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Robert of Torigni

May 03, 2024

Robert of Torigni or Torigny (French: Robert de Torigni; c. 1110–1186), also known as Robert of the Mont (Latin: Roburtus de Monte; French: Robert de Monte), was a Norman monk, prior, and abbot. He is most remembered for his chronicles detailing English history of his era.

The Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy

Religious life edit

Robert was born at Torigni-sur-Vire, Normandy c. 1110[1] most probably to an aristocratic family but his family name was abandoned when he entered Bec Abbey in 1128.[2] In 1149 Robert of Torigni became the prior of Bec replacing Roger de Bailleul who had by that time become abbot.[3] In 1154 Robert became the abbot of Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy.[4] In November 1158 Robert hosted the kings Louis VII of France and Henry II of England at Mont Saint-Michel.[5] Three years later Robert de Torigni, along with Achard of St. Victor, Bishop of Avranches, stood as sponsors (godfathers) to Eleanor, born to Henry II of England and Queen Eleanor at Domfront in 1161.[6] In 1163 he was in Rome.[7] He was also known to have visited England representing Mont Saint-Michel.[7] In June 1186 Robert died and was buried in the nave of the chapel at Mont Saint-Michel under a simple grave marker.[8] In 1876 a lead disc was found in his coffin bearing his epitaph. The translation reads: "Here lies Robert Torigni, abbot of this place, who ruled the monastery 32 years, and lived 80 years".[9]

Character edit

Robert developed a reputation as being a pious monk, an accomplished diplomat, a skilled organiser[10] and a great lover and collector of books.[11] Under Robert de Torigni Mont Saint-Michel became a great centre of learning, with sixty monks producing copious manuscripts and a library collection so vast it was called the Cité des Livres ('City of Books').[12] Robert himself was called "The Great Librarian of the Mont".[10] Robert's principal interest was not so much in man's path to salvation, or in the moral lessons of history; it was in what he called "chronography" (organizing historical events in chronological order).[13] He made no attempts to interpret history but wrote plainly "without a trace of romance in his soul."[14]

The 19th-century English archivist Joseph Stevenson said Torigni was not always correct in his chronology and made errors even in matters in Normandy of which he should have known better, yet he was always honest and truthful and his mistakes did not greatly affect the overall value of his chronicle.[15] Modern writers too have pointed out errors in his work;[16][17][18][a] and where he has given confusing or conflicting accounts.[19][20] Léopold Delisle wrote that it was through Robert's affection for Henry II that he made almost no mention in his chronicle of the death of Thomas Becket or Henry II's involvement therein.[21]

Works edit

Robert is best known as the last of the three contributors to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum ('Deeds of the Norman Dukes'), a chronicle originally written by William of Jumièges, appended to by Orderic Vitalis and lastly Robert de Torigni, who brought the history up to the time of Henry I.[22] Robert relied more on Orderic's work than that of William of Jumièges and added information regarding the reign of William the Conqueror, a history of Bec, and a volume on Henry I.[23] Another source he used was Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum.[24] Henry, the Archdeacon of Huntingdon, had visited Bec in 1139 and during his stay there provided Robert with much of the information regarding the reign of Henry I which Robert used in his own chronicles.[14] Robert, in turn, introduced Henry to a new work by Geoffrey of Monmouth, the Historia Regum Britanniae, a copy of which first reached Bec about 1138.[14]

 
The Archangel Michael guards the steeple of Mont Saint-Michel

John Bale, the sixteenth-century English churchman and historian, in his Index Britanniae Scriptorum, identified Robert as the author of two Arthurian romances, based in part on the author's initialling his work with the letter "R". These were De Ortu Waluuanii and Historia Meriadoci, but this identification remains controversial and is doubted by some authorities.[b]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Elisabeth van Houts in her article ('Robert of Torigni as Genealogist', Studies in Medieval History presented to R. Allen Brown, Boydell Press, 1989, p. 222) suggests that not all the mistakes in Robert de Torigni's Chronicles are his own, that a few are attributable to modern historians who have difficulty with his narrative-style genealogies.
  2. ^ Dr. James Bruce analyzed the writing style of these two romances compared to the writings of Robert de Torigni. His opinion was they did not match, and also pointed out how Bale made the mistake of attributing these romances to Robert based on an incorrect assumption. Additional evidence shows these romances to be the products of thirteenth century writers, not twelfth. See: Two Arthurian Romances of the XIIIth Century in Latin Prose, ed. J. Douglas Bruce (Johns Hopkins Press, 1913), pp. x-xv, sub: "II. Bale's ascription of the romances to Robert de Torigni". Also see: Mildred Leake Day, Latin Arthurian literature (Cambridge: Brewer, 2005), pp. 3–11 for more discussion.

