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Rhodopsin kinase

April 11, 2024

Rhodopsin kinase (EC 2.7.11.14, rod opsin kinase, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, GPCR kinase 1, GRK1, opsin kinase, opsin kinase (phosphorylating), rhodopsin kinase (phosphorylating), RK, STK14) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase involved in phototransduction.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1
Identifiers
SymbolGRK1
Alt. symbolsRHOK
NCBI gene6011
HGNC10013
OMIM180381
RefSeqNM_002929
UniProtQ15835
Other data
EC number2.7.11.14
LocusChr. 13 q34
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
ATP + rhodopsin ADP + phospho-rhodopsin

Mutations in rhodopsin kinase are associated with a form of night blindness called Oguchi disease.[9]

Function and mechanism of action edit

Rhodopsin kinase is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases, and is officially named G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, or GRK1. Rhodopsin kinase is found primarily in mammalian retinal rod cells, where it phosphorylates light-activated rhodopsin, a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors that recognizes light. Phosphorylated, light-activated rhodopsin binds to the protein arrestin to terminate the light-activated signaling cascade. The related GRK7, also known as cone opsin kinase, serves a similar function in retinal cone cells subserving high-acuity color vision in the fovea.[10] The post-translational modification of GRK1 by farnesylation and α-carboxyl methylation is important for regulating the ability of the enzyme to recognize rhodopsin in rod outer segment disk membranes.[11][12]

Arrestin-1 bound to rhodopsin prevents rhodopsin activation of the transducin protein to turn off photo-transduction completely.[13][14]

Rhodopsin kinase is inhibited by the calcium-binding protein recoverin in a graded manner that maintains rhodopsin sensitivity to light despite large changes in ambient light conditions. That is, in retinas exposed to only dim light, calcium levels are high in retinal rod cells and recoverin is bound to and inhibits rhodopsin kinase, leaving rhodopsin exquisitely sensitive to photons to mediate low-light, low-acuity vision; in bright light, rod cell calcium levels are low so recoverin cannot bind or inhibit rhodopsin kinase, resulting in greater rhodopsin kinase/arrestin inhibition of rhodopsin signaling at baseline to preserve visual sensitivity.[15][16]

According to a proposed model, the N-terminus of rhodopsin kinase is involved in its own activation. It's suggested that an activated rhodopsin binds to the N-terminus, which is also involved in the stabilization of the kinase domain to induce an active conformation.[17]

Eye disease edit

Mutation in rhodopsin kinase can result in diseases such as Oguchi disease and retinal degeneration. Oguchi disease is a form of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). Congenital stationary night blindness is caused by the inability to send a signal from outer retina to the inner retina by signaling molecules. Oguchi disease is a genetic disorder so an individual can be inherited from his or her parents. Genes that are responsible for Oguchi disease are SAG (which encodes arrestin) and GRK1 genes. Rhodopsin kinase is encoded from the GRK1 gene, so a mutation in GRK1 can result in Oguchi disease.[18]

