be commercially produced pre dating the better known Yamaha DX7 by almost a decade 16 6 It featured 48 keys and two digital harmonic generators each supporting sixteen different sets and was equipped with a voltage controlled filter and octave shifter Other features included pitch bend portamento and controls for amplitude and frequency modulation 16 Though it was technically advanced it did not sell well and was discontinued in 1976 16 Around 150 to 250 units were produced and only four were ever sold in Europe 17 18 The DK 20 Digital Keyboard was released in 1979 as a replacement for the analog Electra pianos It featured 68 keys and was housed in a similar cabinet to earlier instruments Effects included adjustable decay a phaser and various filters This model was produced until 1982 16 By the early 1980s RMI was in decline owing to the high price of its instruments and competition from polyphonic synthesizers like the Prophet 5 and Oberheim OB X The company ceased production in 1982 16 Notable users EditThe Rock Si Chord quickly became popular and was used by the Beach Boys the Lovin Spoonful Quasi Sun Ra and Garth Hudson of The Band 8 The Electra piano was widely used by rock musicians in the late 1960s and early 1970s including Deep Purple s Jon Lord Frank Zappa Rick Wakeman with Yes and in his solo albums Tony Banks with Genesis Ron Mael with Sparks Nicky Hopkins Stevie Wonder and Elton John Steve Winwood played an Electra piano solo on John Barleycorn Must Die s Empty Pages Dr John played an RMI on Right Place Wrong Time 19 13 Lord transplanted the internals of an RMI into a Hammond organ and allowed it to be triggered from the Hammond s manuals 3 Banks later said he used the RMI as it was the best possible onstage alternative to a piano at the time but disliked the lack of touch sensitivity and fewer notes than a grand piano Owing to a lack of polyphonic synthesizers he ran the RMI through effects pedals in order to create new sounds The RMI was used for live renditions of songs that had a piano on the studio version such as Firth of Fifth and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway He eventually replaced the RMI with a Yamaha CP 70 6 The RMI Keyboard Computer was used by Wakeman the Band s Garth Hudson the Moody Blues Mike Pinder and The Enid s Robert John Godfrey 16 6 It was also used together with the RMI Harmonic Synthesizer by Jean Michel Jarre on Oxygene 1976 20 6 21 Subsequently it has been used by Aphex Twin who listed it under the instrument credits for Syro 2014 22 References EditNotes The sharing of oscillators made it impossible to play the respective two notes eg C and C at the same time Citations a b Vail 2000 p 268 Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 289 a b c Vail 2000 p 269 Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 290 Vail 2000 pp 268 269 a b c d e f g h i Reid Gordon PROG SPAWN The Rise And Fall Of Rocky Mount Instruments Sound On Sound Ltd Archived from the original on December 25 2011 Retrieved July 5 2010 Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 pp 290 294 a b c Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 294 Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 296 a b c d Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 297 a b c Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 298 a b Vail 2000 p 270 a b RMI Electra 368x Clavia Retrieved March 31 2021 Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 300 Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 pp 300 301 a b c d e f Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 301 RMI Harmonic Synthesizer MATRIXSYNTH Retrieved October 2 2022 RMI Harmonic Synthesizer 1974 Aerozone JMJ in French Retrieved August 22 2018 Lenhoff amp Robertson 2019 p 284 Thevenin Patrick May 3 2012 Jean Michel Jarre s Favorite Synths In pictures Jean Michel Jarre s mindblowing studio Future Music November 11 2015 Retrieved March 31 2021 Aphex Twin s List of Gear Used on Syro Surfaces Pitchfork September 9 2014 Retrieved March 27 2021 Sources Lenhoff Alan Robertson David 2019 Classic Keys Keyboard Sounds That Launched Rock Music University of North Texas Press ISBN 978 1 57441 776 0 Vail Mark 2000 Vintage Synthesizers Backbeat Books ISBN 978 0 879 30603 8 External links EditRMI at MatrixSynth Synthmuseum descriptions of the RMI models RMI 368X Service Manual pdf posted by Black Magic Amplifiers Hollow Sun Description of its piano sound Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rocky Mount Instruments amp oldid 1126444748, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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