Rhabdophis subminiatus has a greenish hue with red and yellow regions near the head. It grows to 70 to 90 cm (27.5 to 35.5 in) in total length (including tail). Female is much larger than male, mating behavior multiple males may swarm a single female.[3]
Habitat and dietedit
The red-necked keelback generally lives near ponds, where it consumes frogs and fish.[4]
Snakebite and venomedit
Red-necked keelback from Nam Cat Tien National Park, South Vietnam.
Rhabdophis subminiatus is a rear-fanged species and was previously thought to be harmless. However, following one fatal and several near-fatal envenomations, the toxicity of its venom was investigated. As a result, it has recently been reclassified as a dangerous species. Rear-fanged snakes need to bite and hold on, or repeatedly bite, to have any effect on humans. A chewing action facilitates envenomation, as the venom ducts open to fangs that are externally grooved (not hollow) and are posterior in the oral cavity. R. subminiatus has enlarged and ungrooved teeth. The species has two enlarged teeth in the back of the jaw. Located in the upper jaw is a gland known as Duvernoy's gland, which produces an extremely venomous secretion.[4]
Extraction of snake venom from the red-necked keelback snake
Symptoms caused by venomedit
When the snake bites, the salivary venom mixture is not injected, but it flows into the punctures produced by the upper jaw's rear teeth, which can penetrate the skin of humans. The venom from R. subminiatus has been responsible for internal hemorrhaging, including hemorrhaging of the brain, as well as nausea, coagulopathy, and even disseminated intravascular coagulation. Also, when the venom was tested on animals, kidney failure was reported. Caution should be taken when dealing with patients who have been bitten by the red-necked keelback snake. No further injury such as injections should be used because this may cause excessive bleeding in the bite victim. Although most bites of humans from R. subminiatus are involved with the front teeth and do not cause adverse effects, rare bites from the rear fangs can be lethal.[5] Studies in mice on the biological activity of the venom of the red-necked keel-back snake, Rhabdophis subminiatus, showed that the venom contained a potent Factor X activator and had intense defibrinogenating activity; the overall proteolytic activity of the venom was low, and this correlated well with its negligible fibrinogenolytic and fibrinolytic activities. Only one antivenom tested was shown to have weak neutralizing activity against the venom in mice. This species of snake has recently been added to the schedule of the Dangerous Wild Animals Act, 1976.[citation needed]
Etymologyedit
The specific name subminiatus refers to the typical reddish coloration ("miniatus" = "scarlet, vermilion"[6]), which may be limited to the neck, or more extensive (e.g., photo at left). The subspecific name, helleri, is in honor of American zoologist Edmund Heller.[7]
^Wogan, G.; Chan-Ard, T. (2012). "Rhabdophis subminiatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T192116A2042128. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T192116A2042128.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
^ ab"Rhabdophis subminiatus ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
^"เจ้าของบ้านผวา! งูลายสาบคอแดงเลื้อยเข้าบ้านพร้อมกัน 6 ตัว" [The homeowner was shocked! 6 red-necked keelback snakes slither into the house at the same time]. Ch7HD (in Thai). 2022-12-07. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
^ abFerlan I, Ferlan A, King T, Russell FE (1983). "Preliminary studies on the venom of the colubrid snake Rhabdophis subminatus (red-necked keelback)". Toxicon. 21 (4): 570–574. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(83)90137-x. PMID 6623495.
^Zotz RB, Mebs D, Hirche H, Paar D (1991). "Hemostatic changes due to the venom gland extract of the red-necked keelback snake (Rhabdophis subminiatus)". Toxicon. 29 (12): 1501–1508. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90006-d. PMID 1801326.
Media related to Rhabdophis subminiatus at Wikimedia Commons
R. subminiatus Snakebite
Further readingedit
Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Voume I., Containing the Families ... Colubridæ Aglyphæ, part. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Tropidonotus subminiatus, pp. 256–257).
Bulian J (1999). "Über die Schlangenfauna eines Gartens in Südthailand ". Elaphe7 (4): 61-67. (in German).
Das I (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books, 144 pp. ISBN0-88359-056-5. (Rhabdophis subminiatus, p. 44).
Schlegel H (1837). Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Partie Générale. xxviii + 251 pp. + Partie Descriptive. 606 + xvi pp. Amsterdam: M.H. Schonekat. (Tropidonotus subminiatus, new species, pp. 313–314 in Partie Descriptive). (in French).
Schmidt KP (1925). "New Reptiles and a New Salamander from China". American Museum Novitates (157): 1-5. (Natrix helleri, new species, p. 3).
Smith MA (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (Natrix subminiata, pp. 302–303).
