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Robert McCarrison

January 01, 1970

Major-General Sir Robert McCarrison, CIE, FRCP (15 March 1878 – 18 May 1960[1]) was a Northern Ireland physician and nutritionist in the Indian Medical Service, who was made a Companion of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1923,[2] received a knighthood in July 1933,[3] and was appointed as Honourable Physician to the King in 1935.[4]

Robert McCarrison
Born15 March 1878
Portadown
Died18 May 1960
Oxford
Occupation(s)Physician, nutritionist

McCarrison was born in Portadown, in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. He qualified in Medicine at Queen's College, Belfast in 1900. He joined the Indian Medical Service and was posted as Medical Officer to Indian troops guarding the mountainous Northern Frontiers. He was promoted to Captain in January 1904,[5] to Major in July 1912,[6] Lieutenant-Colonel in January 1918,[7] Colonel from 1929,[8] and to Major-General in July 1933.[9] He retired from the Indian Medical Service on 19 August 1935.[10] McCarrison's research in India on the cause of goitre won widespread recognition and in 1913 he was promoted to do research. In 1928 he became Director of Nutritional Research in India, where he remained until his retirement from the Indian Medical Service in 1935, when he returned to England, settling at Oxford.[1]

Pioneer in nutrition research edit

McCarrison carried out the very first experiments to demonstrate the effect of nutrition on the epidemiology of disease.[citation needed]

McCarrison is credited with being the first to experimentally demonstrate the effect of deficient dietaries upon animal tissues and organs.[11] He also carried out human experiments aimed at identifying the cause of goitre, and included himself as one of the experimental subjects.[12] Much of McCarrison's work was pioneering. His 1921 book Studies in Deficiency Disease was considered notable at the time, being published at a time when knowledge of vitamins and their role in nutrition was crystallizing.[13] McCarrison himself noted that prior to publication of his studies on the pathogenesis of deficiency disease "no systemic post-mortem examination of animals fed on food deficient in vitamin B had ever been made; the histopathological effects of such food on the various systems of the body were wholly unknown; above all, its effects on the gastro-intestinal tract and the organs of digestion and assimilation, and the significance of these effects for clinical medicine, were wholly unsuspected".[14]

At age 23, McCarrison went to India, where he spent 30 years on nutritional problems.[15] He attained the rank of major-general in the Indian Medical Service,[9] and founded the Nutritional Research Laboratories in Coonoor.[15] After retiring from the Indian Medical Service in 1935,[10] he gave a series of Cantor lectures at the Royal Society of Arts, about the influence of diet on health.[15] This comprised three lectures delivered on successive Mondays at the Society. The first lecture focused on the processes of nutrition; the second, on food essentials and their relationship to bodily structure and function; the third on disease prevention and physique improvement by attention to diet.[16] The lectures were subsequently published in book form under the title Nutrition and Health, and at the time of the third edition in 1962, were still not seen as "dated", with the advances of the preceding 25 years largely filling the details of the principles previously recognised by McCarrison.[17]

"McCarrison's work on goitre, cretinism, and thyroid, begun in the western Himalayas in 1902, generated scores of scientific publications during the following thirty-five years",[18] While McCarrison's work is often considered the start of serious studies of goitre and cretinism in South Asia, it was preceded by that of Commissioner David Scott at Rangur in north-east India around 1825, and was investigated by Mountford Bramley at Kathmandu in 1832.[18]

In 1918, McCarrison founded the Beri-Beri Enquiry Unit in a single room laboratory at the Pasteur Institute in Conoor, India.[19] He was invalided to Britain from 1920–1922, and in 1923 the enquiry was axed on financial grounds. It was restored two years later as the Deficiency Disease Inquiry, which McCarrison headed from 1925-1929.[20] Around 1928-29, this developed further into the Nutrition Research Laboratories (NRL. Renamed the National Institute of Nutrition in 1969),[19] with McCarrison as its first director, until his retirement in 1935.[15][19][20] In 1926, as head of the Deficiency Diseases Inquiry, McCarrison submitted written and oral evidence on malnutrition to the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India.[21] The primary objective of McCarrison's submission was to indicate the significance of malnutrition "as a cause of physical inefficiency and ill-health among the masses in India"; the relationship between nutrition and agriculture; and "the necessity for closer co-ordination of nutritional, medical, veterinary and agricultural research" in India.[22] McCarrison's submission had impact. "A decade later, when the Commission's chairman, Lord Linlithgow, became Viceroy of India he showed a personal interest in nutrition, pushing it to the top of the research agenda. In 1936 a Nutrition Advisory Committee was established and roughly a tenth of IRFA's annual grants went to fund nutrition research at Coonoor and Calcutta".[20]

Retirement from India edit

After the Second World War, from 1945 to 1955, McCarrison served as director of postgraduate medical education at Oxford University.[1]

Personal life edit

In 1906 he married Helen Stella Johnston, to whom he was still married at the time of his death.[1]

Legacy edit

McCarrison Society edit

In 1966, a group of doctors, dentists and veterinarians, interested in the promotion of nutrition and health, founded the McCarrison Society in honour of his efforts,[25][26] with a Scottish group established in 1981 due to both travel logistics and differing needs in the Scottish population.[26]

The Society aims "to assemble scientific knowledge on nutrition and health that is free from economic and political pressures with the object of securing the physical and mental health of future generations".[26] The society meetings sometimes raise questions with elusive answers, with speakers presenting material based on scanty, often anectdotal data, inviting criticism that it is "a gathering of cranks". However, "one answer to that criticism is that speakers at MCarrison meetings tend to be rather well qualified. But the main point is that the society has a way of asking questions about the environment - what are we doing to it and what it is doing to us - that are of profound importance".[27] The journal "Nutrition and Health" is the official journal of the McCarrison Society and is listed in PUBMED. The journal was started by members in 1978 with the objective of publishing peer reviewed scientific work and reviews on nutrition and health from academic research workers who were independent of the food and agricultural industries or those with a conflict of interest.