Retinal degeneration is a form of the retinal disease caused by the death of photoreceptor cells that present in the back of the eye, retina. Rhodopsin kinase directly participates in the rhodopsin to activate the visual phototransduction. Studies have shown that lack of rhodopsin kinase will result in photoreceptor cell death.[19] When photoreceptors cells die, they will be detached from the retina and result in retinal degeneration.[20]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lorenz W, Inglese J, Palczewski K, Onorato JJ, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (October 1991). "The receptor kinase family: primary structure of rhodopsin kinase reveals similarities to the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (19): 8715–9. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88.8715L. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.19.8715. PMC 52580. PMID 1656454.
  2. ^ Benovic JL, Mayor F, Somers RL, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (1986). "Light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin by beta-adrenergic receptor kinase". Nature. 321 (6073): 869–72. Bibcode:1986Natur.321..869B. doi:10.1038/321869a0. PMID 3014340. S2CID 4346322.
  3. ^ Shichi H, Somers RL (October 1978). "Light-dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin. Purification and properties of rhodopsin kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 253 (19): 7040–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38026-2. PMID 690139.
  4. ^ Palczewski K, McDowell JH, Hargrave PA (October 1988). "Purification and characterization of rhodopsin kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (28): 14067–73. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68185-2. PMID 2844754.
  5. ^ Weller M, Virmaux N, Mandel P (January 1975). "Light-stimulated phosphorylation of rhodopsin in the retina: the presence of a protein kinase that is specific for photobleached rhodopsin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 72 (1): 381–5. Bibcode:1975PNAS...72..381W. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.1.381. PMC 432309. PMID 164024.
  6. ^ Cha K, Bruel C, Inglese J, Khorana HG (September 1997). "Rhodopsin kinase: expression in baculovirus-infected insect cells, and characterization of post-translational modifications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (20): 10577–82. Bibcode:1997PNAS...9410577C. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.20.10577. PMC 23407. PMID 9380677.
  7. ^ Khani SC, Abitbol M, Yamamoto S, Maravic-Magovcevic I, Dryja TP (August 1996). "Characterization and chromosomal localization of the gene for human rhodopsin kinase". Genomics. 35 (3): 571–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0399. PMID 8812493.
  8. ^ Willets JM, Challiss RA, Nahorski SR (December 2003). "Non-visual GRKs: are we seeing the whole picture?". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 24 (12): 626–33. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2003.10.003. PMID 14654303.
  9. ^ Yamamoto S, Sippel KC, Berson EL, Dryja TP (February 1997). "Defects in the rhodopsin kinase gene in the Oguchi form of stationary night blindness". Nature Genetics. 15 (2): 175–8. doi:10.1038/ng0297-175. PMID 9020843. S2CID 9317102.
  10. ^ Chen CK, Zhang K, Church-Kopish J, Huang W, Zhang H, Chen YJ, Frederick JM, Baehr W (December 2001). "Characterization of human GRK7 as a potential cone opsin kinase". Molecular Vision. 7: 305–13. PMID 11754336.
  11. ^ Inglese J, Glickman JF, Lorenz W, Caron MG, Lefkowitz RJ (January 1992). "Isoprenylation of a protein kinase. Requirement of farnesylation/alpha-carboxyl methylation for full enzymatic activity of rhodopsin kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267 (3): 1422–5. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45960-1. PMID 1730692.
  12. ^ Kutuzov MA, Andreeva AV, Bennett N (December 2012). "Regulation of the methylation status of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 (rhodopsin kinase)". Cellular Signalling. 24 (12): 2259–67. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.020. PMID 22846544.
  13. ^ Sakurai K, Chen J, Khani SC, Kefalov VJ (April 2015). "Regulation of mammalian cone phototransduction by recoverin and rhodopsin kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (14): 9239–50. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.639591. PMC 4423708. PMID 25673692.
  14. ^ Sakurai K, Young JE, Kefalov VJ, Khani SC (August 2011). "Variation in rhodopsin kinase expression alters the dim flash response shut off and the light adaptation in rod photoreceptors". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 52 (9): 6793–800. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7158. PMC 3176010. PMID 21474765.
  15. ^ Chen CK, Inglese J, Lefkowitz RJ, Hurley JB (July 1995). "Ca(2+)-dependent interaction of recoverin with rhodopsin kinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (30): 18060–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.30.18060. PMID 7629115.
  16. ^ Komolov KE, Senin II, Kovaleva NA, Christoph MP, Churumova VA, Grigoriev II, Akhtar M, Philippov PP, Koch KW (July 2009). "Mechanism of rhodopsin kinase regulation by recoverin". Journal of Neurochemistry. 110 (1): 72–9. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06118.x. PMID 19457073. S2CID 205620698.
  17. ^ Orban, Tivadar, et al. “Substrate-Induced Changes in the Dynamics of Rhodopsin Kinase (G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 1).” Biochemistry, vol. 51, no. 16, 2012, pp. 3404–3411.
  18. ^ Teke MY, Citirik M, Kabacam S, Demircan S, Alikasifoglu M (October 2016). "A novel missense mutation of the GRK1 gene in Oguchi disease". Molecular Medicine Reports. 14 (4): 3129–33. doi:10.3892/mmr.2016.5620. PMC 5042745. PMID 27511724.
  19. ^ Choi S, Hao W, Chen CK, Simon MI (November 2001). "Gene expression profiles of light-induced apoptosis in arrestin/rhodopsin kinase-deficient mouse retinas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (23): 13096–101. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9813096C. doi:10.1073/pnas.201417498. PMC 60830. PMID 11687607.
  20. ^ Murakami Y, Notomi S, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa T, Ishibashi T, Miller JW, Vavvas DG (November 2013). "Photoreceptor cell death and rescue in retinal detachment and degenerations". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 37 (2013): 114–40. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.001. PMC 3871865. PMID 23994436.

