Richard O'Kane
Richard Hetherington O'Kane (February 2, 1911 – February 16, 1994) was a United States Navy submarine commander in World War II, who was awarded the Medal of Honor for commanding USS Tang in the Pacific War against Japan to the most successful record of any United States submarine ever. He also received three Navy Crosses and three Silver Stars, for a total of seven awards of the United States military's three highest decorations for valor in combat. Before commanding Tang, O'Kane served in the highly successful USS Wahoo as executive officer and approach officer under noted Commander Dudley "Mush" Morton. In his ten combat patrols, five in Wahoo and five commanding Tang, O'Kane participated in more successful attacks on Japanese shipping than any other submarine officer during the war.
Richard Hetherington O'Kane | |
|---|---|
Commander Richard O'Kane, c. 1946 | |
| Born | February 2, 1911 Dover, New Hampshire, US |
| Died | February 16, 1994 (aged 83) Petaluma, California, US |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/ | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1931–1957 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Commands held | Submarine Squadron Seven USS Sperry Submarine Division 32 USS Pelias USS Tang |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Medal of Honor Navy Cross (3) Silver Star (3) Legion of Merit Purple Heart Navy Commendation Ribbon |
| Spouse(s) | Ernestine Groves |
Early life and education
O'Kane was born in Dover, New Hampshire, on February 2, 1911. He was the youngest of four children of University of New Hampshire entomology professor Walter Collins O'Kane, of Irish ancestry, and his wife, Clifford Hetherington.[1] O'Kane graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover in 1930 and the United States Naval Academy in May 1934, upon which he was commissioned an officer in the United States Navy.[2]
O'Kane spent his first years of active duty on the heavy cruiser USS Chester and destroyer USS Pruitt. He received submarine instruction in 1938 and was then assigned to the USS Argonaut. O'Kane qualified for submarines aboard Argonaut in 1938 and remained aboard until her overhaul at Mare Island in 1942.[2]
World War II
In early 1942, Lieutenant O'Kane joined the pre-commissioning crew of the new submarine USS Wahoo and served as its executive officer on five war patrols during World War II, first under Lieutenant Commander Marvin G. "Pinky" Kennedy and later under the legendary Lieutenant Commander Dudley "Mush" Morton. Morton established a record as an excellent tactician, as he preferred to run the demanding analysis and plots while his executive officer manned the periscopes, a reversal of standard practices. Under Morton's tutelage, O'Kane developed the skills which enabled him to become the single most accomplished American submarine commander in history.[3][4]
In July 1943, following his fifth patrol in Wahoo, O'Kane was detached, promoted to lieutenant commander, and shortly made prospective commanding officer of USS Tang, which was then under construction. He placed her in commission in October 1943 and commanded her for her entire career. He was an innovator, and developed several operational tactics that markedly increased his ship's effectiveness. Among these were daylight surface cruising with extra lookouts, periscope recognition and range drills (enabling clear tactical sureness when seconds counted), drifting when not bound somewhere, and methods of night surface attacks, one of his favorite techniques to obtain and maintain the initiative in battle.[5]
In five war patrols on the Tang, O'Kane was originally recognized with sinking a total of 24 Japanese ships – the second highest total for a single American submarine and the highest for a single commanding officer. Postwar reviews of Japanese war records, corroborated by Tang's surviving logs and crewmen, revised the totals to 33 ships totalling over 116,454 long tons (118,323 t) sunk. This placed Tang first for both number of ships and tonnage (ahead of USS Tautog's 26 ships and USS Flasher's 100,231 long tons).[6] Several times during the war, he took Tang into the middle of a convoy and attacked ships ahead and behind – counting on Tang's relative position, speed, and low profile to keep clear of enemy escorts.
Tang's third patrol, into the Yellow Sea, sank more Japanese ships than any other submarine patrol of the war. O'Kane claimed eight ships sunk; post-war analysis increased this to 10 ships. During one attack, he fired six torpedoes at two large ships. Japanese records showed the torpedoes actually hit four ships. This number of sinkings surpassed the next highest patrol, Wahoo's (with O'Kane as executive officer) in the same area the year before.
Under O'Kane, Tang also performed "lifeguard duty", a common joint operation, with a Fast Carrier Task Force, of positioning one or more submarines in a "ditching station" off an enemy island under air attack in order to rescue downed pilots. Off Truk, he and the Tang rescued 22 airmen in one mission, thus earning a Presidential Unit Citation.