References edit

  1. ^ "Robert De Torigni," Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition (Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2012) 25 Apr. 2012
  2. ^ The Chronicles of Robert de Monte, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Llanerch Publishers, 1991), p. 6
  3. ^ Margaret Gibson, 'History at Bec in the twelfth century', The Writing of History in the Middle Ages; Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, Ed. R.H.C. Davis, J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981), p. 179
  4. ^ Chronique de Robert de Torigni, ed. Leopold delisle, Vol. I (A.Le Brument, Rouen 1872), p. i
  5. ^ The Chronicles of Robert de Monte, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Llanerch Publishers, 1991), p. 85
  6. ^ The Chronicles of Robert de Monte, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Llanerch Publishers, 1991), p. 94
  7. ^ a b The Church Historians of England, Vol. IV, Part II, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Seeleys, London, 1856), p. x
  8. ^ Saturday Review, Vol. LXX (London, 1890), p. 271
  9. ^ Marquis de Tombelaine, Le Mont Saint-Michel et ses Merveilles (Société Française d'imprimerie, 1919), p. 97
  10. ^ a b The Messenger, Vol. VIII, Fifth Series/Vol XLIV of the whole series (The Messenger, New York City, 19050, P. 477
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
  12. ^ Philippe Barbour, Brittany (Cadogan Guides, London, 2005) p. 116
  13. ^ Margaret Gibson, 'History at Bec in the twelfth century, The Writing of History in the Middle Ages; Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, Ed. R.H.C. Davis, J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981), p. 175
  14. ^ a b c Margaret Gibson, 'History at Bec in the twelfth century, The Writing of History in the Middle Ages; Essays Presented to Richard William Southern, Ed. R.H.C. Davis, J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981), p. 176
  15. ^ The Chronicles of Robert de Monte, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Llanerch Publishers, 1991), p. 6 n. 1
  16. ^ D. J. A. Matthew, 'Review of the Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, Vol. II: Books V-VIII by William of Jumièges; Orderic Vitalis; Robert of Torigni; Elisabeth M. C. van Houts', The English Historical Review, Vol. 112, No. 449 (Nov., 1997), p. 1238
  17. ^ The Complete Peerage, vol. xii/1, ed. G.H. White (The St. Catherine Press, Ltd., London, 1953), pp. 491-4
  18. ^ Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts, 'Robert of Torigni as Genealogist', Studies in Medieval History presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill, Christoper J. Holdsworth, Janet L. Nelson (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 1989), pp. 215, 217, 222, 224, 229, 233
  19. ^ Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts, 'Robert of Torigni as Genealogist', Studies in Medieval History presented to R. Allen Brown, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill, Christoper J. Holdsworth, Janet L. Nelson (The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, 1989), pp. 225, 228-9, 230
  20. ^ K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, Aspects of Torigny's Genealogies Revisited, Nottingham Medieval Studies, Vol. 37 (1993) pp. 21, 23, 24-5
  21. ^ Chronique de Robert de Torigni, ed. Leopold Delisle, Vol. II (A.Le Brument, Rouen 1873), p. xii
  22. ^ Cassandra Potts, 'Review of the Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni Volume II: Books V-VIII by Elisabeth M. C. Van Houts', Albion, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Spring, 1997), page 82
  23. ^ Wace; Glyn S Burgess; Elisabeth M.C. Van Houts, The History of the Norman people: Wace's Roman de Rou (Boydell Press, Rochester, NY, 2004), p. xxviii
  24. ^ Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. Diana Greenway (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996), p. lxi

External links edit

  • Robert de Torigni's "Chronicles" (in Latin)
  • Robert de Torigni's "Chronicles" (in English)

