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RhoC

May 03, 2024

For the television series, see The Real Housewives of Orange County and The Real Housewives of Cheshire.

RhoC (Ras homolog gene family, member C) is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases.[5] It is encoded by the gene RHOC.[6]

RHOC
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesRHOC, ARH9, ARHC, H9, RHOH9, RhoC, ras homolog family member C
External IDsOMIM: 165380 MGI: 106028 HomoloGene: 90945 GeneCards: RHOC
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

389

11853

Ensembl

ENSG00000155366

ENSMUSG00000002233

UniProt

P08134
Q5JR06

Q62159

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_175744
NM_001042678
NM_001042679

NM_001291859
NM_007484

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001036143
NP_001036144
NP_786886

NP_001278788
NP_031510

Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 112.7 – 112.71 MbChr 3: 104.7 – 104.7 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Mechanism and function edit

It is prenylated at its C-terminus, and localizes to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. It is thought to be important in cell locomotion. It cycles between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape and motility. RhoC can activate formins such as mDia1 and FMNL2 to remodel the cytoskeleton.[7][8][9]

Overexpression of RhoC is associated with cell proliferation and causing tumors to become malignant.[10] It causes degradation and reconstruction of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) which helps cells escape the tissue they are currently in. It enhances cell motility giving it the ability to become invasive.[11] It has been found to have a direct relationship to advanced tumor stage and metastasis, with increases in stage being related to increases in RhoC expression.[12] RhoC-deficient mice can still develop tumors but these fail to metastasize, arguing that RhoC is essential for metastasis.[13] It has also been found to enhance the creation of angiogenic factors such as VEGF, which is necessary for a tumor to become malignant.[12][14] In a study by Vega,[15] RhoC was knocked out which resulted in cells spreading out wide in all directions. When RhoC was disabled, the cell's abilities to move in a specific direction and migrate was impaired. It also reduced the cell's speed of movement, because it was difficult, and sometimes impossible, to polarize the cell.

Associated Signaling Pathways edit

RhoC expression has been associated with several signaling pathways and effectors. Here is a list of the ones found so far:

  • IQGAP1 (IQ-domain GTP-ase Activating Protein): an effector of RhoC to enhance expression of cyclin E and cyclin D1. This resulted in cells being promoted to enter S phase more rapidly [16]
  • ROCK-1 [12][17]
  • MMP9: necessary for ECM regulation[12]
  • FMNL3: a Formin downstream target, which is used to regulate where Rac1 is active [15]
  • MAPK pathway: upregulating VEGF, Basic fibroblastic growth factors, and interleukins 6 and 8 expression [14][18]
  • Notch1 [14]
  • PI3K/AKt pathway: Proliferation and invasiveness [14][19]
  • Pyk2: metastasis [14][20]

Types of Cancer RhoC has been studied in edit

RhoC has been found to be overexpressed in:

  • Lung Cancer [11]
  • Gastric Cancer [16]
  • Ovarian cancer [12]
  • Breast Cancer [18][21]
  • Hepatocellular Cancer [22]
  • Pancreatic Cancer [12]
  • Colorectal Cancer [23]
  • Cancer of the Urogenital System [12]
  • Melanoma [12]
  • Prostate Cancer [20]
  • Cervical Carcinoma [14]

Potential Therapies edit

RhoC small interfering RNA (siRNA) have been used in studies to successfully inhibit proliferation of some invasive cancers [16][23] RhoC can be used as a biomarker for judging the metastatic potential of tumors[21][24] One study used "recombinant adenovirus mediated RhoC shRNA in tandem linked expression" to successfully inhibit RhoC [23] It has been found that RhoC expression is not important for embryogenesis but it is only important for metastasis, which would make it a good target for treatments.[14] A RhoC targeted therapy (RV001 by RhoVac) is currently tested in prostate cancer in an ongoing clinical phase 2b program in the US and Europe. Results are expected mid 2022 (Reference: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04114825)

