In geometry, a Reuleaux polygon is a curve of constant width made up of circular arcs of constant radius.[1] These shapes are named after their prototypical example, the Reuleaux triangle, which in turn, is named after 19th-century German engineer Franz Reuleaux.[2] The Reuleaux triangle can be constructed from an equilateral triangle by connecting each two vertices by a circular arc centered on the third vertex, and Reuleaux polygons can be formed by a similar construction from any regular polygon with an odd number of sides, or from certain irregular polygons. Every curve of constant width can be accurately approximated by Reuleaux polygons. They have been applied in coinage shapes.
If is a convex polygon with an odd number of sides, in which each vertex is equidistant to the two opposite vertices and closer to all other vertices, then replacing each side of by an arc centered at its opposite vertex produces a Reuleaux polygon. As a special case, this construction is possible for every regular polygon with an odd number of sides.[1]
Every Reuleaux polygon must have an odd number of circular-arc sides, and can be constructed in this way from a polygon, the convex hull of its arc endpoints. However, it is possible for other curves of constant width to be made of an even number of arcs with varying radii.[1]
PropertiesEdit
The Reuleaux polygons based on regular polygons are the only curves of constant width whose boundaries are formed by finitely many circular arcs of equal length.[3]
Every curve of constant width can be approximated arbitrarily closely by a (possibly irregular) Reuleaux polygon of the same width.[1]
Four 15-sided Reinhardt polygons, formed from four different Reuleaux polygons with 9, 3, 5, and 15 sides
A regular Reuleaux polygon has sides of equal length. More generally, when a Reuleaux polygon has sides that can be split into arcs of equal length, the convex hull of the arc endpoints is a Reinhardt polygon. These polygons are optimal in multiple ways: they have the largest possible perimeter for their diameter, the largest possible width for their diameter, and the largest possible width for their perimeter.[4]
ApplicationsEdit
The constant width of these shapes allows their use as coins that can be used in coin-operated machines. For instance, the United Kingdom has made 20-pence and 50-pence coins in the shape of a regular Reuleaux heptagon.[5] The Canadian loonie dollar coin uses another regular Reuleaux polygon with 11 sides.[6] However, some coins with rounded-polygon sides, such as the 12-sided 2017 British pound coin, do not have constant width and are not Reuleaux polygons.[7]
Although Chinese inventor Guan Baihua has made a bicycle with Reuleaux polygon wheels, the invention has not caught on.[8]
ReferencesEdit
^ abcdMartini, Horst; Montejano, Luis; Oliveros, Déborah (2019), "Section 8.1: Reuleaux Polygons", Bodies of Constant Width: An Introduction to Convex Geometry with Applications, Birkhäuser, pp. 167–169, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03868-7, ISBN978-3-030-03866-3, MR 3930585, S2CID 127264210
^Firey, W. J. (1960), "Isoperimetric ratios of Reuleaux polygons", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 10 (3): 823–829, doi:10.2140/pjm.1960.10.823, MR 0113176
^Hare, Kevin G.; Mossinghoff, Michael J. (2019), "Most Reinhardt polygons are sporadic", Geometriae Dedicata, 198: 1–18, arXiv:1405.5233, doi:10.1007/s10711-018-0326-5, MR 3933447, S2CID 119629098
^Gardner, Martin (1991), "Chapter 18: Curves of Constant Width", The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions, University of Chicago Press, pp. 212–221, ISBN0-226-28256-2
^Chamberland, Marc (2015), Single Digits: In Praise of Small Numbers, Princeton University Press, pp. 104–105, ISBN9781400865697
^Freiberger, Marianne (December 13, 2016), "New £1 coin gets even", Plus Magazine
^du Sautoy, Marcus (May 27, 2009), "A new bicycle reinvents the wheel, with a pentagon and triangle", The Times. See also Newitz, Annalee (September 30, 2014), "Inventor creates seriously cool wheels", Gizmodo
October 17, 2023