The society's website summarises McCarrison's work thus:

His researches were extensive; they included work on the newly discovered vitamins and on the contrasting disease patterns in the Indian subcontinent. He demonstrated how many common diseases increasingly prevalent in industrial societies were caused simply by diets made defective by extensive food processing, often with the use of chemical additives. He deplored the universal consumption in Britain and America of refined white flour, instead of halite flour, and the substitution of canned, preserved and artificially sweetened products for fresh natural food.

McCarrison's work was widely published in the medical press. He was honoured for his discoveries, but completely ignored by government and the medical profession at a time when medical thought was absorbed in the study of disease rather than on prevention and the promotion of health.[28]

Publications edit

The following is a selection of works published by McCarrison.[a] To avoid duplication, this does not include works cited, which are to be found in the References section.

  • McCarrison, Robert (1906), "Observations on Endemic Goitre in the Chitral and Gilgit Valleys", Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, 89: 437–470, PMC 2038233, PMID 20897060
  • McCarrison, R.; Berry, James (1909), "Observations on Endemic Cretinism in the Chitral and Gilgit Valleys", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2 (Medical Section): 1–36, doi:10.1177/003591570900200601, PMC 2046595, PMID 19973738
  • McCarrison, R. (13 March 1909), "A Summary of Further Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 81 (545): 31, Bibcode:1909RSPSB..81...31M, doi:10.1098/rspb.1909.0003, JSTOR 80344
  • "Further Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre", QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 2 (3): 279–288, April 1909, archived from the original on 15 April 2013, retrieved 10 August 2010
  • McCarrison, Robert (1 July 1909), "Observations on the Amoebae in the Intestines of Persons Suffering from Goitre in Gilgit", Journal of Cell Science, s2-53 (212): 723–736, doi:10.1242/jcs.s2-53.212.723 download page
  • McCarrison, R. (28 February 1911), "A Summary of Further Experimental Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre. (Second series.)", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 83 (564): 335–337, Bibcode:1911RSPSB..83..335M, doi:10.1098/rspb.1911.0016
  • McCarrison, R. (23 January 1912), "The Vaccine Treatment of Simple Goitre", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 5 (Medical Section): 37–52, doi:10.1177/003591571200500704, PMC 2004943, PMID 19976042
  • McCarrison, R. (1914), "Nervous Cretinism", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 7 (Section for the Study of Disease in Children): 157–164, doi:10.1177/0035915714007019101, PMC 2003241, PMID 19978295. Retrieved 12 August 2010
  • McCarrison, R. (1 August 1916), "On the Experimental Production of Congenital Goitre", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 89 (616): 322–327, Bibcode:1916RSPSB..89..322M, doi:10.1098/rspb.1916.0018, JSTOR 80845
  • McCarrison, Robert (1917), "The Thyroid Gland in Health and Disease", Nature, 100 (2507), London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox: 202–203, Bibcode:1917Natur.100..202H, doi:10.1038/100202a0, PMC 5057548, retrieved 10 August 2010 (Full text at Internet Archive).
  • McCarrison, R. (15 February 1919), "The Pathogenesis of Deficiency Disease", British Medical Journal, 1 (3033): 177–178, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3033.177, PMC 2340752, PMID 20769368 (Online registration to view articles is free).
  • McCarrison, R. (12 July 1919), "The Influence of Deficiency of Accessory Food Factors on the Intesting", British Medical Journal, 2 (3054): 36–39, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3054.36, PMC 2342171, PMID 20769544
  • McCarrison, R. (16 August 1919), "The Effects of a Scorbutic Diet on the Adrenal Glands", BMJ, 2 (3059): 200, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3059.200, PMC 2342542, PMID 20769580
  • McCarrison, R. (1 January 1920), "The Genesis of Oedema in Beriberi", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 91 (636): 103–110, Bibcode:1920RSPSB..91..103M, doi:10.1098/rspb.1920.0003, JSTOR 80789
  • McCarrison, R. (21 February 1920), "The Effects of Deficient Dietaries on Monkeys", British Medical Journal, 1 (3086): 249–253, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3086.249, PMC 2337273, PMID 20769796
  • McCarrison, R. (19 June 1920), "Deficiency Disease: With Special Reference to Gastro-intestinal Disorders", British Medical Journal, A British Medical Association Lecture Delivered to the South Wales and Monmouthshire Branch, 1 (3103): 822, 822–2–826, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3103.822, PMC 2338035
  • McCarrison, Robert (14 August 1920), "Dietetic Deficiency And Endocrine Activity, With Special Reference To Deficiency Oedemas", British Medical Journal, 2 (3111): 236–239, JSTOR 20341532
  • Studies in Deficiency Disease, London: Henry Frowde and Hodder & Stoughton, 1921 (1945 photo-lithographic reproduction by Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research. Full text at Internet Archive).
    • "Book advertisement", The Canadian Medical Association Journal: i, PMC 1524351