References edit

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000155366 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000002233 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Ridley A. (2006). "Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking". Trends Cell Biol. 16 (10): 522–9. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006. PMID 16949823.
  6. ^ "Entrez Gene: RHOC ras homolog gene family, member C".
  7. ^ Kitzing TM, Wang Y, Pertz O, Copeland JW, Grosse R (April 2010). "Formin-like 2 drives amoeboid invasive cell motility downstream of RhoC". Oncogene. 29 (16): 2441–8. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.515. PMID 20101212. S2CID 25556221.
  8. ^ Jaffe AB, Hall A (2005). "Rho GTPases: Biochemistry and Biology". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 21: 247–69. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.21.020604.150721. PMID 16212495.
  9. ^ Vega FM, Ridley AJ (2008). "Rho GTPases in Cancer Cell Biology". FEBS Letters. 582 (14): 2093–2101. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.039. PMID 18460342.
  10. ^ Horiuchi A, Imai T, Wang C, Ohira S, Feng Y, Nikaido T, Konishi I (June 2003). "Up-Regulation of Small GTPases, RhoA and RhoC, Is Associated with Tumor Progression in Ovarian Carcinoma". Laboratory Investigation. 83 (6): 861–870. doi:10.1097/01.LAB.0000073128.16098.31. PMID 12808121. S2CID 22119772.
  11. ^ a b Ikoma T, Takahashi T, Nagano S, Li YM, Ohno Y, Ando K, Fujiwara T, Fujiwara H, Kosai K (February 2004). "A Definitive Role of RhoC in Metastasis of Orthotopic Lung Cancer in Mice". Clinical Cancer Research. 10 (3): 1192–1200. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0275. PMID 14871999.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Zhao Y, Zhi-hong Z, Hui-mian X (2010). "RhoC Expression Level Is Correlated with the Clinicopathological Characteristics of Ovarian Cancer and the Expression Levels of ROCK-I, VEGF, and MMP9". Gynecologic Oncology. 116 (3): 563–71. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.11.015. PMID 20022093.
  13. ^ Hakem A, Sanchez-Sweatman O, You-Ten A, Duncan G, Wakeham A, Khokha R, Mak TW (September 2005). "RhoC is dispensable for embryogenesis and tumor initiation but essential for metastasis". Genes Dev. 19 (17): 1974–9. doi:10.1101/gad.1310805. PMC 1199568. PMID 16107613.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Srivastava S, Ramdass B, Nagarajan S, Rehman M, Mukherjee G, Krishna S (2010). "Notch1 Regulates the Functional Contribution of RhoC to Cervical Carcinoma Progression". British Journal of Cancer. 102 (1): 196–205. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605451. PMC 2813755. PMID 19953094.
  15. ^ a b Vega FM, Fruhwirth G, Ng T, Ridley AJ (2011). "RhoA and RhoC Have Distinct Roles in Migration and Invasion by Acting through Different Targets". The Journal of Cell Biology. 193 (4): 655–65. doi:10.1083/jcb.201011038. PMC 3166870. PMID 21576392.
  16. ^ a b c Wu Y, Tao Y, Chen Y, Xu W (2012). "RhoC Regulates the Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells through Interaction with IQGAP1". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e48917. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...748917W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048917. PMC 3492142. PMID 23145020.
  17. ^ Genda T, Sakamoto M, Ichida T, Asakura H, Kojiro M, Narumiya S, Hirohashi S (1999). "Cell Motility Mediated by Rho and Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Plays a Critical Role in Intrahepatic Metastasis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma". Hepatology. 30 (4): 1027–36. doi:10.1002/hep.510300420. PMID 10498656. S2CID 35864555.
  18. ^ a b Van Golen KL, Bao LW, Pan Q, Miller FR, Wu ZF, Merajver SD (2002). "Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Is Involved in RhoC GTPase Induced Motility, Invasion and Angiogenesis in Inflammatory Breast Cancer". Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 19 (4): 301–11. doi:10.1023/A:1015518114931. hdl:2027.42/42584. PMID 12090470. S2CID 211284.
  19. ^ Sun HW, Tong SL, He J, Wang Q, Zou L, Ma SJ, Tan HY, Luo JF, Wu HX (2007). "RhoA and RhoC -siRNA Inhibit the Proliferation and Invasiveness Activity of Human Gastric Carcinoma by Rho/PI3K/Akt Pathway". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 13 (25): 3517–22. doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i25.3517. PMC 4146790. PMID 17659701.
  20. ^ a b Iiizumi M, Bandyopadhyay S, Pai SK, Watabe M, Hirota S, Hosobe S, Tsukada T, et al. (2008). "RhoC Promotes Metastasis via Activation of the Pyk2 Pathway in Prostate Cancer". Cancer Research. 68 (18): 7613–20. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6700. PMC 2741300. PMID 18794150.
  21. ^ a b Kleer CG, Griffith KA, Sabel MS, Gallagher G, van Golen KL, Wu ZF, Merajver SD (2005). "RhoC-GTPase Is a Novel Tissue Biomarker Associated with Biologically Aggressive Carcinomas of the Breast". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 93 (2): 101–10. doi:10.1007/s10549-005-4170-6. hdl:2027.42/44231. PMID 16187229. S2CID 9215922.
  22. ^ Wang W, Wu F, Fang F, Tao Y, Yang L (2008). "RhoC Is Essential for Angiogenesis Induced by Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Regulation of Endothelial Cell Organization". Cancer Science. 99 (10): 2012–18. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00902.x. PMID 19016761. S2CID 23715139.
  23. ^ a b c Wang H, Zhao G, Liu X, Sui A, Yang K, Yao R, Wang Z, Shi Q (2010). "Silencing of RhoA and RhoC Expression by RNA Interference Suppresses Human Colorectal Carcinoma Growth in Vivo". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 29 (1): 123. doi:10.1186/1756-9966-29-123. PMC 2945978. PMID 20828398.
  24. ^ Köbel M, Kalloger SE, Boyd N, McKinney S, Mehl E, Palmer C, Leung S, et al. (2008). "Ovarian Carcinoma Subtypes Are Different Diseases: Implications for Biomarker Studies". PLOS Medicine. 5 (12): e232. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050232. PMC 2592352. PMID 19053170.