O'Kane was captured by the Japanese when Tang was sunk in the Formosa Strait by her own flawed torpedo (a circular run of a Mark 18) during a surface night attack on October 24–25, 1944. O'Kane lost all but eight members of his crew, and was at first secretly held captive at the Ōfuna navy detention center, then later moved to the regular army Omori POW camp.[7] Following his release, O'Kane received the Medal of Honor for "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity" during his submarine's final operations against Japanese shipping.
Post-war appointments
In the years following World War II, O'Kane served with the Pacific Reserve Fleet as commanding officer of the submarine tender USS Pelias, testified at Japanese war crimes trials, was executive officer of the submarine tender USS Nereus and was Commander, Submarine Division 32 (ComSubDiv 32). He was a student at the Armed Forces Staff College in 1950–51 and was subsequently assigned to the Submarine School at New London, Connecticut, initially as an instructor and, in 1952–53, as the commanding officer.
Promoted to the rank of captain in July 1953, O'Kane commanded the submarine tender USS Sperry until June 1954 and then became Commander, Submarine Squadron Seven (ComSubRon 7). Following studies at the Naval War College in 1955–56, he served in Washington, D.C., with the Ship Characteristics Board. O'Kane retired from active duty in July 1957 and, on the basis of his extensive combat record and under the tombstone promotion rule in effect at the time, was simultaneously advanced to the rank of rear admiral on the Retired List.[3]
Later life and legacy
O'Kane died of pneumonia in Petaluma, California, at age 83.[8] O'Kane and his wife Ernestine (1912–2008) are buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.[9]
In 1998, the Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS O'Kane (DDG-77) was named in his honor.
The O'Kane Cribbage board
The wardroom of the oldest fast attack submarine in the United States Pacific fleet (currently USS Chicago (SSN-721), as of 29 October 2019) carries O'Kane's personal cribbage board, and upon decommissioning the board is transferred to the next oldest boat. Prior to Chicago, the cribbage game set was aboard:
- USS Olympia (SSN-717), as of 21 May 2021. Before that;
- USS Bremerton (SSN-698), as of 4 February 2011. Before that;
- USS Los Angeles (SSN-688), as of 19 October 2004. Before that;
- USS Parche (SSN-683), as of 2 April 2002. Before that;
- USS Kamehameha (SSBN-642), as of 1994 after the passing of Admiral O'Kane.
The board used aboard Kamehameha was a gift given to then-Admiral O'Kane in 1957, by his crew from USS Tang (SS-563), to replace the board that was lost when the first Tang sunk in 1944.[10] The second Tang was in commission with the US Navy until 1980 when she was transferred to Turkey.
Summary of war patrols
With a total of 31 ships and 227,824t sunk during five patrols with USS Tang (24 ships and 93,824t, per JANAC), O'Kane ranks number one compared to all United States Navy skippers.
| Departing From | Date | Days | Wartime Credit Ships/Tonnage | JANAC[11] Credit Ships/Tonnage | Patrol Area | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang-1 | Pearl Harbor, TH | January 1944 | 41 | 5 / 42,000[12] | 5 / 21,429[13] | Marianas |
| Tang-2 | Pearl Harbor, TH | March 1944 | 61 | zero / zero[12] | zero / zero[13] | Palau |
| Tang-3 | Pearl Harbor, TH | June 1944 | 36 | 8 / 56,000[12] | 10 / 39,160[13] | East China Sea |
| Tang-4 | Pearl Harbor, TH | August 1944 | 34 | 5 / 22,500[12] | 2 / 11,463[13] | Empire |
| Tang-5 | Pearl Harbor, TH | September 1944 | lost | 13 / 107,324[12] | 7 / 21,772[13] | Formosa |
Awards and decorations
In addition to the Medal of Honor, O'Kane received three Navy Crosses, three Silver Stars, the Legion of Merit with "V" device for valor, the Purple Heart and several other decorations throughout his career. (O'Kane's original ribbon rack is on display at the US Navy Submarine Force Museum in Groton, Connecticut.)
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Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Commander, United States Navy, commanding USS Tang. Place and date: Vicinity Philippine Islands, October 23, and October 24, 1944. Entered service at: New Hampshire. Born: February 2, 1911, Dover, N.H.
