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Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan

January 01, 1970

The Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan (Romanian: Răscoala lui Horea, Cloșca și Crișan; 31 October – 14 December, 1784) was a Romanian-led revolt that began in the Metaliferi Mountains, Transylvania, but it soon spread throughout all Transylvania and the Apuseni Mountains. The leaders were Horea (Vasile Ursu Nicola, 1731–1785), Cloșca (Ion Oarga [ro], 1747–1785) and Crișan (Marcu Giurgiu [ro], 1733–1785).

Horea
Cloșca
Crișan

Background edit

The revolt was directly related to the poor conditions of feudal serfs in the Principality of Transylvania. Though Orthodox Romanians lacked political equality with Catholic subjects in Transylvania.

After Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I's incorporation of the principality into the Habsburg domains in 1691, the rights of the Hungarian, Székely, and Saxon nobles were preserved. The peasants however, still had no representation in politics. Especially the Romanian peasantry had no guarantees for their Orthodox church institutions, though they were tolerated.

The revolt edit

 
Portrait of Joseph II by Georg Decker

As representative for the Romanian peasants, Horea — whose official name was Vasile Ursu Nicola — traveled to Vienna often in the years from 1779 to 1782 to explain the hardships of the Transylvanian peasantry and lack of representation, without any result. The trigger of the events was started on 31 January 1784 when Emperor Joseph II issued an order to increase the number of the border guards of Transylvania, many men from many villages assembled in Alba Iulia (Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, German: Karlsburg) to enroll in the army as an option to live better instead of the obligatory labor system to their landlords. Most of them were Romanian peasants. The local authorities tried to slow down the process assuming the Gubernium got around and did not involve them. The people interpreted this action as the "nobility" opposing their chance for a better fate for their families. Horea spread a rumor that Joseph II appointed him as leader of the Romanians who wished to enroll into service, while Crișan called the serfs to revolt in the surrounding areas of the Crișul Alb (Fehér-Kőrös) river. Therefore, more than ten-thousand people united against the "nobility" who in their eyes were the oppressors imposing high taxes on them. Shortly, the tensions culminated into a revolt, targeting the nobles and the non-Orthodox common people (regardless of ethnicity), because they unfairly received opportunity for advancement in society. The massacres mostly affected the areas and population of Alsó-Fehér County, Zaránd County, and Hunyad County. Between the autumn of 1784 and the winter up to 1785, civilian casualties were about 4,000 people from 133 settlements, mostly Hungarians.

While the Gubernium and the military leadership debated about a possible intervention – awaiting the order from Vienna, the Hungarian nobility took action: they organized their defence, they captured and trialed the rioters in Deva (Déva), and executed 56 peasants.[1]

When Joseph II ordered the army to intervene, the uprising was ended by Horea on 14 December 1784, at Câmpeni (Topánfalva, Topesdorf). In January 1785, the leaders were captured for treason, after a bounty had been put on their heads.[2] From the more than 600 captured rebels, 120 were sentenced; 37 death penalties were delivered initially but they were changed to imprisonment as a result of the amnesty of the emperor, with an exception regarding the three leaders.[1][3] Horea and Cloșca were executed by the Hungarian authorities by breaking on the wheel on 28 February 1785 at Dealul Furcilor (Gabelberg, Forks Hill), Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár). Crișan hanged himself on the night before the execution.

Legacy edit

After the revolt had been put down, Joseph II responded by enacting a Patent for the Abolition of Serfdom for Transylvania in 1785. This put an end to serfdom, although the feudal system continued to be practiced for several more decades. The Emperor also ended aristocratic control over peasant marriages and expanded the peasants’ grazing rights.

The uprising reverberated throughout Western Europe. It upset the feudal system and is considered by many to have inspired the French Revolution.[4][5] In 1785, Jacques Pierre Brissot, who would become a leader of the French Revolution, published an open letter to Joseph II in which he asserted the right of royal subjects to protest.[6]

In 1937, a monument in the form of an obelisk was erected in Alba Iulia to commemorate the revolt. It was designed by Iosif Fekete and Octavian Mihălțan.[7]