  • McCarrison, R. (1 November 1921), "Observations on the Effects of Fat Excess on the Growth and Metamorphosis of Tadpoles", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 92 (647): 295–303, Bibcode:1921RSPSB..92..295M, doi:10.1098/rspb.1921.0026, JSTOR 81036
  • "Faulty Food in Relation to Gastro-intestinal Disorder", Journal of the American Medical Association, 78 (1): 1–8, 7 January 1922, doi:10.1001/jama.1922.02640540007001 (Pay-per-view access).
  • McCarrison, R. (4 February 1922), "Fats in Relation to the Genesis of Goitre", British Medical Journal, 1 (3188): 178–181, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3188.178, PMC 2415366, PMID 20770581
  • McCarrison, R. (22 April 1922), "Simple Goitre", British Medical Journal, 1 (3199): 636–637, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3199.636, PMC 2415977, PMID 20770690
  • McCarrison, R. (20 January 1923), "The Function of the Adrenal Glands and its Relation to Concentration of Hydrogen Ions", British Medical Journal, 1 (3238): 101–102, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3238.101, PMC 2315868, PMID 20770975
  • McCarrison, R. (4 August 1923), "The Relation of Faulty Nutrition to the Development of the Epithelioma Contagion of Fowls", British Medical Journal, 2 (3266): 172–172–1, 173–174, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3266.172, PMC 2317298, PMID 20771246
  • McCarrison, R. (1924), "Rice in Relation to Beri-beri in India", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 17 (Section of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology): 65–82, doi:10.1177/003591572401702220, PMC 2201295, PMID 19984111
  • McCarrison, R. (8 March 1924), "Rice in Relation to Beri-beri in India", British Medical Journal, 1 (3297): 414–420, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3297.414, PMC 2201295, PMID 19984111
  • McCarrison, R. (29 March 1924), "The Relation of Manure to the Nutritive and Vitamin Value of Certain Grain", British Medical Journal, 1 (3300): 567–569, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3300.567, PMC 2304100, PMID 20771526
  • McCarrison, R. (1925), "Discussion on Non-specific Disturbances of Health Due to Vitamin Deficiency", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 18 (General Reports Section): 3–6, doi:10.1177/003591572501800502, PMC 2202417, PMID 19984363. Retrieved 12 August 2010
  • McCarrison, R. (13 June 1925), "A British Medical Association Lecture On Some Problems Of Thyroid Disease: Delivered before the Ulster Branch on April 30th", British Medical Journal, 1 (3363): 1065–1069, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3363.1065, PMC 2226787, PMID 20772078 JUSTOR link
  • McCarrison, R. (23 October 1926), "A Good Diet and a Bad One: An Experimental Contrast", British Medical Journal, 2 (3433): 724–2, 730–732, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3433.724, PMC 2523538, PMID 20772829
  • McCarrison, R. (15 January 1927), "An Experiment in Goitre Prevention: Being the Further History of Goitre at the Lawrence Royal Military School, Sanawar, Punjab, India", British Medical Journal, 1 (3445): 94–95, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3445.94, PMC 2453840
  • McCarrison, R. (16 April 1927), "The Experimental Production of Stone in the Bladder", British Medical Journal, 1 (3458): 717–718, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3458.717, PMC 2454290, PMID 20773132
  • McCarrison, R. (31 May 1930), "A Goitre Survey in Albino Rats", British Medical Journal, 1 (3621): 989–992, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3621.989, PMC 2313433, PMID 20775488
  • McCarrison, R. (6 June 1931), "A Lecture on Some Surgical Aspects of Faulty Nutrition", British Medical Journal, 1 (3674): 966–971, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3674.966, PMC 2315099, PMID 20776211
  • McCarrison, R. (13 June 1931), "A Lecture on The Causation of Stone in India", British Medical Journal, 1 (3675): 1009–1015, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3675.1009, PMC 2314725
  • McCarrison, R. (14 October 1933), "A Paper on Food and Goitre", British Medical Journal, 2 (3797): 671–675, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3797.671, PMC 2369402, PMID 20777816
  • McCarrison, R. (26 September 1936), "Nutrition in Health and Disease", British Medical Journal, 2 (3951): 611–615, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3951.611, PMC 2457588, PMID 20780124
  • McCarrison, R. (2 January 1937), "The Problem of Endemic Goitre", British Medical Journal, 1 (3965): 29–31, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3965.29, PMC 2092759, PMID 20780395
  • McCarrison, R. (7 August 1937), "Nutritional Needs in Pregnancy", British Medical Journal, 2 (3996): 256–257, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3996.256, PMC 2087076, PMID 20780822
  • McCarrison, Major-General Sir Robert (15 June 1940), "Medical Aspects of the Use of Food", British Medical Journal, 1 (4145): 984–987, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4145.984, PMC 2177719, PMID 20783158}
  • McCarrison, R (11 July 1942), "Social Medicine (letter to editor)", British Medical Journal, 2 (4253): 51, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4253.51, ISSN 0007-1447, PMC 2163459
  • McCarrison, Sir Robert (1947), "Introductory Remarks on Nutrition To-day", International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 1 (2): 69–72, doi:10.3109/09637484709143130
  • Nutrition and Health: Being the Cantor Lectures to the Royal Society of Arts in 1936, together with two earlier Essays, London: Faber and Faber, 1953[d]