External links edit

April 11, 2024
rhodopsin, kinase, opsin, kinase, protein, coupled, receptor, kinase, gpcr, kinase, grk1, opsin, kinase, opsin, kinase, phosphorylating, rhodopsin, kinase, phosphorylating, stk14, serine, threonine, specific, protein, kinase, involved, phototransduction, this,. Rhodopsin kinase EC 2 7 11 14 rod opsin kinase G protein coupled receptor kinase 1 GPCR kinase 1 GRK1 opsin kinase opsin kinase phosphorylating rhodopsin kinase phosphorylating RK STK14 is a serine threonine specific protein kinase involved in phototransduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction G protein coupled receptor kinase 1IdentifiersSymbolGRK1Alt symbolsRHOKNCBI gene6011HGNC10013OMIM180381RefSeqNM 002929UniProtQ15835Other dataEC number2 7 11 14LocusChr 13 q34Search forStructuresSwiss modelDomainsInterPro ATP rhodopsin displaystyle rightleftharpoons ADP phospho rhodopsinMutations in rhodopsin kinase are associated with a form of night blindness called Oguchi disease 9 Contents 1 Function and mechanism of action 2 Eye disease 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksFunction and mechanism of action editRhodopsin kinase is a member of the family of G protein coupled receptor kinases and is officially named G protein coupled receptor kinase 1 or GRK1 Rhodopsin kinase is found primarily in mammalian retinal rod cells where it phosphorylates light activated rhodopsin a member of the family of G protein coupled receptors that recognizes light Phosphorylated light activated rhodopsin binds to the protein arrestin to terminate the light activated signaling cascade The related GRK7 also known as cone opsin kinase serves a similar function in retinal cone cells subserving high acuity color vision in the fovea 10 The post translational modification of GRK1 by farnesylation and a carboxyl methylation is important for regulating the ability of the enzyme to recognize rhodopsin in rod outer segment disk membranes 11 12 Arrestin 1 bound to rhodopsin prevents rhodopsin activation of the transducin protein to turn off photo transduction completely 13 14 Rhodopsin kinase is inhibited by the calcium binding protein recoverin in a graded manner that maintains rhodopsin sensitivity to light despite large changes in ambient light conditions That is in retinas exposed to only dim light calcium levels are high in retinal rod cells and recoverin is bound to and inhibits rhodopsin kinase leaving rhodopsin exquisitely sensitive to photons to mediate low light low acuity vision in bright light rod cell calcium levels are low so recoverin cannot bind or inhibit rhodopsin kinase resulting in greater rhodopsin kinase arrestin inhibition of rhodopsin signaling at baseline to preserve visual sensitivity 15 16 According to a proposed model the N terminus of rhodopsin kinase is involved in its own activation It s suggested that an activated rhodopsin binds to the N terminus which is also involved in the stabilization of the kinase domain to induce an active conformation 17 Eye disease editMutation in rhodopsin kinase can result in diseases such as Oguchi disease and retinal degeneration Oguchi disease is a form of congenital stationary night blindness CSNB Congenital stationary night blindness is caused by the inability to send a signal from outer retina to the inner retina by signaling molecules Oguchi disease is a genetic disorder so an individual can be inherited from his or her parents Genes that are responsible for Oguchi disease are SAG which encodes arrestin and GRK1 genes Rhodopsin kinase is encoded from the GRK1 gene so a mutation in GRK1 can result in Oguchi disease 18 Retinal degeneration is a form of the retinal disease caused by the death of photoreceptor cells that present in the back of the eye retina Rhodopsin kinase directly participates in the rhodopsin to activate the visual phototransduction Studies have shown that lack of rhodopsin kinase will result in photoreceptor cell death 19 When photoreceptors cells die they will be detached from the retina and result in retinal degeneration 20 See also editRhodopsin Visual phototransduction G protein coupled receptor kinases GRK2References edit Lorenz W Inglese J Palczewski K Onorato JJ Caron MG Lefkowitz RJ October 1991 The receptor kinase family primary structure of rhodopsin kinase reveals similarities to the beta adrenergic receptor kinase Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 19 8715 9 Bibcode 1991PNAS 88 8715L doi 10 1073 pnas 88 19 8715 PMC 52580 PMID 1656454 Benovic JL Mayor F Somers RL Caron MG Lefkowitz RJ 1986 Light dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin by beta adrenergic receptor kinase Nature 321 6073 869 72 Bibcode 1986Natur 321 869B doi 10 1038 321869a0 PMID 3014340 S2CID 4346322 Shichi