Further reading edit

  • Adamson P, Paterson HF, Hall A (1992). "Intracellular localization of the P21rho proteins". J. Cell Biol. 119 (3): 617–27. doi:10.1083/jcb.119.3.617. PMC 2289677. PMID 1383236.
  • Arthur WT, Ellerbroek SM, Der CJ, et al. (2003). "XPLN, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA and RhoB, but not RhoC". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (45): 42964–72. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207401200. PMID 12221096.
  • Chardin P, Madaule P, Tavitian A (1988). "Coding sequence of human rho cDNAs clone 6 and clone 9". Nucleic Acids Res. 16 (6): 2717. doi:10.1093/nar/16.6.2717. PMC 336400. PMID 3283705.
  • Clark EA, Golub TR, Lander ES, Hynes RO (2000). "Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC". Nature. 406 (6795): 532–5. doi:10.1038/35020106. PMID 10952316. S2CID 4301092.
  • Diviani D, Soderling J, Scott JD (2001). "AKAP-Lbc anchors protein kinase A and nucleates Galpha 12-selective Rho-mediated stress fiber formation". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (47): 44247–57. doi:10.1074/jbc.M106629200. PMID 11546812.
  • Kleer CG, van Golen KL, Zhang Y, et al. (2002). "Characterization of RhoC expression in benign and malignant breast disease: a potential new marker for small breast carcinomas with metastatic ability". Am. J. Pathol. 160 (2): 579–84. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64877-8. PMC 1850656. PMID 11839578.
  • Madaule P, Axel R (1985). "A novel ras-related gene family". Cell. 41 (1): 31–40. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90058-3. PMID 3888408. S2CID 32708060.
  • Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Boku S, et al. (1999). "Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase". Science. 285 (5429): 895–8. doi:10.1126/science.285.5429.895. PMID 10436159.
  • Reid T, Furuyashiki T, Ishizaki T, et al. (1996). "Rhotekin, a new putative target for Rho bearing homology to a serine/threonine kinase, PKN, and rhophilin in the rho-binding domain". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (23): 13556–60. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.23.13556. PMID 8662891.
  • Shao F, Dixon JE (2004). "YopT is a Cysteine Protease Cleaving Rho Family GTPases". The Genus Yersinia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 529. pp. 79–84. doi:10.1007/0-306-48416-1_14. ISBN 0-306-47759-9. PMID 12756732.
  • van Golen KL, Bao LW, Pan Q, et al. (2002). "Mitogen activated protein kinase pathway is involved in RhoC GTPase induced motility, invasion and angiogenesis in inflammatory breast cancer" (PDF). Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 19 (4): 301–11. doi:10.1023/A:1015518114931. hdl:2027.42/42584. PMID 12090470. S2CID 211284.
  • Wheeler AP, Ridley AJ (2004). "Why three Rho proteins? RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, and cell motility". Exp. Cell Res. 301 (1): 43–9. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.08.012. PMID 15501444.