Explanatory notes edit

a. ^ The bulk of McCarrison's work appears to have been published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), although he did publish in other journals, such as JAMA and The Lancet, amongst others. Some publications are also found in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. Free access to publications BMJ and the Proceedings is to be found in the external links section. Some of McCarrison's publications listed are from those journals, but links were not located at time of listing. They should however, be available at these websites, along with other publications by or about McCarrison from those two journals which have not been located or listed.

b. ^ This letter is by the "nominal overseer" of McCarrison's last salaried post. It contains particularly insightful commentary on the contribution of McCarrison at a time of significant change in the existing university and medical institutions of the UK.

c. ^ The author of this obituary letter on McCarrison is identified only as "N.C.P.", which are also the initials of N.C. Penrose, author of a 1951 letter defending the legacy of McCarrison's earlier works.

d. ^ A book review of the 1953 edition is cited in this article, hence the listing. However, there have been other publications of this book both before and since. A publication from 1944 (Nutrition and National Health) is to be found via web searches comprising the same lecture and essay collection. And publications in 1961 and 1982, under Nutrition and Health, are also to be found. A new edition was produced in 2010, and may found at Lulu, a Print on Demand / Self-Publishing service.

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d "Obituary: Sir ROBERT McCARRISON, C.I.E., M.D., D.Sc. L.L.D., F.R.C.P", British Medical Journal, 1 (5186): 1663–1664, 28 May 1960, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5186.1663, PMC 1967996, PMID 13856887
  2. ^ "Companion of the Indian Empire (C.I.E.) conferred", Supplement to the London Gazette (32830): 3947, 2 June 1923, retrieved 10 August 2010 (See p.3946 for list heading)
  3. ^ "Knighthood conferred July 1933", The London Gazette (33960): 4716, 14 July 1933, retrieved 10 August 2010
  4. ^ "McCarrison appointment as Honourable Physician to the King", The London Gazette (34226): 7671, 3 December 1935, retrieved 10 August 2010
  5. ^ "Robert McCarrison: Lieutenant to Captain on 29 January 1904", The London Gazette (27679): 3356, 24 May 1904, retrieved 10 August 2010
  6. ^ "Indian Medical Service: Robert McCarrison, MD: Captain to Major on 29 July 1912", The London Gazette (28639): 6377, 27 August 1912, retrieved 10 August 2010
  7. ^ "Maj. R. McCarrison listed for Lieutenant-Colonel", Supplement to the London Gazette (30450): 11, 1 January 1918, retrieved 10 August 2010 (List heading: "To be Brevet Lieutenant-Colonerl" is on p.10)
  8. ^ "Indian R. McCarrison to be Colonel from 5th November 1929", The London Gazette (33723): 3657, 5 June 1931, retrieved 10 August 2010
  9. ^ a b Indian Medical Service: Col. Sir R. McCarrison, Kt., C.I.E., M.D., F.R.C.P., K.H.P., to be Maj.-Gen., 19th July 1933, 16 February 1934, p. 1079, retrieved 10 August 2010
  10. ^ a b Indian Medical Service: Maj.-Gen. Sir R. McCarrison retires, 19th Aug. 1935, 30 August 1935, p. 5536, retrieved 10 August 2010
  11. ^ "Surgery and Diet", British Medical Journal, 1 (3675): 1031–1032, 13 June 1931, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2841.1031-a, PMC 2314713
  12. ^ "The Etiology of Goitre", British Medical Journal, 1 (2511): 434, 13 February 1909, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2511.427, PMC 2318200
  13. ^ Halliburton, W.D (18 June 1921), "Deficiency Disease (book review)", British Medical Journal, 1 (3155): 896–897, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3155.896, PMC 2415481
  14. ^ McCarrison, R (10 April 1926), "Vitamin Deficiency", British Medical Journal, 1 (3406): 674, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3406.674, PMC 2523693
  15. ^ a b c d Moore, T (25 April 1953), "Nutrition and Health (book review)", British Medical Journal, 1 (4816): 922, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4816.922, PMC 2016372. Retrieved 12 August 2010
  16. ^ McCarrison, Sir Robert (29 February 1936), "Nutrition and National Health", British Medical Journal, Cantor Lectures by Sir Robert McCarrison, 1 (3921): 427–430, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3921.427, PMC 2457947
  17. ^ Widdowson, E.M (January 1963), "Nutrition and Health, being the Cantor Lectures delivered before The Royal Society of Arts, together with Two Earlier Essays (book review)", British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 20 (1): 69, doi:10.1136/oem.20.1.69, PMC 1038277
  18. ^ a b Miles, M (1998), "Goitre, cretinism and iodine in South Asia: historical perspectives on a continuing scourge", Medical History, 42 (1): 47–67, doi:10.1017/s002572730006333x, PMC 1043968, PMID 9536623
  19. ^ a b c d Down the memory lane, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, retrieved 12 August 2010
  20. ^ a b c Arnold, David (2000), Science, technology, and medicine in Colonial India, The New Cambridge History of India. Part III, Volume 5, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 201, 215, ISBN 0-521-56319-4, retrieved 12 August 2010
  21. ^ McCarrison, Lieut.-Colonel R (1928), "Memorandum on Malnutrition as a cause of physical inefficiency and ill-health among the masses in India (pp.96-98); Oral evidence (pp.99-116)", Royal Commission on Agriculture in India. Volume I, Part II, Evidence of Officers serving under the Government of India, Calcutta: Government of India, Central Publication Branch, pp. 95–116 (n118–n139 in electronic page fields), retrieved 12 August 2010 (Full text at Internet Archive
  22. ^ McCarrison, Lieut.-Colonel R (1928), p.95
  23. ^ Mantle, Paul, , Tributes, The Man of the Trees: Richard St. Barbe Baker, p. 7, archived from the original on 8 January 2010, retrieved 14 August 2010
  24. ^ Sayre, Laura (4 March 2004), Review: The Origins of the Organic Movement, Rodale Institute, retrieved 14 August 2010
  25. ^ Ferry, Georgina (6 October 1983), "Eat your way to mental health", New Scientist, 100 (1378): 46, retrieved 13 August 2010
  26. ^ a b c (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011, retrieved 13 August 2010
  27. ^ Editorial (6 October 1983), "Big questions with elusive answers", New Scientist, 100 (1378): 2, retrieved 13 August 2010
  28. ^ Sir Robert McCarrison, McCarrison Society for Nutrition and Health, retrieved 13 August 2010

General and cited references edit

The following works discuss aspects of the life and work of Robert McCarrison.

  • Hardy, Anne (January 1995), "Beriberi, Vitamin B1, and World Food Policy, 1925-1970", Medical History, 39 (1): 61–77, doi:10.1017/s0025727300059482, PMC 1036938, PMID 7877405
  • William Lockeretz, ed. (2007), Organic Farming: An International History, Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI), ISBN 978-0-85199-833-6, retrieved 10 August 2010 ebook ISBN 978-1-84593-289-3
  • Gardner, Professor A.D (11 June 1960), "Obituary: Sir Robert McCarrison (letter)", British Medical Journal, 1 (5188): 1818–1819, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5188.1818-b, PMC 1967774[b]
  • "Medical News", British Medical Journal, (Notification of pending lecture at Middlesex Hospital on Tuesday 27 June), 1 (4093): 1266, 17 June 1939, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4093.1266, PMC 2209865
  • Akhtar, Rais; Learmonth, A.T.A, eds. (1986), Geographical Aspects of Health and Disease in India, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, retrieved 12 August 2010
  • N.C.P (4 June 1960), "Obituary: Sir Robert McCarrison (letter)", British Medical Journal, 1 (5187): 1743–1744, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5187.1743-b, PMC 1967689. Retrieved 11 August 2010.[c]
  • Penrose, N.C (3 February 1951), "Health, Diet, Soil", British Medical Journal, 1( (4700): 250–251, doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4700.250-c, PMC 2068206 retrieved 11 August 2010[c]
  • Ramalingaswami, V (1953), "The problem of goitre prevention in India", Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 9 (2): 275–281, PMC 2542097, PMID 13094515
  • Sinclair, H.M, ed. (1953), The work of Sir Robert McCarrison, London: Faber and Faber
  • "Ulster Medical Society", British Medical Journal, (Comment on McCarrison's visit and lecture of 30 April), 1 (3359): 944, 16 May 1925, PMC 2226736
  • Vernon, James (June 2005), , The American Historical Review, 110 (3): 693–725, doi:10.1086/ahr.110.3.693, PMID 16189931, archived from the original on 9 November 2009, retrieved 13 August 2010
  • Wrench, Dr Guy T (1938), The Wheel of Health: A Study of the Hunza People and the Keys to Health, 2009 reprint, Review Press, ISBN 978-0-9802976-6-9, retrieved 12 August 2010