H Somers RL October 1978 Light dependent phosphorylation of rhodopsin Purification and properties of rhodopsin kinase The Journal of Biological Chemistry 253 19 7040 6 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 17 38026 2 PMID 690139 Palczewski K McDowell JH Hargrave PA October 1988 Purification and characterization of rhodopsin kinase The Journal of Biological Chemistry 263 28 14067 73 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 18 68185 2 PMID 2844754 Weller M Virmaux N Mandel P January 1975 Light stimulated phosphorylation of rhodopsin in the retina the presence of a protein kinase that is specific for photobleached rhodopsin Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 72 1 381 5 Bibcode 1975PNAS 72 381W doi 10 1073 pnas 72 1 381 PMC 432309 PMID 164024 Cha K Bruel C Inglese J Khorana HG September 1997 Rhodopsin kinase expression in baculovirus infected insect cells and characterization of post translational modifications Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 20 10577 82 Bibcode 1997PNAS 9410577C doi 10 1073 pnas 94 20 10577 PMC 23407 PMID 9380677 Khani SC Abitbol M Yamamoto S Maravic Magovcevic I Dryja TP August 1996 Characterization and chromosomal localization of the gene for human rhodopsin kinase Genomics 35 3 571 6 doi 10 1006 geno 1996 0399 PMID 8812493 Willets JM Challiss RA Nahorski SR December 2003 Non visual GRKs are we seeing the whole picture Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 24 12 626 33 doi 10 1016 j tips 2003 10 003 PMID 14654303 Yamamoto S Sippel KC Berson EL Dryja TP February 1997 Defects in the rhodopsin kinase gene in the Oguchi form of stationary night blindness Nature Genetics 15 2 175 8 doi 10 1038 ng0297 175 PMID 9020843 S2CID 9317102 Chen CK Zhang K Church Kopish J Huang W Zhang H Chen YJ Frederick JM Baehr W December 2001 Characterization of human GRK7 as a potential cone opsin kinase Molecular Vision 7 305 13 PMID 11754336 Inglese J Glickman JF Lorenz W Caron MG Lefkowitz RJ January 1992 Isoprenylation of a protein kinase Requirement of farnesylation alpha carboxyl methylation for full enzymatic activity of rhodopsin kinase The Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 3 1422 5 doi 10 1016 S0021 9258 18 45960 1 PMID 1730692 Kutuzov MA Andreeva AV Bennett N December 2012 Regulation of the methylation status of G protein coupled receptor kinase 1 rhodopsin kinase Cellular Signalling 24 12 2259 67 doi 10 1016 j cellsig 2012 07 020 PMID 22846544 Sakurai K Chen J Khani SC Kefalov VJ April 2015 Regulation of mammalian cone phototransduction by recoverin and rhodopsin kinase The Journal of Biological Chemistry 290 14 9239 50 doi 10 1074 jbc M115 639591 PMC 4423708 PMID 25673692 Sakurai K Young JE Kefalov VJ Khani SC August 2011 Variation in rhodopsin kinase expression alters the dim flash response shut off and the light adaptation in rod photoreceptors Investigative Ophthalmology amp Visual Science 52 9 6793 800 doi 10 1167 iovs 11 7158 PMC 3176010 PMID 21474765 Chen CK Inglese J Lefkowitz RJ Hurley JB July 1995 Ca 2 dependent interaction of recoverin with rhodopsin kinase The Journal of Biological Chemistry 270 30 18060 6 doi 10 1074 jbc 270 30 18060 PMID 7629115 Komolov KE Senin II Kovaleva NA Christoph MP Churumova VA Grigoriev II Akhtar M Philippov PP Koch KW July 2009 Mechanism of rhodopsin kinase regulation by recoverin Journal of Neurochemistry 110 1 72 9 doi 10 1111 j 1471 4159 2009 06118 x PMID 19457073 S2CID 205620698 Orban Tivadar et al Substrate Induced Changes in the Dynamics of Rhodopsin Kinase G Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 1 Biochemistry vol 51 no 16 2012 pp 3404 3411 Teke MY Citirik M Kabacam S Demircan S Alikasifoglu M October 2016 A novel missense mutation of the GRK1 gene in Oguchi disease Molecular Medicine Reports 14 4 3129 33 doi 10 3892 mmr 2016 5620 PMC 5042745 PMID 27511724 Choi S Hao W Chen CK Simon MI November 2001 Gene expression profiles of light induced apoptosis in arrestin rhodopsin kinase deficient mouse retinas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 23 13096 101 Bibcode 2001PNAS 9813096C doi 10 1073 pnas 201417498 PMC 60830 PMID 11687607 Murakami Y Notomi S Hisatomi T Nakazawa T Ishibashi T Miller JW Vavvas DG November 2013 Photoreceptor cell death and rescue in retinal detachment and degenerations Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 37 2013 114 40 doi 10 1016 j preteyeres 2013 08 001 PMC 3871865 PMID 23994436 External links editRhodopsin kinase at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Portal nbsp Biology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhodopsin kinase amp oldid 1142727336, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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