External links edit

  • Laudanna C (2008). "RhoC". AfCS-Nature Molecule Pages. doi:10.1038/mp.a002065.01 (inactive 2024-04-13).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link)
  • . Archived from the original on 2021-12-04. Retrieved 2009-06-16.


May 03, 2024
rhoc, television, series, real, housewives, orange, county, real, housewives, cheshire, homolog, gene, family, member, small, signaling, protein, more, specifically, gtpase, member, subfamily, family, family, gtpases, encoded, gene, rhoc, rhocavailable, struct. For the television series see The Real Housewives of Orange County and The Real Housewives of Cheshire RhoC Ras homolog gene family member C is a small 21 kDa signaling G protein more specifically a GTPase and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases 5 It is encoded by the gene RHOC 6 RHOCAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search PDBe RCSBList of PDB id codes1Z2C 2GCN 2GCO 2GCPIdentifiersAliasesRHOC ARH9 ARHC H9 RHOH9 RhoC ras homolog family member CExternal IDsOMIM 165380 MGI 106028 HomoloGene 90945 GeneCards RHOCGene location Human Chr Chromosome 1 human 1 Band1p13 2Start112 701 127 bp 1 End112 707 434 bp 1 Gene location Mouse Chr Chromosome 3 mouse 2 Band3 3 F2 2Start104 695 691 bp 2 End104 701 775 bp 2 RNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse ortholog Top expressed instromal cell of endometriumascending aortatibial nerveright coronary arterymyometriumsmooth muscle tissueleft coronary arteryplacentaright lungduodenumTop expressed inleft colonyolk sacascending aortaaortic valveduodenumankle jointlacrimal glandciliary bodyiriscalvariaMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular functionnucleotide binding GTP binding protein binding signal transducer activity GTPase activityCellular componentcytosol plasma membrane cleavage furrow extracellular exosome membrane nucleus intracellular anatomical structure stereociliumBiological processpositive regulation of I kappaB kinase NF kappaB signaling skeletal muscle satellite cell migration regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction apical junction assembly wound healing spreading of cells positive regulation of lipase activity small GTPase mediated signal transduction positive regulation of protein homooligomerization mitotic cytokinesis G protein coupled receptor signaling pathwaySources Amigo QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez38911853EnsemblENSG00000155366ENSMUSG00000002233UniProtP08134Q5JR06Q62159RefSeq mRNA NM 175744NM 001042678NM 001042679NM 001291859NM 007484RefSeq protein NP 001036143NP 001036144NP 786886NP 001278788NP 031510Location UCSC Chr 1 112 7 112 71 MbChr 3 104 7 104 7 MbPubMed search 3 4 WikidataView Edit HumanView Edit Mouse Contents 1 Mechanism and function 2 Associated Signaling Pathways 3 Types of Cancer RhoC has been studied in 4 Potential Therapies 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksMechanism and function editIt is prenylated at its C terminus and localizes to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane It is thought to be important in cell locomotion It cycles between inactive GDP bound and active GTP bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape and motility RhoC can activate formins such as mDia1 and FMNL2 to remodel the cytoskeleton 7 8 9 Overexpression of RhoC is associated with cell proliferation and causing tumors to become malignant 10 It causes degradation and reconstruction of the Extracellular Matrix ECM which helps cells escape the