External links edit

  • British Medical Journal online archive Access to articles is free, but requires a simple registration.
  • RSM journal archives back to 1809 at PubMed Central Contains archives of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, access to which is free
  • McCarrison Society for Nutrition and Health - homepage

January 01, 1970
robert, mccarrison, major, general, frcp, march, 1878, 1960, northern, ireland, physician, nutritionist, indian, medical, service, made, companion, indian, empire, 1923, received, knighthood, july, 1933, appointed, honourable, physician, king, 1935, born15, ma. Major General Sir Robert McCarrison CIE FRCP 15 March 1878 18 May 1960 1 was a Northern Ireland physician and nutritionist in the Indian Medical Service who was made a Companion of the Indian Empire CIE in 1923 2 received a knighthood in July 1933 3 and was appointed as Honourable Physician to the King in 1935 4 Robert McCarrisonBorn15 March 1878PortadownDied18 May 1960OxfordOccupation s Physician nutritionist McCarrison was born in Portadown in County Armagh Northern Ireland He qualified in Medicine at Queen s College Belfast in 1900 He joined the Indian Medical Service and was posted as Medical Officer to Indian troops guarding the mountainous Northern Frontiers He was promoted to Captain in January 1904 5 to Major in July 1912 6 Lieutenant Colonel in January 1918 7 Colonel from 1929 8 and to Major General in July 1933 9 He retired from the Indian Medical Service on 19 August 1935 10 McCarrison s research in India on the cause of goitre won widespread recognition and in 1913 he was promoted to do research In 1928 he became Director of Nutritional Research in India where he remained until his retirement from the Indian Medical Service in 1935 when he returned to England settling at Oxford 1 Contents 1 Pioneer in nutrition research 2 Retirement from India 3 Personal life 4 Legacy 4 1 McCarrison Society 5 Publications 6 Explanatory notes 7 Citations 8 General and cited references 9 External linksPioneer in nutrition research editMcCarrison carried out the very first experiments to demonstrate the effect of nutrition on the epidemiology of disease citation needed McCarrison is credited with being the first to experimentally demonstrate the effect of deficient dietaries upon animal tissues and organs 11 He also carried out human experiments aimed at identifying the cause of goitre and included himself as one of the experimental subjects 12 Much of McCarrison s work was pioneering His 1921 book Studies in Deficiency Disease was considered notable at the time being published at a time when knowledge of vitamins and their role in nutrition was crystallizing 13 McCarrison himself noted that prior to publication of his studies on the pathogenesis of deficiency disease no systemic post mortem examination of animals fed on food deficient in vitamin B had ever been made the histopathological effects of such food on the various systems of the body were wholly unknown above all its effects on the gastro intestinal tract and the organs of digestion and assimilation and the significance of these effects for clinical medicine were wholly unsuspected 14 At age 23 McCarrison went to India where he spent 30 years on nutritional problems 15 He attained the rank of major general in the Indian Medical Service 9 and founded the Nutritional Research Laboratories in Coonoor 15 After retiring from the Indian Medical Service in 1935 10 he gave a series of Cantor lectures at the Royal Society of Arts about the influence of diet on health 15 This comprised three lectures delivered on successive Mondays at the Society The first lecture focused on the processes of nutrition the second on food essentials and their relationship to bodily structure and function the third on disease prevention and physique improvement by attention to diet 16 The lectures were subsequently published in book form under the title Nutrition and Health and at the time of the third edition in 1962 were still not seen as dated with the advances of the preceding 25 years largely filling the details of the principles previously recognised by McCarrison 17 McCarrison s work on goitre cretinism and thyroid begun in the western Himalayas in 1902 generated scores of scientific publications during the following thirty five years 18 While McCarrison s work is often considered the start of serious studies of goitre and cretinism in South Asia it was preceded by that of Commissioner David Scott at Rangur in north east India around 1825 and was investigated by Mountford Bramley at Kathmandu in 1832 18 In 1918 McCarrison founded the Beri Beri Enquiry Unit in a single room laboratory at the Pasteur Institute in Conoor India 19 He was invalided to Britain from 1920 1922 and in 1923 the enquiry was axed on financial grounds It was restored two years later as the Deficiency Disease Inquiry which McCarrison headed from 1925 1929 20 Around 1928 29 this developed further into the Nutrition Research Laboratories NRL Renamed the National Institute of Nutrition in 1969 19 with McCarrison as its first director until his retirement in 1935 15 19 20 In 1926 as head of the Deficiency Diseases Inquiry McCarrison submitted written and oral evidence on malnutrition to the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India 21 The primary objective of McCarrison s submission was to indicate the significance of malnutrition as a cause of physical inefficiency and ill health among the masses in India the relationship between nutrition and agriculture and the necessity for closer co ordination of nutritional medical veterinary and agricultural research in India 22 McCarrison s submission had impact A decade later when the Commission s chairman Lord Linlithgow became Viceroy of India he showed a personal interest in nutrition pushing it to the top of the research agenda In 1936 a Nutrition Advisory Committee was established and roughly a tenth of IRFA s annual grants went to fund nutrition research at Coonoor and Calcutta 20 Retirement from India editAfter the Second World War from 1945 to 1955 McCarrison served as director of postgraduate medical education at Oxford University 1 Personal life editIn 1906 he married Helen Stella Johnston to whom he was still married at the time of his death 1 Legacy editThe National Institute of Nutrition in Hyderabad India continues to pay tribute to is origins in 1928 under McCarrison 19 McCarrison is grouped along with Sir Albert Howard and Richard St Barbe Baker as one of three progenitors of the organic agriculture movement 23 24 McCarrison Society edit In 1966 a group of doctors dentists and veterinarians interested in the promotion of nutrition and health founded the McCarrison Society