During World War II the Soviet Union created the Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division which was named after the revolt. The division was made up of Romanian volunteers mainly drawn from prisoners of war and exiled communist activists.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Kitör a Horea és Cloșca vezette felkelés". www.mult-kor.hu. 21 May 2004. A Gubernium és a főhadparancsnokság egymással vitázott; Bécsből vártak utasítást. Közben a vármegyei nemesség megszervezte önvédelmét, Dévánál kisebb győzelmet aratott a felkelők fölött, 56 elfogott parasztot kivégeztek.
  2. ^ Țimonea, Dorin (March 6, 2016). "Ospățul trădătorilor lui Horea, Cloșca și Crișan: răsplata oferită din ordinul împăratului de la Viena". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  3. ^ Tarján, Tamás M. "Horea és Closca kivégzése Gyulafehérváron" [The execution of Horea and Closca in Alba Iulia]. www.rubicon.hu (in Hungarian).
  4. ^ Pătrașcu Zamfirache, Cosmin (July 10, 2017). "Cine a fost cu adevărat Horea. Moțul botezat după un ritual păgân avea legături cu masoneria și a fost acuzat de cruzime fără margini". Adevărul (in Romanian). Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  5. ^ Dologa, Laurențiu (September 24, 2010). "Răscoale românești: Răscoala lui Horea, Cloșca și Crișan". Ziare.com (in Romanian). Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  6. ^ Winkler, Anita. "Before the French Revolution: Horea and the Romanian Peasants' Revolt of 1784". www.habsburger.net. The World of the Hapsburgs. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  7. ^ "Obeliscul "Horea, Cloșca și Crișan" – AlbaIulia QR" (in Romanian). Retrieved 2023-11-18.

Sources edit

  • Pascu, Ștefan (1984). Revoluția populară de sub conducerea lui Horea (in Romanian). București: Editura Militară. p. 534. OCLC 26020442.
  • Prodan, David (1984) [1979]. Răscoala lui Horea. Vols 1 and 2 (in Romanian) (2nd ed.). București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. OCLC 185620334.
  • "Joseph II and enlightened absolutism: Policy toward Villeins and the Horea Uprising". mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved December 19, 2021.

External links edit

  • "1785: Horea and Cloșca, Transylvanian rebels". www.executedtoday.com. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
 