tissue they are currently in It enhances cell motility giving it the ability to become invasive 11 It has been found to have a direct relationship to advanced tumor stage and metastasis with increases in stage being related to increases in RhoC expression 12 RhoC deficient mice can still develop tumors but these fail to metastasize arguing that RhoC is essential for metastasis 13 It has also been found to enhance the creation of angiogenic factors such as VEGF which is necessary for a tumor to become malignant 12 14 In a study by Vega 15 RhoC was knocked out which resulted in cells spreading out wide in all directions When RhoC was disabled the cell s abilities to move in a specific direction and migrate was impaired It also reduced the cell s speed of movement because it was difficult and sometimes impossible to polarize the cell Associated Signaling Pathways editRhoC expression has been associated with several signaling pathways and effectors Here is a list of the ones found so far IQGAP1 IQ domain GTP ase Activating Protein an effector of RhoC to enhance expression of cyclin E and cyclin D1 This resulted in cells being promoted to enter S phase more rapidly 16 ROCK 1 12 17 MMP9 necessary for ECM regulation 12 FMNL3 a Formin downstream target which is used to regulate where Rac1 is active 15 MAPK pathway upregulating VEGF Basic fibroblastic growth factors and interleukins 6 and 8 expression 14 18 Notch1 14 PI3K AKt pathway Proliferation and invasiveness 14 19 Pyk2 metastasis 14 20 Types of Cancer RhoC has been studied in editRhoC has been found to be overexpressed in Lung Cancer 11 Gastric Cancer 16 Ovarian cancer 12 Breast Cancer 18 21 Hepatocellular Cancer 22 Pancreatic Cancer 12 Colorectal Cancer 23 Cancer of the Urogenital System 12 Melanoma 12 Prostate Cancer 20 Cervical Carcinoma 14 Potential Therapies editRhoC small interfering RNA siRNA have been used in studies to successfully inhibit proliferation of some invasive cancers 16 23 RhoC can be used as a biomarker for judging the metastatic potential of tumors 21 24 One study used recombinant adenovirus mediated RhoC shRNA in tandem linked expression to successfully inhibit RhoC 23 It has been found that RhoC expression is not important for embryogenesis but it is only important for metastasis which would make it a good target for treatments 14 A RhoC targeted therapy RV001 by RhoVac is currently tested in prostate cancer in an ongoing clinical phase 2b program in the US and Europe Results are expected mid 2022 Reference https clinicaltrials gov ct2 show NCT04114825 References edit a b c GRCh38 Ensembl release 89 ENSG00000155366 Ensembl May 2017 a b c GRCm38 Ensembl release 89 ENSMUSG00000002233 Ensembl May 2017 Human PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Mouse PubMed Reference National Center for Biotechnology Information U S National Library of Medicine Ridley A 2006 Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking Trends Cell Biol 16 10 522 9 doi 10 1016 j tcb 2006 08 006 PMID 16949823 Entrez Gene RHOC ras homolog gene family member C Kitzing TM Wang Y Pertz O Copeland JW Grosse R April 2010 Formin like 2 drives amoeboid invasive cell motility downstream of RhoC Oncogene 29 16 2441 8 doi 10 1038 onc 2009 515 PMID 20101212 S2CID 25556221 Jaffe AB Hall A 2005 Rho GTPases Biochemistry and Biology Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 21 247 69 doi 10 1146 annurev cellbio 21 020604 150721 PMID 16212495 Vega FM Ridley AJ 2008 Rho GTPases in Cancer Cell Biology FEBS Letters 582 14 2093 2101 