in honour of his efforts 25 26 with a Scottish group established in 1981 due to both travel logistics and differing needs in the Scottish population 26 The Society aims to assemble scientific knowledge on nutrition and health that is free from economic and political pressures with the object of securing the physical and mental health of future generations 26 The society meetings sometimes raise questions with elusive answers with speakers presenting material based on scanty often anectdotal data inviting criticism that it is a gathering of cranks However one answer to that criticism is that speakers at MCarrison meetings tend to be rather well qualified But the main point is that the society has a way of asking questions about the environment what are we doing to it and what it is doing to us that are of profound importance 27 The journal Nutrition and Health is the official journal of the McCarrison Society and is listed in PUBMED The journal was started by members in 1978 with the objective of publishing peer reviewed scientific work and reviews on nutrition and health from academic research workers who were independent of the food and agricultural industries or those with a conflict of interest The society s website summarises McCarrison s work thus His researches were extensive they included work on the newly discovered vitamins and on the contrasting disease patterns in the Indian subcontinent He demonstrated how many common diseases increasingly prevalent in industrial societies were caused simply by diets made defective by extensive food processing often with the use of chemical additives He deplored the universal consumption in Britain and America of refined white flour instead of halite flour and the substitution of canned preserved and artificially sweetened products for fresh natural food McCarrison s work was widely published in the medical press He was honoured for his discoveries but completely ignored by government and the medical profession at a time when medical thought was absorbed in the study of disease rather than on prevention and the promotion of health 28 Publications editThe following is a selection of works published by McCarrison a To avoid duplication this does not include works cited which are to be found in the References section McCarrison Robert 1906 Observations on Endemic Goitre in the Chitral and Gilgit Valleys Medico Chirurgical Transactions 89 437 470 PMC 2038233 PMID 20897060 McCarrison R Berry James 1909 Observations on Endemic Cretinism in the Chitral and Gilgit Valleys Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 2 Medical Section 1 36 doi 10 1177 003591570900200601 PMC 2046595 PMID 19973738 McCarrison R 13 March 1909 A Summary of Further Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre Proceedings of the Royal Society B 81 545 31 Bibcode 1909RSPSB 81 31M doi 10 1098 rspb 1909 0003 JSTOR 80344 Further Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre QJM An International Journal of Medicine 2 3 279 288 April 1909 archived from the original on 15 April 2013 retrieved 10 August 2010 McCarrison Robert 1 July 1909 Observations on the Amoebae in the Intestines of Persons Suffering from Goitre in Gilgit Journal of Cell Science s2 53 212 723 736 doi 10 1242 jcs s2 53 212 723 download page McCarrison R 28 February 1911 A Summary of Further Experimental Researches on the Etiology of Endemic Goitre Second series Proceedings of the Royal Society B 83 564 335 337 Bibcode 1911RSPSB 83 335M doi 10 1098 rspb 1911 0016 McCarrison R 23 January 1912 The Vaccine Treatment of Simple Goitre Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 5 Medical Section 37 52 doi 10 1177 003591571200500704 PMC 2004943 PMID 19976042 McCarrison R 1914 Nervous Cretinism Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 7 Section for the Study of Disease in Children 157 164 doi 10 1177 0035915714007019101 PMC 2003241 PMID 19978295 Retrieved 12 August 2010 McCarrison R 1 August 1916 On the Experimental Production of Congenital Goitre Proceedings of the Royal Society B 89 616 322 327 Bibcode 1916RSPSB 89 322M doi 10 1098 rspb 1916 0018 JSTOR 80845 McCarrison Robert 1917 The Thyroid Gland in Health and Disease Nature 100 2507 London Bailliere Tindall amp Cox 202 203 Bibcode 1917Natur 100 202H doi 10 1038 100202a0 PMC 5057548 retrieved 10 August 2010 Full text at Internet Archive McCarrison R 15 February 1919 The Pathogenesis of Deficiency Disease British Medical Journal 1 3033 177 178 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3033 177 PMC 2340752 PMID 20769368 Online registration to view articles is free McCarrison R 12 July 1919 The Influence of Deficiency of Accessory Food Factors on the Intesting British Medical Journal 2 3054 36 39 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 3054 36 PMC 2342171 PMID 20769544 McCarrison R 16 August 1919 The Effects of a Scorbutic Diet on the Adrenal Glands BMJ 2 3059 200 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 3059 200 PMC 2342542 PMID 20769580 McCarrison R 1 January 1920 The Genesis of Oedema in Beriberi Proceedings of the Royal Society B 91 636 103 110 Bibcode 1920RSPSB 91 103M doi 10 1098 rspb 1920 0003 JSTOR 80789 McCarrison R 21 February 1920 The Effects of Deficient Dietaries on Monkeys British Medical Journal 1 3086 249 253 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3086 249 PMC 2337273 PMID 20769796 McCarrison R 19 June 1920 Deficiency Disease With Special Reference to Gastro intestinal Disorders British Medical Journal A British Medical Association Lecture Delivered to the South Wales and Monmouthshire Branch 1 3103 822 822 2 826 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3103 822 PMC 2338035 McCarrison Robert 14 August 1920 Dietetic Deficiency And Endocrine Activity With Special Reference To Deficiency Oedemas British Medical Journal 2 3111 236 239 JSTOR 20341532 Studies in Deficiency Disease London Henry Frowde and Hodder amp Stoughton 1921 1945 photo lithographic reproduction by Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research Full text at Internet Archive Book advertisement The Canadian Medical Association Journal i PMC 1524351 McCarrison R 1 November 1921 Observations on the Effects of Fat Excess on the Growth and Metamorphosis of Tadpoles Proceedings of the Royal Society B 92 647 295 303 Bibcode 1921RSPSB 92 295M doi 10 1098 rspb 1921 0026 JSTOR 81036 Faulty Food in Relation to Gastro intestinal Disorder Journal of the American Medical Association 78 1 1 8 7 January 1922 doi 10 1001 jama 1922 02640540007001 Pay per view access McCarrison R 4 February 1922 Fats in Relation to the Genesis of Goitre British Medical Journal 1 3188 178 181 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3188 178 PMC 2415366 PMID 