reuleaux, polygon, geometry, curve, constant, width, made, circular, arcs, constant, radius, these, shapes, named, after, their, prototypical, example, reuleaux, triangle, which, turn, named, after, 19th, century, german, engineer, franz, reuleaux, reuleaux, t. In geometry a Reuleaux polygon is a curve of constant width made up of circular arcs of constant radius 1 These shapes are named after their prototypical example the Reuleaux triangle which in turn is named after 19th century German engineer Franz Reuleaux 2 The Reuleaux triangle can be constructed from an equilateral triangle by connecting each two vertices by a circular arc centered on the third vertex and Reuleaux polygons can be formed by a similar construction from any regular polygon with an odd number of sides or from certain irregular polygons Every curve of constant width can be accurately approximated by Reuleaux polygons They have been applied in coinage shapes A Reuleaux triangle replaces the sides of an equilateral triangle by circular arcsRegular Reuleaux polygonsIrregular Reuleaux heptagon Botswana 2 pula coin a Reuleaux heptagon Contents 1 Construction 2 Properties 3 Applications 4 ReferencesConstruction EditIf P displaystyle P nbsp is a convex polygon with an odd number of sides in which each vertex is equidistant to the two opposite vertices and closer to all other vertices then replacing each side of P displaystyle P nbsp by an arc centered at its opposite vertex produces a Reuleaux polygon As a special case this construction is possible for every regular polygon with an odd number of sides 1 Every Reuleaux polygon must have an odd number of circular arc sides and can be constructed in this way from a polygon the convex hull of its arc endpoints However it is possible for other curves of constant width to be made of an even number of arcs with varying radii 1 Properties EditThe Reuleaux polygons based on regular polygons are the only curves of constant width whose boundaries are formed by finitely many circular arcs of equal length 3 Every curve of constant width can be approximated arbitrarily closely by a possibly irregular Reuleaux polygon of the same width 1 nbsp Four 15 sided Reinhardt polygons formed from four different Reuleaux polygons with 9 3 5 and 15 sidesA regular Reuleaux polygon has sides of equal length More generally when a Reuleaux polygon has sides that can be split into arcs of equal length the convex hull of the arc endpoints is a Reinhardt polygon These polygons are optimal in multiple ways they have the largest possible perimeter for their diameter the largest possible width for their diameter and the largest possible width for their perimeter 4 Applications EditThe constant width of these shapes allows their use as coins that can be used in coin operated machines For instance the United Kingdom has made 20 pence and 50 pence coins in the shape of a regular Reuleaux heptagon 5 The Canadian loonie dollar coin uses another regular Reuleaux polygon with 11 sides 6 However some coins with rounded polygon sides such as the 12 sided 2017 British pound coin do not have constant width and are not Reuleaux polygons 7 Although Chinese inventor Guan Baihua has made a bicycle with Reuleaux polygon wheels the invention has not caught on 8 References Edit a b c d Martini Horst Montejano Luis Oliveros Deborah 2019 Section 8 1 Reuleaux Polygons Bodies of Constant Width An Introduction to Convex Geometry with Applications Birkhauser pp 167 169 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 03868 7 ISBN 978 3 030 03866 3 MR 3930585 S2CID 127264210 Alsina Claudi Nelsen Roger B 2011 Icons of Mathematics An Exploration of Twenty Key Images Dolciani Mathematical Expositions vol 45 Mathematical Association of America p 155 ISBN 978 0 88385 352 8 Firey W J 1960 Isoperimetric ratios of Reuleaux polygons Pacific Journal of Mathematics 10 3 823 829 doi 10 2140 pjm 1960 10 823 MR 0113176 Hare Kevin G Mossinghoff Michael J 2019 Most Reinhardt polygons are sporadic Geometriae Dedicata 198 1 18 arXiv 1405 5233 doi 10 1007 s10711 018 0326 5 MR 3933447 S2CID 119629098 Gardner Martin 1991 Chapter 18 Curves of Constant Width The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions University of Chicago Press pp 212 221 ISBN 0 226 28256 2 Chamberland Marc 2015 Single Digits In Praise of Small Numbers Princeton University Press pp 104 105 ISBN 9781400865697 Freiberger Marianne December 13 2016 New 1 coin gets even Plus Magazine du Sautoy Marcus May 27 2009 A new bicycle reinvents the wheel with a pentagon and triangle The Times See also Newitz Annalee September 30 2014 Inventor creates seriously cool wheels Gizmodo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Reuleaux polygon amp oldid 1124439717, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