doi 10 1016 j febslet 2008 04 039 PMID 18460342 Horiuchi A Imai T Wang C Ohira S Feng Y Nikaido T Konishi I June 2003 Up Regulation of Small GTPases RhoA and RhoC Is Associated with Tumor Progression in Ovarian Carcinoma Laboratory Investigation 83 6 861 870 doi 10 1097 01 LAB 0000073128 16098 31 PMID 12808121 S2CID 22119772 a b Ikoma T Takahashi T Nagano S Li YM Ohno Y Ando K Fujiwara T Fujiwara H Kosai K February 2004 A Definitive Role of RhoC in Metastasis of Orthotopic Lung Cancer in Mice Clinical Cancer Research 10 3 1192 1200 doi 10 1158 1078 0432 ccr 03 0275 PMID 14871999 a b c d e f g h Zhao Y Zhi hong Z Hui mian X 2010 RhoC Expression Level Is Correlated with the Clinicopathological Characteristics of Ovarian Cancer and the Expression Levels of ROCK I VEGF and MMP9 Gynecologic Oncology 116 3 563 71 doi 10 1016 j ygyno 2009 11 015 PMID 20022093 Hakem A Sanchez Sweatman O You Ten A Duncan G Wakeham A Khokha R Mak TW September 2005 RhoC is dispensable for embryogenesis and tumor initiation but essential for metastasis Genes Dev 19 17 1974 9 doi 10 1101 gad 1310805 PMC 1199568 PMID 16107613 a b c d e f g Srivastava S Ramdass B Nagarajan S Rehman M Mukherjee G Krishna S 2010 Notch1 Regulates the Functional Contribution of RhoC to Cervical Carcinoma Progression British Journal of Cancer 102 1 196 205 doi 10 1038 sj bjc 6605451 PMC 2813755 PMID 19953094 a b Vega FM Fruhwirth G Ng T Ridley AJ 2011 RhoA and RhoC Have Distinct Roles in Migration and Invasion by Acting through Different Targets The Journal of Cell Biology 193 4 655 65 doi 10 1083 jcb 201011038 PMC 3166870 PMID 21576392 a b c Wu Y Tao Y Chen Y Xu W 2012 RhoC Regulates the Proliferation of Gastric Cancer Cells through Interaction with IQGAP1 PLOS ONE 7 11 e48917 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 748917W doi 10 1371 journal pone 0048917 PMC 3492142 PMID 23145020 Genda T Sakamoto M Ichida T Asakura H Kojiro M Narumiya S Hirohashi S 1999 Cell Motility Mediated by Rho and Rho Associated Protein Kinase Plays a Critical Role in Intrahepatic Metastasis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatology 30 4 1027 36 doi 10 1002 hep 510300420 PMID 10498656 S2CID 35864555 a b Van Golen KL Bao LW Pan Q Miller FR Wu ZF Merajver SD 2002 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Is Involved in RhoC GTPase Induced Motility Invasion and Angiogenesis in Inflammatory Breast Cancer Clinical amp Experimental Metastasis 19 4 301 11 doi 10 1023 A 1015518114931 hdl 2027 42 42584 PMID 12090470 S2CID 211284 Sun HW Tong SL He J Wang Q Zou L Ma SJ Tan HY Luo JF Wu HX 2007 RhoA and RhoC siRNA Inhibit the Proliferation and Invasiveness Activity of Human Gastric Carcinoma by Rho PI3K Akt Pathway World Journal of Gastroenterology 13 25 3517 22 doi 10 3748 wjg v13 i25 3517 PMC 4146790 PMID 17659701 a b Iiizumi M Bandyopadhyay S Pai SK Watabe M Hirota S Hosobe S Tsukada T et al 2008 RhoC Promotes Metastasis via Activation of the Pyk2 Pathway in Prostate Cancer Cancer Research 68 18 7613 20 doi 10 1158 0008 5472 CAN 07 6700 PMC 2741300 PMID 18794150 a b Kleer CG Griffith KA Sabel MS Gallagher G van Golen KL Wu ZF Merajver SD 2005 RhoC GTPase Is a Novel Tissue Biomarker Associated with Biologically Aggressive Carcinomas of the Breast Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 93 2 101 10 doi 10 1007 s10549 005 4170 6 hdl 2027 42 44231 PMID 16187229 S2CID 9215922 Wang W Wu F Fang F Tao Y Yang L 2008 RhoC Is Essential for Angiogenesis Induced by Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Regulation