20770581 McCarrison R 22 April 1922 Simple Goitre British Medical Journal 1 3199 636 637 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3199 636 PMC 2415977 PMID 20770690 McCarrison R 20 January 1923 The Function of the Adrenal Glands and its Relation to Concentration of Hydrogen Ions British Medical Journal 1 3238 101 102 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3238 101 PMC 2315868 PMID 20770975 McCarrison R 4 August 1923 The Relation of Faulty Nutrition to the Development of the Epithelioma Contagion of Fowls British Medical Journal 2 3266 172 172 1 173 174 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 3266 172 PMC 2317298 PMID 20771246 McCarrison R 1924 Rice in Relation to Beri beri in India Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 17 Section of Tropical Diseases and Parasitology 65 82 doi 10 1177 003591572401702220 PMC 2201295 PMID 19984111 McCarrison R 8 March 1924 Rice in Relation to Beri beri in India British Medical Journal 1 3297 414 420 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3297 414 PMC 2201295 PMID 19984111 McCarrison R 29 March 1924 The Relation of Manure to the Nutritive and Vitamin Value of Certain Grain British Medical Journal 1 3300 567 569 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3300 567 PMC 2304100 PMID 20771526 McCarrison R 1925 Discussion on Non specific Disturbances of Health Due to Vitamin Deficiency Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 18 General Reports Section 3 6 doi 10 1177 003591572501800502 PMC 2202417 PMID 19984363 Retrieved 12 August 2010 McCarrison R 13 June 1925 A British Medical Association Lecture On Some Problems Of Thyroid Disease Delivered before the Ulster Branch on April 30th British Medical Journal 1 3363 1065 1069 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3363 1065 PMC 2226787 PMID 20772078 JUSTOR link McCarrison R 23 October 1926 A Good Diet and a Bad One An Experimental Contrast British Medical Journal 2 3433 724 2 730 732 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 3433 724 PMC 2523538 PMID 20772829 McCarrison R 15 January 1927 An Experiment in Goitre Prevention Being the Further History of Goitre at the Lawrence Royal Military School Sanawar Punjab India British Medical Journal 1 3445 94 95 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3445 94 PMC 2453840 McCarrison R 16 April 1927 The Experimental Production of Stone in the Bladder British Medical Journal 1 3458 717 718 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3458 717 PMC 2454290 PMID 20773132 McCarrison R 31 May 1930 A Goitre Survey in Albino Rats British Medical Journal 1 3621 989 992 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3621 989 PMC 2313433 PMID 20775488 McCarrison R 6 June 1931 A Lecture on Some Surgical Aspects of Faulty Nutrition British Medical Journal 1 3674 966 971 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3674 966 PMC 2315099 PMID 20776211 McCarrison R 13 June 1931 A Lecture on The Causation of Stone in India British Medical Journal 1 3675 1009 1015 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3675 1009 PMC 2314725 McCarrison R 14 October 1933 A Paper on Food and Goitre British Medical Journal 2 3797 671 675 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 3797 671 PMC 2369402 PMID 20777816 McCarrison R 26 September 1936 Nutrition in Health and Disease British Medical Journal 2 3951 611 615 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 3951 611 PMC 2457588 PMID 20780124 McCarrison R 2 January 1937 The Problem of Endemic Goitre British Medical Journal 1 3965 29 31 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3965 29 PMC 2092759 PMID 20780395 McCarrison R 7 August 1937 Nutritional Needs in Pregnancy British Medical Journal 2 3996 256 257 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 3996 256 PMC 2087076 PMID 20780822 McCarrison Major General Sir Robert 15 June 1940 Medical Aspects of the Use of Food British Medical Journal 1 4145 984 987 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 4145 984 PMC 2177719 PMID 20783158 McCarrison R 11 July 1942 Social Medicine letter to editor British Medical Journal 2 4253 51 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 4253 51 ISSN 0007 1447 PMC 2163459 McCarrison Sir Robert 1947 Introductory Remarks on Nutrition To day International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 1 2 69 72 doi 10 3109 09637484709143130 Nutrition and Health Being the Cantor Lectures to the Royal Society of Arts in 1936 together with two earlier Essays London Faber and Faber 1953 d Explanatory notes edita The bulk of McCarrison s work appears to have been published in the British Medical Journal BMJ although he did publish in other journals such as JAMA and The Lancet amongst others Some publications are also found in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine Free access to publications BMJ and the Proceedings is to be found in the external links section Some of McCarrison s publications listed are from those journals but links were not located at time of listing They should however be available at these websites along with other publications by or about McCarrison from those two journals which have not been located or listed b This letter is by the nominal overseer of McCarrison s last salaried post It contains particularly insightful commentary on the contribution of McCarrison at a time of significant change in the existing university and medical institutions of the UK c The author of this obituary letter on McCarrison is identified only as N C P which are also the initials of N C Penrose author of a 1951 letter defending the legacy of McCarrison s earlier works d A book review of the 1953 edition is cited in this article hence the listing However there have been other publications of this book both before and since A publication from 1944 Nutrition and National Health is to be found via web searches comprising the same lecture and essay collection And publications in 1961 and 1982 under Nutrition and Health are also to be found A new edition was produced in 2010 and may found at Lulu a Print on Demand Self Publishing service Citations edit a b c d Obituary Sir ROBERT McCARRISON C I E M D D Sc L L D F R C P British Medical Journal 1 5186 1663 1664 28 May 1960 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 5186 1663 PMC 1967996 PMID 13856887 Companion of the Indian Empire C I E conferred Supplement to the London Gazette 32830 3947 2 June 1923 retrieved 10 August 2010 See p 3946 for list heading Knighthood conferred July 1933 The London Gazette 33960 4716 14 July 1933 retrieved 10 August 2010 McCarrison appointment as Honourable Physician to the King The London Gazette 34226 7671 3 December 1935 retrieved 