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January 01, 1970
revolt, horea, cloșca, crișan, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, romanian, february, 2013, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, startin. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Romanian February 2013 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 327 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Romanian Wikipedia article at ro Răscoala lui Horea Cloșca și Crișan see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated ro Răscoala lui Horea Cloșca și Crișan to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message The Revolt of Horea Cloșca and Crișan Romanian Răscoala lui Horea Cloșca și Crișan 31 October 14 December 1784 was a Romanian led revolt that began in the Metaliferi Mountains Transylvania but it soon spread throughout all Transylvania and the Apuseni Mountains The leaders were Horea Vasile Ursu Nicola 1731 1785 Cloșca Ion Oarga ro 1747 1785 and Crișan Marcu Giurgiu ro 1733 1785 Horea Cloșca Crișan Contents 1 Background 2 The revolt 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksBackground editThe revolt was directly related to the poor conditions of feudal serfs in the Principality of Transylvania Though Orthodox Romanians lacked political equality with Catholic subjects in Transylvania After Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I s incorporation of the principality into the Habsburg domains in 1691 the rights of the Hungarian Szekely and Saxon nobles were preserved The peasants however still had no representation in politics Especially the Romanian peasantry had no guarantees for their Orthodox church institutions though they were tolerated The revolt edit nbsp Portrait of Joseph II by Georg Decker As representative for the Romanian peasants Horea whose official name was Vasile Ursu Nicola traveled to Vienna often in the years from 1779 to 1782 to explain the hardships of the Transylvanian peasantry and lack of representation without any result The trigger of the events was started on 31 January 1784 when Emperor Joseph II issued an order to increase the number of the border guards of Transylvania many men from many villages assembled in Alba Iulia Hungarian Gyulafehervar German Karlsburg to enroll in the army as an option to live better instead of the obligatory labor system to their landlords Most of them were Romanian peasants The local authorities tried to slow down the process assuming the Gubernium got around and did not involve them The people interpreted this action as the nobility opposing their chance for a better fate for their families Horea spread a rumor that Joseph II appointed him as leader of the Romanians who wished to enroll into service while Crișan called the serfs to revolt in the surrounding areas of the Crișul Alb Feher Koros river Therefore more than ten thousand people united against the nobility who in their eyes were the oppressors imposing high taxes on them Shortly the tensions culminated into a revolt targeting the nobles and the non Orthodox common people regardless of ethnicity because they unfairly received opportunity for advancement in society The massacres mostly affected the areas and population of Also Feher County Zarand County and Hunyad County Between the autumn of 1784 and the winter up to 1785 civilian casualties were about 4 000 people from 133 settlements mostly Hungarians While the Gubernium and the military leadership debated about a possible intervention awaiting the order from Vienna the Hungarian nobility took action they organized their defence they captured and trialed the rioters in Deva Deva and executed 56 peasants 1 When Joseph II ordered the army to intervene the uprising was ended by Horea on 14 December 1784 at Campeni Topanfalva Topesdorf In January 1785 the leaders were captured for treason after a bounty had been put on their heads 2 From the more than 600 captured rebels 120 were sentenced 37 death penalties were delivered initially but they were changed to imprisonment as a result of the amnesty of the emperor with an exception regarding the three leaders 1 3 Horea and Cloșca were executed by the Hungarian authorities by breaking on the wheel on 28 February 1785 at Dealul Furcilor Gabelberg Forks Hill Alba Iulia Gyulafehervar Crișan hanged himself on the night before the execution Legacy editAfter the revolt had been put down Joseph II responded by enacting a Patent for the Abolition of Serfdom for Transylvania in 1785 This put an end to serfdom although the feudal system continued to be practiced for several more decades The Emperor also ended aristocratic control over peasant marriages and expanded the peasants grazing rights The uprising reverberated throughout Western Europe It upset the feudal system and is considered by many to have inspired the French Revolution 4 5 In 1785 Jacques Pierre Brissot who would become a leader of the French Revolution published an open letter to Joseph II in which he asserted the right of royal subjects to protest 6 In 1937 a monument in the form of an obelisk was erected in Alba Iulia to commemorate the revolt It was designed by Iosif Fekete and Octavian Mihălțan 7 During World War II the Soviet Union created the Horea Cloșca și Crișan Division which was named after the revolt The division was made up of Romanian volunteers mainly drawn from prisoners of war and exiled communist activists nbsp The execution of Horea and Cloșca nbsp The bust of Horea in Horea Commune Alba County nbsp The wooden church in Horea s village nbsp The Obelisk of Horea Cloșca and Crișan in Alba Iulia nbsp The divisional insignia of the Horea Cloșca și Crișan DivisionSee also editHorea Cloșca și Crișan DivisionReferences edit a b Kitor a Horea es Cloșca vezette felkeles www mult kor hu 21 May 2004 A Gubernium es a fohadparancsnoksag egymassal vitazott Becsbol vartak utasitast Kozben a varmegyei nemesseg megszervezte onvedelmet Devanal kisebb gyozelmet aratott a felkelok folott 56 elfogott parasztot kivegeztek Țimonea Dorin March 6 2016 Ospățul trădătorilor lui Horea Cloșca și Crișan răsplata oferită din ordinul impăratului de la Viena Adevărul in Romanian Retrieved December 19 2021 Tarjan Tamas M Horea es Closca kivegzese Gyulafehervaron The execution of Horea and Closca in Alba Iulia www rubicon hu in Hungarian Pătrașcu Zamfirache Cosmin July 10 2017 Cine a fost cu adevărat Horea Moțul botezat după un ritual păgan avea legături cu masoneria și a fost acuzat de cruzime fără margini Adevărul in Romanian Retrieved December 19 2021 Dologa Laurențiu September 24 2010 Răscoale romanești Răscoala lui Horea Cloșca și Crișan Ziare com in Romanian Retrieved December 19 2021 Winkler Anita Before the French Revolution Horea and the Romanian Peasants Revolt of 1784 www habsburger net The World of the Hapsburgs Retrieved December 19 2021 Obeliscul Horea Cloșca și Crișan AlbaIulia QR in Romanian Retrieved 2023 11 18 Sources editPascu Ștefan 1984 Revoluția populară de sub conducerea lui Horea in Romanian București Editura Militară p 534 OCLC 26020442 Prodan David 1984 1979 Răscoala lui Horea Vols 1 and 2 in Romanian 2nd ed București Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică OCLC 185620334 Joseph II and enlightened absolutism Policy toward Villeins and the Horea Uprising mek oszk hu Retrieved December 19 2021 External links edit 1785 Horea and Cloșca Transylvanian rebels www executedtoday com Retrieved December 19 2021 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horea Cloșca and Crișan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Revolt of Horea Cloșca and Crișan amp oldid 1216950444, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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