of Endothelial Cell Organization Cancer Science 99 10 2012 18 doi 10 1111 j 1349 7006 2008 00902 x PMID 19016761 S2CID 23715139 a b c Wang H Zhao G Liu X Sui A Yang K Yao R Wang Z Shi Q 2010 Silencing of RhoA and RhoC Expression by RNA Interference Suppresses Human Colorectal Carcinoma Growth in Vivo Journal of Experimental amp Clinical Cancer Research 29 1 123 doi 10 1186 1756 9966 29 123 PMC 2945978 PMID 20828398 Kobel M Kalloger SE Boyd N McKinney S Mehl E Palmer C Leung S et al 2008 Ovarian Carcinoma Subtypes Are Different Diseases Implications for Biomarker Studies PLOS Medicine 5 12 e232 doi 10 1371 journal pmed 0050232 PMC 2592352 PMID 19053170 Further reading editAdamson P Paterson HF Hall A 1992 Intracellular localization of the P21rho proteins J Cell Biol 119 3 617 27 doi 10 1083 jcb 119 3 617 PMC 2289677 PMID 1383236 Arthur WT Ellerbroek SM Der CJ et al 2003 XPLN a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA and RhoB but not RhoC J Biol Chem 277 45 42964 72 doi 10 1074 jbc M207401200 PMID 12221096 Chardin P Madaule P Tavitian A 1988 Coding sequence of human rho cDNAs clone 6 and clone 9 Nucleic Acids Res 16 6 2717 doi 10 1093 nar 16 6 2717 PMC 336400 PMID 3283705 Clark EA Golub TR Lander ES Hynes RO 2000 Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC Nature 406 6795 532 5 doi 10 1038 35020106 PMID 10952316 S2CID 4301092 Diviani D Soderling J Scott JD 2001 AKAP Lbc anchors protein kinase A and nucleates Galpha 12 selective Rho mediated stress fiber formation J Biol Chem 276 47 44247 57 doi 10 1074 jbc M106629200 PMID 11546812 Kleer CG van Golen KL Zhang Y et al 2002 Characterization of RhoC expression in benign and malignant breast disease a potential new marker for small breast carcinomas with metastatic ability Am J Pathol 160 2 579 84 doi 10 1016 S0002 9440 10 64877 8 PMC 1850656 PMID 11839578 Madaule P Axel R 1985 A novel ras related gene family Cell 41 1 31 40 doi 10 1016 0092 8674 85 90058 3 PMID 3888408 S2CID 32708060 Maekawa M Ishizaki T Boku S et al 1999 Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM kinase Science 285 5429 895 8 doi 10 1126 science 285 5429 895 PMID 10436159 Reid T Furuyashiki T Ishizaki T et al 1996 Rhotekin a new putative target for Rho bearing homology to a serine threonine kinase PKN and rhophilin in the rho binding domain J Biol Chem 271 23 13556 60 doi 10 1074 jbc 271 23 13556 PMID 8662891 Shao F Dixon JE 2004 YopT is a Cysteine Protease Cleaving Rho Family GTPases The Genus Yersinia Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Vol 529 pp 79 84 doi 10 1007 0 306 48416 1 14 ISBN 0 306 47759 9 PMID 12756732 van Golen KL Bao LW Pan Q et al 2002 Mitogen activated protein kinase pathway is involved in RhoC GTPase induced motility invasion and angiogenesis in inflammatory breast cancer PDF Clin Exp Metastasis 19 4 301 11 doi 10 1023 A 1015518114931 hdl 2027 42 42584 PMID 12090470 S2CID 211284 Wheeler AP Ridley AJ 2004 Why three Rho proteins RhoA RhoB RhoC and cell motility Exp Cell Res 301 1 43 9 doi 10 1016 j yexcr 2004 08 012 PMID 15501444 External links editLaudanna C 2008 RhoC AfCS Nature Molecule Pages doi 10 1038 mp a002065 01 inactive 2024 04 13 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of April 2024 link RhoC Abstract UCSD Nature Molecule Pages Archived from the original on 2021 12 04 Retrieved 2009 06 16 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title RhoC amp oldid 1218653879, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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