10 August 2010 Robert McCarrison Lieutenant to Captain on 29 January 1904 The London Gazette 27679 3356 24 May 1904 retrieved 10 August 2010 Indian Medical Service Robert McCarrison MD Captain to Major on 29 July 1912 The London Gazette 28639 6377 27 August 1912 retrieved 10 August 2010 Maj R McCarrison listed for Lieutenant Colonel Supplement to the London Gazette 30450 11 1 January 1918 retrieved 10 August 2010 List heading To be Brevet Lieutenant Colonerl is on p 10 Indian R McCarrison to be Colonel from 5th November 1929 The London Gazette 33723 3657 5 June 1931 retrieved 10 August 2010 a b Indian Medical Service Col Sir R McCarrison Kt C I E M D F R C P K H P to be Maj Gen 19th July 1933 16 February 1934 p 1079 retrieved 10 August 2010 a b Indian Medical Service Maj Gen Sir R McCarrison retires 19th Aug 1935 30 August 1935 p 5536 retrieved 10 August 2010 Surgery and Diet British Medical Journal 1 3675 1031 1032 13 June 1931 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 2841 1031 a PMC 2314713 The Etiology of Goitre British Medical Journal 1 2511 434 13 February 1909 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 2511 427 PMC 2318200 Halliburton W D 18 June 1921 Deficiency Disease book review British Medical Journal 1 3155 896 897 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3155 896 PMC 2415481 McCarrison R 10 April 1926 Vitamin Deficiency British Medical Journal 1 3406 674 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3406 674 PMC 2523693 a b c d Moore T 25 April 1953 Nutrition and Health book review British Medical Journal 1 4816 922 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 4816 922 PMC 2016372 Retrieved 12 August 2010 McCarrison Sir Robert 29 February 1936 Nutrition and National Health British Medical Journal Cantor Lectures by Sir Robert McCarrison 1 3921 427 430 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 3921 427 PMC 2457947 Widdowson E M January 1963 Nutrition and Health being the Cantor Lectures delivered before The Royal Society of Arts together with Two Earlier Essays book review British Journal of Industrial Medicine 20 1 69 doi 10 1136 oem 20 1 69 PMC 1038277 a b Miles M 1998 Goitre cretinism and iodine in South Asia historical perspectives on a continuing scourge Medical History 42 1 47 67 doi 10 1017 s002572730006333x PMC 1043968 PMID 9536623 a b c d Down the memory lane National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad India retrieved 12 August 2010 a b c Arnold David 2000 Science technology and medicine in Colonial India The New Cambridge History of India Part III Volume 5 Cambridge UK Cambridge University Press pp 201 215 ISBN 0 521 56319 4 retrieved 12 August 2010 McCarrison Lieut Colonel R 1928 Memorandum on Malnutrition as a cause of physical inefficiency and ill health among the masses in India pp 96 98 Oral evidence pp 99 116 Royal Commission on Agriculture in India Volume I Part II Evidence of Officers serving under the Government of India Calcutta Government of India Central Publication Branch pp 95 116 n118 n139 in electronic page fields retrieved 12 August 2010 Full text at Internet Archive McCarrison Lieut Colonel R 1928 p 95 Mantle Paul Two Reviews see review of Origins of the Organic Movement Tributes The Man of the Trees Richard St Barbe Baker p 7 archived from the original on 8 January 2010 retrieved 14 August 2010 Sayre Laura 4 March 2004 Review The Origins of the Organic Movement Rodale Institute retrieved 14 August 2010 Ferry Georgina 6 October 1983 Eat your way to mental health New Scientist 100 1378 46 retrieved 13 August 2010 a b c The McCarrison Society Scottish Group PDF archived from the original PDF on 26 July 2011 retrieved 13 August 2010 Editorial 6 October 1983 Big questions with elusive answers New Scientist 100 1378 2 retrieved 13 August 2010 Sir Robert McCarrison McCarrison Society for Nutrition and Health retrieved 13 August 2010General and cited references editThe following works discuss aspects of the life and work of Robert McCarrison Hardy Anne January 1995 Beriberi Vitamin B1 and World Food Policy 1925 1970 Medical History 39 1 61 77 doi 10 1017 s0025727300059482 PMC 1036938 PMID 7877405 William Lockeretz ed 2007 Organic Farming An International History Oxfordshire UK amp Cambridge Massachusetts CAB International CABI ISBN 978 0 85199 833 6 retrieved 10 August 2010 ebook ISBN 978 1 84593 289 3 Gardner Professor A D 11 June 1960 Obituary Sir Robert McCarrison letter British Medical Journal 1 5188 1818 1819 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 5188 1818 b PMC 1967774 b Medical News British Medical Journal Notification of pending lecture at Middlesex Hospital on Tuesday 27 June 1 4093 1266 17 June 1939 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 4093 1266 PMC 2209865 Akhtar Rais Learmonth A T A eds 1986 Geographical Aspects of Health and Disease in India New Delhi Concept Publishing Company retrieved 12 August 2010 N C P 4 June 1960 Obituary Sir Robert McCarrison letter British Medical Journal 1 5187 1743 1744 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 5187 1743 b PMC 1967689 Retrieved 11 August 2010 c Penrose N C 3 February 1951 Health Diet Soil British Medical Journal 1 4700 250 251 doi 10 1136 bmj 1 4700 250 c PMC 2068206 retrieved 11 August 2010 c Ramalingaswami V 1953 The problem of goitre prevention in India Bulletin of the World Health Organization 9 2 275 281 PMC 2542097 PMID 13094515 Sinclair H M ed 1953 The work of Sir Robert McCarrison London Faber and Faber Passmore R 1953 The work of Sir Robert McCarrison book review Experimental Physiology The Physiological Society retrieved 10 August 2010 Ulster Medical Society British Medical Journal Comment on McCarrison s visit and lecture of 30 April 1 3359 944 16 May 1925 PMC 2226736 Vernon James June 2005 The Ethics of Hunger and the Assembly of Society The Techno Politics of the School Meal in Modern Britain The American Historical Review 110 3 693 725 doi 10 1086 ahr 110 3 693 PMID 16189931 archived from the original on 9 November 2009 retrieved 13 August 2010 Wrench Dr Guy T 1938 The Wheel of Health A Study of the Hunza People and the Keys to Health 2009 reprint Review Press ISBN 978 0 9802976 6 9 retrieved 12 August 2010External links editBritish Medical Journal online archive Access to articles is free but requires a simple registration RSM journal archives back to 1809 at PubMed Central Contains archives of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine access to which is free McCarrison Society for Nutrition and Health homepage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Robert McCarrison amp oldid 1187421271, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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