May 03, 2024
robert, torigni, torigny, french, robert, torigni, 1110, 1186, also, known, robert, mont, latin, roburtus, monte, french, robert, monte, norman, monk, prior, abbot, most, remembered, chronicles, detailing, english, history, abbey, mont, saint, michel, normandy. Robert of Torigni or Torigny French Robert de Torigni c 1110 1186 also known as Robert of the Mont Latin Roburtus de Monte French Robert de Monte was a Norman monk prior and abbot He is most remembered for his chronicles detailing English history of his era The Abbey of Mont Saint Michel in Normandy Contents 1 Religious life 2 Character 3 Works 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksReligious life editRobert was born at Torigni sur Vire Normandy c 1110 1 most probably to an aristocratic family but his family name was abandoned when he entered Bec Abbey in 1128 2 In 1149 Robert of Torigni became the prior of Bec replacing Roger de Bailleul who had by that time become abbot 3 In 1154 Robert became the abbot of Mont Saint Michel in Normandy 4 In November 1158 Robert hosted the kings Louis VII of France and Henry II of England at Mont Saint Michel 5 Three years later Robert de Torigni along with Achard of St Victor Bishop of Avranches stood as sponsors godfathers to Eleanor born to Henry II of England and Queen Eleanor at Domfront in 1161 6 In 1163 he was in Rome 7 He was also known to have visited England representing Mont Saint Michel 7 In June 1186 Robert died and was buried in the nave of the chapel at Mont Saint Michel under a simple grave marker 8 In 1876 a lead disc was found in his coffin bearing his epitaph The translation reads Here lies Robert Torigni abbot of this place who ruled the monastery 32 years and lived 80 years 9 Character editRobert developed a reputation as being a pious monk an accomplished diplomat a skilled organiser 10 and a great lover and collector of books 11 Under Robert de Torigni Mont Saint Michel became a great centre of learning with sixty monks producing copious manuscripts and a library collection so vast it was called the Cite des Livres City of Books 12 Robert himself was called The Great Librarian of the Mont 10 Robert s principal interest was not so much in man s path to salvation or in the moral lessons of history it was in what he called chronography organizing historical events in chronological order 13 He made no attempts to interpret history but wrote plainly without a trace of romance in his soul 14 The 19th century English archivist Joseph Stevenson said Torigni was not always correct in his chronology and made errors even in matters in Normandy of which he should have known better yet he was always honest and truthful and his mistakes did not greatly affect the overall value of his chronicle 15 Modern writers too have pointed out errors in his work 16 17 18 a and where he has given confusing or conflicting accounts 19 20 Leopold Delisle wrote that it was through Robert s affection for Henry II that he made almost no mention in his chronicle of the death of Thomas Becket or Henry II s involvement therein 21 Works editRobert is best known as the last of the three contributors to the Gesta Normannorum Ducum Deeds of the Norman Dukes a chronicle originally written by William of Jumieges appended to by Orderic Vitalis and lastly Robert de Torigni who brought the history up to the time of Henry I 22 Robert relied more on Orderic s work than that of William of Jumieges and added information regarding the reign of William the Conqueror a history of Bec and a volume on Henry I 23 Another source he used was Henry of Huntingdon s Historia Anglorum 24 Henry the Archdeacon of Huntingdon had visited Bec in 1139 and during his stay there provided Robert with much of the information regarding the reign of Henry I which Robert used in his own chronicles 14 Robert in turn introduced Henry to a new work by Geoffrey of Monmouth the Historia Regum Britanniae a copy of which first reached Bec about 1138 14 nbsp The Archangel Michael guards the steeple of Mont Saint Michel John Bale the sixteenth century English churchman and historian in his Index Britanniae Scriptorum identified Robert as the author of two Arthurian romances based in part on the author s initialling his work with the letter R These were De Ortu Waluuanii and Historia Meriadoci but this identification remains controversial and is doubted by some authorities b Notes edit Elisabeth van Houts in her article Robert of Torigni as Genealogist Studies in Medieval History