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of the U.S.S. Tang operating against 2 enemy Japanese convoys on 23 October and 24 October 1944, during her fifth and last war patrol. Boldly maneuvering on the surface into the midst of a heavily escorted convoy, CMDR O'Kane stood in the fusillade of bullets and shells from all directions to launch smashing hits on 3 tankers, coolly swung his ship to fire at a freighter and, in a split-second decision, shot out of the path of an onrushing transport, missing it by inches. Boxed in by blazing tankers, a freighter, transport, and several destroyers, he blasted 2 of the targets with his remaining torpedoes and, with pyrotechnics bursting on all sides, cleared the area. Twenty-four hours later, he again made contact with a heavily escorted convoy steaming to support the Leyte campaign with reinforcements and supplies and with crated planes piled high on each unit. In defiance of the enemy's relentless fire, he closed the concentration of ship and in quick succession sent 2 torpedoes each into the first and second transports and an adjacent tanker, finding his mark with each torpedo in a series of violent explosions at less than 1,000-yard range. With ships bearing down from all sides, he charged the enemy at high speed, exploding the tanker in a burst of flame, smashing the transport dead in the water, and blasting the destroyer with a mighty roar which rocked the Tang from stem to stern. Expending his last 2 torpedoes into the remnants of a once powerful convoy before his own ship went down, Comdr. O'Kane, aided by his gallant command, achieved an illustrious record of heroism in combat, enhancing the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service.
Works
He wrote books about his service on Tang and Wahoo, entitled Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the USS Tang and Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War II Submarine, respectively.
- O'Kane, Richard H. (1977). Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the USS Tang. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 978-0-528-81058-9. OCLC 2965421.
- O'Kane, Richard H. (1987). Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War II Submarine. Novato, California: Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-89141-301-1. OCLC 15366413.
See also
Notes
- ^ Tuohy 2009, p. 125
- ^ a b O'Kane, Richard H. WAHOO The Patrols of America's Most Famous WWII Submarine (1987) Presidio Press ISBN 0-89141-301-4 pp. 1–3
- ^ "USS Wahoo (238) of the US Navy". Retrieved October 9, 2010.
- ^ "CDR Richard H. O'Kane, Medal of Honor Recipient". Submarine Force Library & Association. 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
- ^ Blair 1975, pp. 988–89; O'Kane 1989, p. 458
- ^ O'Kane, Richard H. Clear the Bridge! The War Patrols of the USS Tang, London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1978, pp. 462–66, ISBN 0354011855
- ^ "Richard O'Kane, 83, U.S. Submarine Hero". The New York Times. February 23, 1994. p. A16.
- ^ "Burial Detail: O'Kane, Richard (Section 59, Grave 874)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
- ^ "The O'Kane Cribbage Board Is Passed Down". 11 August 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- ^ Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee 1947 (Blair rounded entries in his tables while Roscoe's tables are an accurate transcription of the JANAC report.)
- ^ a b c d e Blair 1975, pp. 900–87
- ^ a b c d e Roscoe 1949, p. 558
References
- Joint Army–Navy Assessment Committee (3 February 1947). "Appendix: Japanese Shipping Lost by United States Submarines". Japanese Naval and Merchant Shipping Losses During World War II by All Causes. HyperWar Foundation. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- Blair, Clay Jr. (1975). Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan. Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company. ISBN 0-397-00753-1.
- O'Kane, Richard H. (1989) [1977]. Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the U.S.S. Tang. Presidio Press. ISBN 978-0-89141-346-2.
- Roscoe, Theodore (1949). United States Submarine Operations in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
- Tuohy, William (2009). The Bravest Man. Random House. ISBN 978-0307554871.
Further reading
- Escape from the Deep: A Legendary Submarine and Her Courageous Crew. Perseus Books Group. 29 April 2008. ISBN 978-0-306-81519-5. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
- "Rear Admiral Richard O'Kane". Fleet Submarine.com. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
- McDaniel, J. T. (2005). U.S.S. Tang (SS-306): American submarine war patrol reports. Riverdale Books. ISBN 1-932606-05-X. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
External links
- "Richard Hetherington O'Kane". at ArlingtonCemetery.net. 16 December 2022. (Unofficial website).