January 01, 1970
rhabdophis, subminiatus, commonly, called, necked, keelback, necked, keelback, snake, species, venomous, snake, subfamily, natricinae, family, colubridae, species, endemic, asia, conservation, status, least, concern, iucn, scientific, classification, domain, e. Rhabdophis subminiatus commonly called the red necked keelback or red necked keelback snake is a species of venomous snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae The species is endemic to Asia Rhabdophis subminiatus Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Squamata Suborder Serpentes Family Colubridae Genus Rhabdophis Species R subminiatus Binomial name Rhabdophis subminiatus Schlegel 1837 Synonyms 2 Tropidonotus subminiatus Schlegel 1837 Amphiesma subminiatum A M C Dumeril Bibron amp A H A Dumeril 1854 Natrix subminiata Barbour 1912 Rhabdophis subminiatus Bourret 1936 Contents 1 Description 2 Habitat and diet 3 Snakebite and venom 3 1 Symptoms caused by venom 4 Etymology 5 Geographic range 6 References 7 External links 8 Further readingDescription editRhabdophis subminiatus has a greenish hue with red and yellow regions near the head It grows to 70 to 90 cm 27 5 to 35 5 in in total length including tail Female is much larger than male mating behavior multiple males may swarm a single female 3 Habitat and diet editThe red necked keelback generally lives near ponds where it consumes frogs and fish 4 Snakebite and venom edit nbsp Red necked keelback from Nam Cat Tien National Park South Vietnam Rhabdophis subminiatus is a rear fanged species and was previously thought to be harmless However following one fatal and several near fatal envenomations the toxicity of its venom was investigated As a result it has recently been reclassified as a dangerous species Rear fanged snakes need to bite and hold on or repeatedly bite to have any effect on humans A chewing action facilitates envenomation as the venom ducts open to fangs that are externally grooved not hollow and are posterior in the oral cavity R subminiatus has enlarged and ungrooved teeth The species has two enlarged teeth in the back of the jaw Located in the upper jaw is a gland known as Duvernoy s gland which produces an extremely venomous secretion 4 nbsp Extraction of snake venom from the red necked keelback snake Symptoms caused by venom edit When the snake bites the salivary venom mixture is not injected but it flows into the punctures produced by the upper jaw s rear teeth which can penetrate the skin of humans The venom from R subminiatus has been responsible for internal hemorrhaging including hemorrhaging of the brain as well as nausea coagulopathy and even disseminated intravascular coagulation Also when the venom was tested on animals kidney failure was reported Caution should be taken when dealing with patients who have been bitten by the red necked keelback snake No further injury such as injections should be used because this may cause excessive bleeding in the bite victim Although most bites of humans from R subminiatus are involved with the front teeth and do not cause adverse effects rare bites from the rear fangs can be lethal 5 Studies in mice on the biological activity of the venom of the red necked keel back snake Rhabdophis subminiatus showed that the venom contained a potent Factor X activator and had intense defibrinogenating activity the overall proteolytic activity of the venom was low and this correlated well with its negligible fibrinogenolytic and fibrinolytic activities Only one antivenom tested was shown to have weak neutralizing activity against the venom in mice This species of snake has recently been added to the schedule of the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 citation needed Etymology edit nbsp The specific name subminiatus refers to the typical reddish coloration miniatus scarlet vermilion 6 which may be limited to the neck or more extensive e g photo at left The subspecific name helleri is in honor of American zoologist Edmund Heller 7 Geographic range editThe red necked keelback can be found in 2 Bangladesh Indonesia Sumatra Borneo Java Sulawesi Thailand Vietnam Cambodia Laos Burma Peninsular Malaysia Bhutan Nepal India Tripura Assam Meghalaya West Bengal Sikkim Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram Nagaland China Yunnan Guangxi Guangdong Fujian Hong Kong Hainan References edit Wogan G Chan Ard T 2012 Rhabdophis subminiatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 e T192116A2042128 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2012 1 RLTS T192116A2042128 en Retrieved 20 November 2021 a b Rhabdophis subminiatus The Reptile Database www reptile database org ecakhxngbanphwa ngulaysabkhxaedngeluxyekhabanphrxmkn 6 tw The homeowner was shocked 6 red necked keelback snakes slither into the house at the same time Ch7HD in Thai 2022 12 07 Retrieved 2022 12 08 a b Ferlan I Ferlan A King T Russell FE 1983 Preliminary studies on the venom of the colubrid snake Rhabdophis subminatus red necked keelback Toxicon 21 4 570 574 doi 10 1016 0041 0101 83 90137 x PMID 6623495 Zotz RB Mebs D Hirche H Paar D 1991 Hemostatic changes due to the venom gland extract of the red necked keelback snake Rhabdophis subminiatus Toxicon 29 12 1501 1508 doi 10 1016 0041 0101 91 90006 d PMID 1801326 Wiktionary Schmidt Karl P 1925 New reptiles and a new salamander from China American Museum Novitates 157 1 5 http digitallibrary amnh org dspace handle 2246 9External links edit nbsp Media related to Rhabdophis subminiatus at Wikimedia Commons R subminiatus SnakebiteFurther reading editBoulenger GA 1893 Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum Natural History Voume I Containing the Families Colubridae Aglyphae part London Trustees of the British Museum Natural History Taylor and Francis printers xiii 448 pp Plates I XXVIII Tropidonotus subminiatus pp 256 257 Bulian J 1999 Uber die Schlangenfauna eines Gartens in Sudthailand Elaphe 7 4 61 67 in German Das I 2002 A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India Sanibel Island Florida Ralph Curtis Books 144 pp ISBN 0 88359 056 5 Rhabdophis subminiatus p 44 Schlegel H 1837 Essai sur la physionomie des serpens Partie Generale xxviii 251 pp Partie Descriptive 606 xvi pp Amsterdam M H Schonekat Tropidonotus subminiatus new species pp 313 314 in Partie Descriptive in French Schmidt KP 1925 New Reptiles and a New Salamander from China American Museum Novitates 157 1 5 Natrix helleri new species p 3 Smith MA 1943 The Fauna of British India Ceylon and Burma Including the Whole of the Indo Chinese Sub region Reptilia and Amphibia Vol III Serpentes London Secretary of State for India Taylor and Francis printers xii 583 pp Natrix subminiata pp 302 303 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rhabdophis subminiatus amp oldid 1190179308, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