presented to R Allen Brown Boydell Press 1989 p 222 suggests that not all the mistakes in Robert de Torigni s Chronicles are his own that a few are attributable to modern historians who have difficulty with his narrative style genealogies Dr James Bruce analyzed the writing style of these two romances compared to the writings of Robert de Torigni His opinion was they did not match and also pointed out how Bale made the mistake of attributing these romances to Robert based on an incorrect assumption Additional evidence shows these romances to be the products of thirteenth century writers not twelfth See Two Arthurian Romances of the XIIIth Century in Latin Prose ed J Douglas Bruce Johns Hopkins Press 1913 pp x xv sub II Bale s ascription of the romances to Robert de Torigni Also see Mildred Leake Day Latin Arthurian literature Cambridge Brewer 2005 pp 3 11 for more discussion References edit Robert De Torigni Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Library Edition Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc 2012 25 Apr 2012 The Chronicles of Robert de Monte ed Joseph Stevenson Llanerch Publishers 1991 p 6 Margaret Gibson History at Bec in the twelfth century The Writing of History in the Middle Ages Essays Presented to Richard William Southern Ed R H C Davis J M Wallace Hadrill Clarendon Press Oxford 1981 p 179 Chronique de Robert de Torigni ed Leopold delisle Vol I A Le Brument Rouen 1872 p i The Chronicles of Robert de Monte ed Joseph Stevenson Llanerch Publishers 1991 p 85 The Chronicles of Robert de Monte ed Joseph Stevenson Llanerch Publishers 1991 p 94 a b The Church Historians of England Vol IV Part II ed Joseph Stevenson Seeleys London 1856 p x Saturday Review Vol LXX London 1890 p 271 Marquis de Tombelaine Le Mont Saint Michel et ses Merveilles Societe Francaise d imprimerie 1919 p 97 a b The Messenger Vol VIII Fifth Series Vol XLIV of the whole series The Messenger New York City 19050 P 477 Pierre Bouet Office of Academic Studies Norman University of Caen Introduction to L Delisle Robert Torigni Chronicle 2 vols Rouen 1872 1873 Archived from the original on 2009 12 19 Retrieved 2012 04 27 Philippe Barbour Brittany Cadogan Guides London 2005 p 116 Margaret Gibson History at Bec in the twelfth century The Writing of History in the Middle Ages Essays Presented to Richard William Southern Ed R H C Davis J M Wallace Hadrill Clarendon Press Oxford 1981 p 175 a b c Margaret Gibson History at Bec in the twelfth century The Writing of History in the Middle Ages Essays Presented to Richard William Southern Ed R H C Davis J M Wallace Hadrill Clarendon Press Oxford 1981 p 176 The Chronicles of Robert de Monte ed Joseph Stevenson Llanerch Publishers 1991 p 6 n 1 D J A Matthew Review of the Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni Vol II Books V VIII by William of Jumieges Orderic Vitalis Robert of Torigni Elisabeth M C van Houts The English Historical Review Vol 112 No 449 Nov 1997 p 1238 The Complete Peerage vol xii 1 ed G H White The St Catherine Press Ltd London 1953 pp 491 4 Elisabeth M C Van Houts Robert of Torigni as Genealogist Studies in Medieval History presented to R Allen Brown ed Christopher Harper Bill Christoper J Holdsworth Janet L Nelson The Boydell Press Woodbridge UK 1989 pp 215 217 222 224 229 233 Elisabeth M C Van Houts Robert of Torigni as Genealogist Studies in Medieval History presented to R Allen Brown ed Christopher Harper Bill Christoper J Holdsworth Janet L Nelson The Boydell Press Woodbridge UK 1989 pp 225 228 9 230 K S B Keats Rohan Aspects of Torigny s Genealogies Revisited Nottingham Medieval Studies Vol 37 1993 pp 21 23 24 5 Chronique de Robert de Torigni ed Leopold Delisle Vol II A Le Brument Rouen 1873 p xii Cassandra Potts Review of the Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumieges Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Torigni Volume II Books V VIII by Elisabeth M C Van Houts Albion Vol 29 No 1 Spring 1997 page 82 Wace Glyn S Burgess Elisabeth M C Van Houts The History of the Norman people Wace s Roman de Rou Boydell Press Rochester NY 2004 p xxviii Henry Archdeacon of Huntingdon Historia Anglorum ed Diana Greenway Oxford University Press Oxford 1996 p lxiExternal links editRobert de Torigni s Chronicles in Latin Robert de Torigni s Chronicles in English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robert of Torigni amp oldid 1221932563, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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